| language | filename | contributors | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
awk |
learnawk.awk |
|
AWK is a standard tool on every POSIX-compliant UNIX system. It's like flex/lex, from the command-line, perfect for text-processing tasks and other scripting needs. It has a C-like syntax, but without mandatory semicolons (although, you should use them anyway, because they are required when you're writing one-liners, something AWK excells at), manual memory management, or static typing. It excels at text processing. You can call to it from a shell script, or you can use it as a stand-alone scripting language.
Why use AWK instead of Perl? Readability. AWK is easier to read than Perl. For simple text-processing scripts, particularly ones that read files line by line and split on delimiters, AWK is probably the right tool for the job.
#!/usr/bin/awk -f
# Comments are like this
# AWK programs consist of a collection of patterns and actions.
pattern1 { action; } # just like lex
pattern2 { action; }
# There is an implied loop and AWK automatically reads and parses each
# record of each file supplied. Each record is split by the FS delimiter,
# which defaults to white-space (multiple spaces,tabs count as one)
# You cann assign FS either on the command line (-F C) or in your BEGIN
# pattern
# One of the special patterns is BEGIN. The BEGIN pattern is true
# BEFORE any of the files are read. The END pattern is true after
# an End-of-file from the last file (or standard-in if no files specified)
# There is also an output field separator (OFS) that you can assign, which
# defaults to a single space
BEGIN {
# BEGIN will run at the beginning of the program. It's where you put all
# the preliminary set-up code, before you process any text files. If you
# have no text files, then think of BEGIN as the main entry point.
# Variables are global. Just set them or use them, no need to declare..
count = 0;
# Operators just like in C and friends
a = count + 1;
b = count - 1;
c = count * 1;
d = count / 1; # integer division
e = count % 1; # modulus
f = count ^ 1; # exponentiation
a += 1;
b -= 1;
c *= 1;
d /= 1;
e %= 1;
f ^= 1;
# Incrementing and decrementing by one
a++;
b--;
# As a prefix operator, it returns the incremented value
++a;
--b;
# Notice, also, no punctuation such as semicolons to terminate statements
# Control statements
if (count == 0)
print "Starting with count of 0";
else
print "Huh?";
# Or you could use the ternary operator
print (count == 0) ? "Starting with count of 0" : "Huh?";
# Blocks consisting of multiple lines use braces
while (a < 10) {
print "String concatenation is done" " with a series" " of"
" space-separated strings";
print a;
a++;
}
for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
print "Good ol' for loop";
# As for comparisons, they're the standards:
# a < b # Less than
# a <= b # Less than or equal
# a != b # Not equal
# a == b # Equal
# a > b # Greater than
# a >= b # Greater than or equal
# Logical operators as well
# a && b # AND
# a || b # OR
# In addition, there's the super useful regular expression match
if ("foo" ~ "^fo+$")
print "Fooey!";
if ("boo" !~ "^fo+$")
print "Boo!";
# Arrays
arr[0] = "foo";
arr[1] = "bar";
# You can also initialize an array with the built-in function split()
n = split("foo:bar:baz", arr, ":");
# You also have associative arrays (actually, they're all associative arrays)
assoc["foo"] = "bar";
assoc["bar"] = "baz";
# And multi-dimensional arrays, with some limitations I won't mention here
multidim[0,0] = "foo";
multidim[0,1] = "bar";
multidim[1,0] = "baz";
multidim[1,1] = "boo";
# You can test for array membership
if ("foo" in assoc)
print "Fooey!";
# You can also use the 'in' operator to traverse the keys of an array
for (key in assoc)
print assoc[key];
# The command line is in a special array called ARGV
for (argnum in ARGV)
print ARGV[argnum];
# You can remove elements of an array
# This is particularly useful to prevent AWK from assuming the arguments
# are files for it to process
delete ARGV[1];
# The number of command line arguments is in a variable called ARGC
print ARGC;
# AWK has several built-in functions. They fall into three categories. I'll
# demonstrate each of them in their own functions, defined later.
return_value = arithmetic_functions(a, b, c);
string_functions();
io_functions();
}
# Here's how you define a function
function arithmetic_functions(a, b, c, d) {
# Probably the most annoying part of AWK is that there are no local
# variables. Everything is global. For short scripts, this is fine, even
# useful, but for longer scripts, this can be a problem.
# There is a work-around (ahem, hack). Function arguments are local to the
# function, and AWK allows you to define more function arguments than it
# needs. So just stick local variable in the function declaration, like I
# did above. As a convention, stick in some extra whitespace to distinguish
# between actual function parameters and local variables. In this example,
# a, b, and c are actual parameters, while d is merely a local variable.
# Now, to demonstrate the arithmetic functions
# Most AWK implementations have some standard trig functions
localvar = sin(a);
localvar = cos(a);
localvar = atan2(b, a); # arc tangent of b / a
# And logarithmic stuff
localvar = exp(a);
localvar = log(a);
# Square root
localvar = sqrt(a);
# Truncate floating point to integer
localvar = int(5.34); # localvar => 5
# Random numbers
srand(); # Supply a seed as an argument. By default, it uses the time of day
localvar = rand(); # Random number between 0 and 1.
# Here's how to return a value
return localvar;
}
function string_functions( localvar, arr) {
# AWK, being a string-processing language, has several string-related
# functions, many of which rely heavily on regular expressions.
# Search and replace, first instance (sub) or all instances (gsub)
# Both return number of matches replaced
localvar = "fooooobar";
sub("fo+", "Meet me at the ", localvar); # localvar => "Meet me at the bar"
gsub("e+", ".", localvar); # localvar => "m..t m. at th. bar"
# Search for a string that matches a regular expression
# index() does the same thing, but doesn't allow a regular expression
match(localvar, "t"); # => 4, since the 't' is the fourth character
# Split on a delimiter
n = split("foo-bar-baz", arr, "-"); # a[1] = "foo"; a[2] = "bar"; a[3] = "baz"; n = 3
# Other useful stuff
sprintf("%s %d %d %d", "Testing", 1, 2, 3); # => "Testing 1 2 3"
substr("foobar", 2, 3); # => "oob"
substr("foobar", 4); # => "bar"
length("foo"); # => 3
tolower("FOO"); # => "foo"
toupper("foo"); # => "FOO"
}
function io_functions( localvar) {
# You've already seen print
print "Hello world";
# There's also printf
printf("%s %d %d %d\n", "Testing", 1, 2, 3);
# AWK doesn't have file handles, per se. It will automatically open a file
# handle for you when you use something that needs one. The string you used
# for this can be treated as a file handle, for purposes of I/O. This makes
# it feel sort of like shell scripting, but to get the same output, the string
# must match exactly, so use a vaiable:
outfile = "/tmp/foobar.txt";
print "foobar" > outfile;
# Now the string outfile is a file handle. You can close it:
close(outfile);
# Here's how you run something in the shell
system("echo foobar"); # => prints foobar
# Reads a line from standard input and stores in localvar
getline localvar;
# Reads a line from a pipe (again, use a string so you close it properly)
cmd = "echo foobar";
cmd | getline localvar; # localvar => "foobar"
close(cmd);
# Reads a line from a file and stores in localvar
infile = "/tmp/foobar.txt";
getline localvar < infile;
close(infile);
}
# As I said at the beginning, AWK programs consist of a collection of patterns
# and actions. You've already seen the BEGIN pattern. Other
# patterns are used only if you're processing lines from files or standard
# input.
#
# When you pass arguments to AWK, they are treated as file names to process.
# It will process them all, in order. Think of it like an implicit for loop,
# iterating over the lines in these files. these patterns and actions are like
# switch statements inside the loop.
/^fo+bar$/ {
# This action will execute for every line that matches the regular
# expression, /^fo+bar$/, and will be skipped for any line that fails to
# match it. Let's just print the line:
print;
# Whoa, no argument! That's because print has a default argument: $0.
# $0 is the name of the current line being processed. It is created
# automatically for you.
# You can probably guess there are other $ variables. Every line is
# implicitly split before every action is called, much like the shell
# does. And, like the shell, each field can be access with a dollar sign
# This will print the second and fourth fields in the line
print $2, $4;
# AWK automatically defines many other variables to help you inspect and
# process each line. The most important one is NF
# Prints the number of fields on this line
print NF;
# Print the last field on this line
print $NF;
}
# Every pattern is actually a true/false test. The regular expression in the
# last pattern is also a true/false test, but part of it was hidden. If you
# don't give it a string to test, it will assume $0, the line that it's
# currently processing. Thus, the complete version of it is this:
$0 ~ /^fo+bar$/ {
print "Equivalent to the last pattern";
}
a > 0 {
# This will execute once for each line, as long as a is positive
}
# You get the idea. Processing text files, reading in a line at a time, and
# doing something with it, particularly splitting on a delimiter, is so common
# in UNIX that AWK is a scripting language that does all of it for you, without
# you needing to ask. All you have to do is write the patterns and actions
# based on what you expect of the input, and what you want to do with it.
# Here's a quick example of a simple script, the sort of thing AWK is perfect
# for. It will read a name from standard input and then will print the average
# age of everyone with that first name. Let's say you supply as an argument the
# name of a this data file:
#
# Bob Jones 32
# Jane Doe 22
# Steve Stevens 83
# Bob Smith 29
# Bob Barker 72
#
# Here's the script:
BEGIN {
# First, ask the user for the name
print "What name would you like the average age for?";
# Get a line from standard input, not from files on the command line
getline name < "/dev/stdin";
}
# Now, match every line whose first field is the given name
$1 == name {
# Inside here, we have access to a number of useful variables, already
# pre-loaded for us:
# $0 is the entire line
# $3 is the third field, the age, which is what we're interested in here
# NF is the number of fields, which should be 3
# NR is the number of records (lines) seen so far
# FILENAME is the name of the file being processed
# FS is the field separator being used, which is " " here
# ...etc. There are plenty more, documented in the man page.
# Keep track of a running total and how many lines matched
sum += $3;
nlines++;
}
# Another special pattern is called END. It will run after processing all the
# text files. Unlike BEGIN, it will only run if you've given it input to
# process. It will run after all the files have been read and processed
# according to the rules and actions you've provided. The purpose of it is
# usually to output some kind of final report, or do something with the
# aggregate of the data you've accumulated over the course of the script.
END {
if (nlines)
print "The average age for " name " is " sum / nlines;
}
Further Reading:
- Awk tutorial
- Awk man page
- The GNU Awk User's Guide GNU Awk is found on most Linux systems.
- AWK one-liner collection