diff --git a/.checkignore b/.checkignore
index e73d656..e93d446 100644
--- a/.checkignore
+++ b/.checkignore
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 tests/*
-django_fsm/tests/*
\ No newline at end of file
+django_fsm/tests/*
diff --git a/.pre-commit-config.yaml b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0812619
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+default_language_version:
+  python: python3.8
+  python_venv: python3.8 # Optional
+
+repos:
+  - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
+    rev: v4.4.0
+    hooks:
+      - id: check-added-large-files
+        args: ["--maxkb=700"]
+      - id: check-case-conflict
+      - id: check-json
+      - id: check-merge-conflict
+      - id: check-symlinks
+      - id: check-toml
+      - id: check-yaml
+      - id: debug-statements
+      - id: end-of-file-fixer
+      - id: trailing-whitespace
+
+  - repo: https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade
+    rev: v3.15.0
+    hooks:
+      - id: pyupgrade
+        args:
+          - "--py38-plus"
+
+  - repo: https://github.com/adamchainz/django-upgrade
+    rev: 1.15.0
+    hooks:
+      - id: django-upgrade
+        args: [--target-version, "3.2"]
+
+  # - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
+  #   rev: v0.0.291
+  #   hooks:
+  #     - id: ruff-format
+  #     - id: ruff
diff --git a/.pylintrc b/.pylintrc
index 6d0c5f9..2af6e9e 100644
--- a/.pylintrc
+++ b/.pylintrc
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 persistent=yes
 
 [MESSAGES CONTROL]
-# C0111 = Missing docstring 
+# C0111 = Missing docstring
 # I0011 =  # Warning locally suppressed using disable-msg
 # I0012 =  # Warning locally suppressed using disable-msg
 disable=I0011,I0012
@@ -60,4 +60,3 @@ max-parents=7
 max-attributes=7
 min-public-methods=0
 max-public-methods=20
-
diff --git a/LICENSE b/LICENSE
index edca474..2e512e4 100644
--- a/LICENSE
+++ b/LICENSE
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-copyright (c) 2010 Mikhail Podgurskiy
+The MIT License (MIT)
+
+Copyright (c) 2010 Mikhail Podgurskiy
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
diff --git a/README.rst b/README.rst
index d2f107b..f5b80fb 100644
--- a/README.rst
+++ b/README.rst
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ on a model instance with a protected FSMField will cause an exception.
 
 ``source`` parameter accepts a list of states, or an individual state or ``django_fsm.State`` implementation.
 
-You can use ``*`` for ``source`` to allow switching to ``target`` from any state. 
+You can use ``*`` for ``source`` to allow switching to ``target`` from any state.
 
 You can use ``+`` for ``source`` to allow switching to ``target`` from any state excluding ``target`` state.
 
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ You can use ``+`` for ``source`` to allow switching to ``target`` from any state
 ``target`` state parameter could point to a specific state or ``django_fsm.State`` implementation
 
 .. code:: python
-          
+
     from django_fsm import FSMField, transition, RETURN_VALUE, GET_STATE
     @transition(field=state,
                 source='*',
diff --git a/django_fsm/__init__.py b/django_fsm/__init__.py
index 340060f..f60b2ca 100644
--- a/django_fsm/__init__.py
+++ b/django_fsm/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
 State tracking functionality for django models
 """
@@ -82,7 +81,7 @@ class TransitionNotAllowed(Exception):
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         self.object = kwargs.pop("object", None)
         self.method = kwargs.pop("method", None)
-        super(TransitionNotAllowed, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
 
 class InvalidResultState(Exception):
@@ -97,7 +96,7 @@ class ConcurrentTransition(Exception):
     """
 
 
-class Transition(object):
+class Transition:
     def __init__(self, method, source, target, on_error, conditions, permission, custom):
         self.method = method
         self.source = source
@@ -155,7 +154,7 @@ def get_available_user_FIELD_transitions(instance, user, field):
             yield transition
 
 
-class FSMMeta(object):
+class FSMMeta:
     """
     Models methods transitions meta information
     """
@@ -174,7 +173,7 @@ def get_transition(self, source):
 
     def add_transition(self, method, source, target, on_error=None, conditions=[], permission=None, custom={}):
         if source in self.transitions:
-            raise AssertionError("Duplicate transition for {0} state".format(source))
+            raise AssertionError(f"Duplicate transition for {source} state")
 
         self.transitions[source] = Transition(
             method=method,
@@ -226,7 +225,7 @@ def next_state(self, current_state):
         transition = self.get_transition(current_state)
 
         if transition is None:
-            raise TransitionNotAllowed("No transition from {0}".format(current_state))
+            raise TransitionNotAllowed(f"No transition from {current_state}")
 
         return transition.target
 
@@ -234,12 +233,12 @@ def exception_state(self, current_state):
         transition = self.get_transition(current_state)
 
         if transition is None:
-            raise TransitionNotAllowed("No transition from {0}".format(current_state))
+            raise TransitionNotAllowed(f"No transition from {current_state}")
 
         return transition.on_error
 
 
-class FSMFieldDescriptor(object):
+class FSMFieldDescriptor:
     def __init__(self, field):
         self.field = field
 
@@ -250,14 +249,14 @@ def __get__(self, instance, type=None):
 
     def __set__(self, instance, value):
         if self.field.protected and self.field.name in instance.__dict__:
-            raise AttributeError("Direct {0} modification is not allowed".format(self.field.name))
+            raise AttributeError(f"Direct {self.field.name} modification is not allowed")
 
         # Update state
         self.field.set_proxy(instance, value)
         self.field.set_state(instance, value)
 
 
-class FSMFieldMixin(object):
+class FSMFieldMixin:
     descriptor_class = FSMFieldDescriptor
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -277,10 +276,10 @@ def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
                 self.state_proxy[state] = proxy_cls_ref
             kwargs["choices"] = choices
 
-        super(FSMFieldMixin, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
     def deconstruct(self):
-        name, path, args, kwargs = super(FSMFieldMixin, self).deconstruct()
+        name, path, args, kwargs = super().deconstruct()
         if self.protected:
             kwargs["protected"] = self.protected
         return name, path, args, kwargs
@@ -326,7 +325,7 @@ def set_proxy(self, instance, state):
 
             model = get_model(app_label, model_name)
             if model is None:
-                raise ValueError("No model found {0}".format(state_proxy))
+                raise ValueError(f"No model found {state_proxy}")
 
             instance.__class__ = model
 
@@ -337,13 +336,13 @@ def change_state(self, instance, method, *args, **kwargs):
 
         if not meta.has_transition(current_state):
             raise TransitionNotAllowed(
-                "Can't switch from state '{0}' using method '{1}'".format(current_state, method_name),
+                f"Can't switch from state '{current_state}' using method '{method_name}'",
                 object=instance,
                 method=method,
             )
         if not meta.conditions_met(instance, current_state):
             raise TransitionNotAllowed(
-                "Transition conditions have not been met for method '{0}'".format(method_name), object=instance, method=method
+                f"Transition conditions have not been met for method '{method_name}'", object=instance, method=method
             )
 
         next_state = meta.next_state(current_state)
@@ -398,15 +397,15 @@ def get_all_transitions(self, instance_cls):
     def contribute_to_class(self, cls, name, **kwargs):
         self.base_cls = cls
 
-        super(FSMFieldMixin, self).contribute_to_class(cls, name, **kwargs)
+        super().contribute_to_class(cls, name, **kwargs)
         setattr(cls, self.name, self.descriptor_class(self))
-        setattr(cls, "get_all_{0}_transitions".format(self.name), partialmethod(get_all_FIELD_transitions, field=self))
+        setattr(cls, f"get_all_{self.name}_transitions", partialmethod(get_all_FIELD_transitions, field=self))
         setattr(
-            cls, "get_available_{0}_transitions".format(self.name), partialmethod(get_available_FIELD_transitions, field=self)
+            cls, f"get_available_{self.name}_transitions", partialmethod(get_available_FIELD_transitions, field=self)
         )
         setattr(
             cls,
-            "get_available_user_{0}_transitions".format(self.name),
+            f"get_available_user_{self.name}_transitions",
             partialmethod(get_available_user_FIELD_transitions, field=self),
         )
 
@@ -448,7 +447,7 @@ class FSMField(FSMFieldMixin, models.CharField):
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         kwargs.setdefault("max_length", 50)
-        super(FSMField, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
 
 class FSMIntegerField(FSMFieldMixin, models.IntegerField):
@@ -471,7 +470,7 @@ def set_state(self, instance, state):
         instance.__dict__[self.attname] = self.to_python(state)
 
 
-class ConcurrentTransitionMixin(object):
+class ConcurrentTransitionMixin:
     """
     Protects a Model from undesirable effects caused by concurrently executed transitions,
     e.g. running the same transition multiple times at the same time, or running different
@@ -498,7 +497,7 @@ class ConcurrentTransitionMixin(object):
     """
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        super(ConcurrentTransitionMixin, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
         self._update_initial_state()
 
     @property
@@ -513,9 +512,9 @@ def _do_update(self, base_qs, using, pk_val, values, update_fields, forced_updat
         filter_on = filter(lambda field: field.model == base_qs.model, self.state_fields)
 
         # state filter will be used to narrow down the standard filter checking only PK
-        state_filter = dict((field.attname, self.__initial_states[field.attname]) for field in filter_on)
+        state_filter = {field.attname: self.__initial_states[field.attname] for field in filter_on}
 
-        updated = super(ConcurrentTransitionMixin, self)._do_update(
+        updated = super()._do_update(
             base_qs=base_qs.filter(**state_filter),
             using=using,
             pk_val=pk_val,
@@ -536,14 +535,14 @@ def _do_update(self, base_qs, using, pk_val, values, update_fields, forced_updat
         return updated
 
     def _update_initial_state(self):
-        self.__initial_states = dict((field.attname, field.value_from_object(self)) for field in self.state_fields)
+        self.__initial_states = {field.attname: field.value_from_object(self) for field in self.state_fields}
 
     def refresh_from_db(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        super(ConcurrentTransitionMixin, self).refresh_from_db(*args, **kwargs)
+        super().refresh_from_db(*args, **kwargs)
         self._update_initial_state()
 
     def save(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        super(ConcurrentTransitionMixin, self).save(*args, **kwargs)
+        super().save(*args, **kwargs)
         self._update_initial_state()
 
 
@@ -617,7 +616,7 @@ def has_transition_perm(bound_method, user):
     )
 
 
-class State(object):
+class State:
     def get_state(self, model, transition, result, args=[], kwargs={}):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
@@ -629,7 +628,7 @@ def __init__(self, *allowed_states):
     def get_state(self, model, transition, result, args=[], kwargs={}):
         if self.allowed_states is not None:
             if result not in self.allowed_states:
-                raise InvalidResultState("{} is not in list of allowed states\n{}".format(result, self.allowed_states))
+                raise InvalidResultState(f"{result} is not in list of allowed states\n{self.allowed_states}")
         return result
 
 
@@ -642,5 +641,5 @@ def get_state(self, model, transition, result, args=[], kwargs={}):
         result_state = self.func(model, *args, **kwargs)
         if self.allowed_states is not None:
             if result_state not in self.allowed_states:
-                raise InvalidResultState("{} is not in list of allowed states\n{}".format(result, self.allowed_states))
+                raise InvalidResultState(f"{result} is not in list of allowed states\n{self.allowed_states}")
         return result_state
diff --git a/django_fsm/management/commands/graph_transitions.py b/django_fsm/management/commands/graph_transitions.py
index e21c98a..c66b14a 100644
--- a/django_fsm/management/commands/graph_transitions.py
+++ b/django_fsm/management/commands/graph_transitions.py
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8; mode: django -*-
 import graphviz
 from optparse import make_option
 from itertools import chain
 
 from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
 try:
-    from django.utils.encoding import force_text
+    from django.utils.encoding import force_str
     _requires_system_checks = True
 except ImportError:  # Django >= 4.0
     from django.utils.encoding import force_str as force_text
@@ -37,12 +36,12 @@ def all_fsm_fields_data(model):
 
 def node_name(field, state):
     opts = field.model._meta
-    return "%s.%s.%s.%s" % (opts.app_label, opts.verbose_name.replace(" ", "_"), field.name, state)
+    return "{}.{}.{}.{}".format(opts.app_label, opts.verbose_name.replace(" ", "_"), field.name, state)
 
 
 def node_label(field, state):
     if type(state) == int or (type(state) == bool and hasattr(field, "choices")):
-        return force_text(dict(field.choices).get(state))
+        return force_str(dict(field.choices).get(state))
     else:
         return state
 
@@ -79,7 +78,7 @@ def generate_dot(fields_data):
                         add_transition(source, target, transition.name, source_name, field, sources, targets, edges)
 
         targets.update(
-            set((node_name(field, target), node_label(field, target)) for target, _ in chain(any_targets, any_except_targets))
+            {(node_name(field, target), node_label(field, target)) for target, _ in chain(any_targets, any_except_targets)}
         )
         for target, name in any_targets:
             target_name = node_name(field, target)
@@ -91,7 +90,7 @@ def generate_dot(fields_data):
         for target, name in any_except_targets:
             target_name = node_name(field, target)
             all_nodes = sources | targets
-            all_nodes.remove(((target_name, node_label(field, target))))
+            all_nodes.remove((target_name, node_label(field, target)))
             for source_name, label in all_nodes:
                 sources.add((source_name, label))
                 edges.add((source_name, target_name, (("label", name),)))
@@ -99,8 +98,8 @@ def generate_dot(fields_data):
         # construct subgraph
         opts = field.model._meta
         subgraph = graphviz.Digraph(
-            name="cluster_%s_%s_%s" % (opts.app_label, opts.object_name, field.name),
-            graph_attr={"label": "%s.%s.%s" % (opts.app_label, opts.object_name, field.name)},
+            name=f"cluster_{opts.app_label}_{opts.object_name}_{field.name}",
+            graph_attr={"label": f"{opts.app_label}.{opts.object_name}.{field.name}"},
         )
 
         final_states = targets - sources
diff --git a/django_fsm/models.py b/django_fsm/models.py
index 11afcc6..41eb870 100644
--- a/django_fsm/models.py
+++ b/django_fsm/models.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
 Empty file to mark package as valid django application.
 """
diff --git a/django_fsm/signals.py b/django_fsm/signals.py
index a6c8856..07fb641 100644
--- a/django_fsm/signals.py
+++ b/django_fsm/signals.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from django.dispatch import Signal
 
 pre_transition = Signal()
diff --git a/django_fsm/tests/test_abstract_inheritance.py b/django_fsm/tests/test_abstract_inheritance.py
index c81fa3b..12643e7 100644
--- a/django_fsm/tests/test_abstract_inheritance.py
+++ b/django_fsm/tests/test_abstract_inheritance.py
@@ -54,5 +54,5 @@ def test_field_available_transitions_works(self):
     def test_field_all_transitions_works(self):
         transitions = self.model.get_all_state_transitions()
         self.assertEqual(
-            set([("new", "published"), ("published", "sticked")]), set((data.source, data.target) for data in transitions)
+            {("new", "published"), ("published", "sticked")}, {(data.source, data.target) for data in transitions}
         )
diff --git a/django_fsm/tests/test_basic_transitions.py b/django_fsm/tests/test_basic_transitions.py
index 84a4063..763ea9e 100644
--- a/django_fsm/tests/test_basic_transitions.py
+++ b/django_fsm/tests/test_basic_transitions.py
@@ -145,62 +145,59 @@ def setUp(self):
 
     def test_available_conditions_from_new(self):
         transitions = self.model.get_available_state_transitions()
-        actual = set((transition.source, transition.target) for transition in transitions)
-        expected = set([("*", "moderated"), ("new", "published"), ("new", "removed"), ("*", ""), ("+", "blocked")])
+        actual = {(transition.source, transition.target) for transition in transitions}
+        expected = {("*", "moderated"), ("new", "published"), ("new", "removed"), ("*", ""), ("+", "blocked")}
         self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
 
     def test_available_conditions_from_published(self):
         self.model.publish()
         transitions = self.model.get_available_state_transitions()
-        actual = set((transition.source, transition.target) for transition in transitions)
-        expected = set(
-            [
+        actual = {(transition.source, transition.target) for transition in transitions}
+        expected = {
                 ("*", "moderated"),
                 ("published", None),
                 ("published", "hidden"),
                 ("published", "stolen"),
                 ("*", ""),
                 ("+", "blocked"),
-            ]
-        )
+        }
         self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
 
     def test_available_conditions_from_hidden(self):
         self.model.publish()
         self.model.hide()
         transitions = self.model.get_available_state_transitions()
-        actual = set((transition.source, transition.target) for transition in transitions)
-        expected = set([("*", "moderated"), ("hidden", "stolen"), ("*", ""), ("+", "blocked")])
+        actual = {(transition.source, transition.target) for transition in transitions}
+        expected = {("*", "moderated"), ("hidden", "stolen"), ("*", ""), ("+", "blocked")}
         self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
 
     def test_available_conditions_from_stolen(self):
         self.model.publish()
         self.model.steal()
         transitions = self.model.get_available_state_transitions()
-        actual = set((transition.source, transition.target) for transition in transitions)
-        expected = set([("*", "moderated"), ("*", ""), ("+", "blocked")])
+        actual = {(transition.source, transition.target) for transition in transitions}
+        expected = {("*", "moderated"), ("*", ""), ("+", "blocked")}
         self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
 
     def test_available_conditions_from_blocked(self):
         self.model.block()
         transitions = self.model.get_available_state_transitions()
-        actual = set((transition.source, transition.target) for transition in transitions)
-        expected = set([("*", "moderated"), ("*", "")])
+        actual = {(transition.source, transition.target) for transition in transitions}
+        expected = {("*", "moderated"), ("*", "")}
         self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
 
     def test_available_conditions_from_empty(self):
         self.model.empty()
         transitions = self.model.get_available_state_transitions()
-        actual = set((transition.source, transition.target) for transition in transitions)
-        expected = set([("*", "moderated"), ("*", ""), ("+", "blocked")])
+        actual = {(transition.source, transition.target) for transition in transitions}
+        expected = {("*", "moderated"), ("*", ""), ("+", "blocked")}
         self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
 
     def test_all_conditions(self):
         transitions = self.model.get_all_state_transitions()
 
-        actual = set((transition.source, transition.target) for transition in transitions)
-        expected = set(
-            [
+        actual = {(transition.source, transition.target) for transition in transitions}
+        expected = {
                 ("*", "moderated"),
                 ("new", "published"),
                 ("new", "removed"),
@@ -210,6 +207,5 @@ def test_all_conditions(self):
                 ("hidden", "stolen"),
                 ("*", ""),
                 ("+", "blocked"),
-            ]
-        )
+        }
         self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
diff --git a/django_fsm/tests/test_integer_field.py b/django_fsm/tests/test_integer_field.py
index f2a30d4..438d545 100644
--- a/django_fsm/tests/test_integer_field.py
+++ b/django_fsm/tests/test_integer_field.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 from django_fsm import FSMIntegerField, TransitionNotAllowed, transition
 
 
-class BlogPostStateEnum(object):
+class BlogPostStateEnum:
     NEW = 10
     PUBLISHED = 20
     HIDDEN = 30
diff --git a/django_fsm/tests/test_proxy_inheritance.py b/django_fsm/tests/test_proxy_inheritance.py
index f273f6a..1910f92 100644
--- a/django_fsm/tests/test_proxy_inheritance.py
+++ b/django_fsm/tests/test_proxy_inheritance.py
@@ -42,10 +42,10 @@ def test_field_available_transitions_works(self):
 
     def test_field_all_transitions_base_model(self):
         transitions = BaseModel().get_all_state_transitions()
-        self.assertEqual(set([("new", "published")]), set((data.source, data.target) for data in transitions))
+        self.assertEqual({("new", "published")}, {(data.source, data.target) for data in transitions})
 
     def test_field_all_transitions_works(self):
         transitions = self.model.get_all_state_transitions()
         self.assertEqual(
-            set([("new", "published"), ("published", "sticked")]), set((data.source, data.target) for data in transitions)
+            {("new", "published"), ("published", "sticked")}, {(data.source, data.target) for data in transitions}
         )
diff --git a/setup.py b/setup.py
index 39f778d..2fd7f0d 100644
--- a/setup.py
+++ b/setup.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 try:
     long_description = open('README.rst').read()
-except IOError:
+except OSError:
     long_description = ''
 
 setup(
diff --git a/tests/manage.py b/tests/manage.py
index 2db24e4..034110c 100644
--- a/tests/manage.py
+++ b/tests/manage.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 import os
 import sys
 from django.core.management import execute_from_command_line
diff --git a/tests/settings.py b/tests/settings.py
index df5ef4b..d39399b 100644
--- a/tests/settings.py
+++ b/tests/settings.py
@@ -25,22 +25,11 @@
     }
 }
 
-if django.VERSION < (1, 9):
-
-    class DisableMigrations(object):
-        def __contains__(self, item):
-            return True
-
-        def __getitem__(self, item):
-            return "notmigrations"
-
-    MIGRATION_MODULES = DisableMigrations()
-else:
-    MIGRATION_MODULES = {
-        "auth": None,
-        "contenttypes": None,
-        "guardian": None,
-    }
+MIGRATION_MODULES = {
+    "auth": None,
+    "contenttypes": None,
+    "guardian": None,
+}
 
 
 ANONYMOUS_USER_ID = 0
diff --git a/tests/testapp/tests/test_mixin_support.py b/tests/testapp/tests/test_mixin_support.py
index 691868e..f9a3385 100644
--- a/tests/testapp/tests/test_mixin_support.py
+++ b/tests/testapp/tests/test_mixin_support.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 from django_fsm import FSMField, transition
 
 
-class WorkflowMixin(object):
+class WorkflowMixin:
     @transition(field="state", source="*", target="draft")
     def draft(self):
         pass
diff --git a/tests/testapp/tests/test_object_permissions.py b/tests/testapp/tests/test_object_permissions.py
index a6ef291..58129c2 100644
--- a/tests/testapp/tests/test_object_permissions.py
+++ b/tests/testapp/tests/test_object_permissions.py
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class Meta:
 )
 class ObjectPermissionFSMFieldTest(TestCase):
     def setUp(self):
-        super(ObjectPermissionFSMFieldTest, self).setUp()
+        super().setUp()
         self.model = ObjectPermissionTestModel.objects.create()
 
         self.unprivileged = User.objects.create(username="unpriviledged")
diff --git a/tests/testapp/tests/test_permissions.py b/tests/testapp/tests/test_permissions.py
index 8a7e185..e373507 100644
--- a/tests/testapp/tests/test_permissions.py
+++ b/tests/testapp/tests/test_permissions.py
@@ -20,14 +20,14 @@ def test_proviledged_access_succed(self):
         self.assertTrue(has_transition_perm(self.model.remove, self.priviledged))
 
         transitions = self.model.get_available_user_state_transitions(self.priviledged)
-        self.assertEqual(set(["publish", "remove", "moderate"]), set(transition.name for transition in transitions))
+        self.assertEqual({"publish", "remove", "moderate"}, {transition.name for transition in transitions})
 
     def test_unpriviledged_access_prohibited(self):
         self.assertFalse(has_transition_perm(self.model.publish, self.unpriviledged))
         self.assertFalse(has_transition_perm(self.model.remove, self.unpriviledged))
 
         transitions = self.model.get_available_user_state_transitions(self.unpriviledged)
-        self.assertEqual(set(["moderate"]), set(transition.name for transition in transitions))
+        self.assertEqual({"moderate"}, {transition.name for transition in transitions})
 
     def test_permission_instance_method(self):
         self.assertFalse(has_transition_perm(self.model.restore, self.unpriviledged))
diff --git a/tests/testapp/tests/test_state_transitions.py b/tests/testapp/tests/test_state_transitions.py
index 6f3916f..6197cd4 100644
--- a/tests/testapp/tests/test_state_transitions.py
+++ b/tests/testapp/tests/test_state_transitions.py
@@ -63,4 +63,4 @@ def test_load_proxy_set(self):
         Insect.objects.create(state=Insect.STATE.BUTTERFLY)
 
         insects = Insect.objects.all()
-        self.assertEqual(set([Caterpillar, Butterfly]), set(insect.__class__ for insect in insects))
+        self.assertEqual({Caterpillar, Butterfly}, {insect.__class__ for insect in insects})