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Implementing GitOps using Flux CD

Introduction

Flux CD helps you synchronize the state of your infrastructure using Git as the source of truth, thus following GitOps principles. Flux also helps you implement continuous delivery for your applications. It knows how to handle Helm releases as well, thus you can control application deployment and lifecycle via the standard package manager for Kubernetes.

The process of synchronizing your DOKS cluster state with a Git repository, is called reconciliation. Reconciliation makes sure that your applications state match a desired state declaratively defined somewhere (can be a Git repository, Helm repository or a S3 bucket).

Flux CD provides several ways to achieve reconciliation:

  • HelmRelease: matches state using Helm releases (also performs a release if not present).
  • Bucket: matches state using contents of objects coming from S3 compatible storage.
  • Kustomization: matches state using kustomization manifests defined in a Git repository or S3 bucket.

For each of the enumerated resources, there is an associated controller containing necessary logic to fetch artifacts containing declarative state manifests, and apply required changes to your cluster (maintain desired state):

A special component used by Flux is the Source CRD (Custom Resource Definition). Flux CD treats sources as a way of fetching artifacts containing state configuration (e.g. Git repositories, Helm repositories, S3 buckets, etc).

Starter Kit is using the Git repository source type and HelmReleases for maintaining application state. Every chapter of the Starter Kit is using Helm to perform application deployment, so it's a natural choice to rely on HelmReleases to do the job.

In terms of system observability, Flux CD provides support for various alerting/notification solutions via the Notification Controller, such as:

System monitoring and logging:

In this tutorial, you will learn to:

  • Use flux CLI to provision Flux CD to your DOKS cluster.
  • Keep your Kubernetes cluster applications state synchronized with a Git repository (use GitOps principles).
  • Install and manage applications via Flux CD HelmReleases.
  • Install and manage Sealed Secrets controller via Flux CD to encrypt sensitive data.

After finishing all the steps from this tutorial, you should have a DOKS cluster with Flux CD deployed, that will:

DOKS and Flux CD Automation Overview

DOKS-FluxCD-Automation-Overview

Table of Contents

Prerequisites

To complete this tutorial, you will need:

  1. A working DOKS cluster that you have access to. Please follow the Starter Kit DOKS Setup Guide to find out more.
  2. A GitHub repository and branch, to store Flux CD and your applications manifests.
  3. A Git client, for cloning the Starter Kit repository.
  4. Kubectl CLI, for Kubernetes interaction. Follow these instructions to connect to your cluster with kubectl and doctl.
  5. Flux CLI, to deploy and interact with Flux CD.
  6. Kubeseal, for encrypting secrets and Sealed Secrets Controller interaction.

Understanding Flux CD Concepts for Automated Helm Releases

The way Flux CD knows how to handle Helm releases is via a dedicated custom resource definition named HelmRelease. Next, each HelmRelease makes use of a HelmRepository CRD, to fetch the required chart to install. So, a HelmRepository is the source of Helm charts for the HelmRelease to consume.

You have some familiarity now with Helm installations performed via CLI (each section of the Starter Kit makes use of it). Flux CD is achieving the same thing via the Helm Controller. You define manifests that make use of specific CRDs (HelmRepository, HelmRelease), which in turn instruct the Helm Controller to perform the same steps as the helm CLI counterpart (helm install/upgrade).

Below picture shows FluxCD Helm CRs relationship:

Flux CD Helm CRs

Using HelmRepository CRD to Define Helm Repositories

The HelmRepository CRD is used by Flux CD to handle Helm repositories and fetch the charts from remote (the CLI equivalent of helm repo add <name> <url> and helm repo update).

Typical structure of a HelmRepository manifest looks like below:

apiVersion: source.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1beta1
kind: HelmRepository
metadata:
  name: ambassador
  namespace: flux-system
spec:
  interval: 10m0s
  url: https://app.getambassador.io

Explanations for the above configuration:

  • <kind>: Tells Flux CD what type of CRD the manifest is using (HelmRepository, in above example).
  • <metadata.name>: Name of the HelmRepository CRD (ambassador, in above example).
  • <metadata.namespace>: Namespace to use for the HelmRepository resource (flux-system, in above example).
  • <spec.interval>: Time interval to use for synchronizing with the remote Helm repository (to fetch new chart releases metadata - CLI equivalent of: helm repo update).
  • <spec.url>: Helm chart repository URL.

Using HelmRelease CRD to Install Helm Charts

The HelmRelease CRD is used by Flux CD to handle Helm releases in your DOKS cluster (the CLI equivalent of helm install <name> <chart> -f <values.yaml>). It can also take care of upgrades, as well as how to recover in case of a failure, like: how many retries to perform for a failed install operation, rollbacks, etc.

Each HelmRelease makes use of a source type, so that it knows where to pull the Helm chart from:

Typical structure of a HelmRelease manifest, looks like below:

apiVersion: helm.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v2beta1
kind: HelmRelease
metadata:
  name: ambassador-stack
  namespace: flux-system
spec:
  chart:
    spec:
      chart: edge-stack
      sourceRef:
        kind: HelmRepository
        name: ambassador
      version: 7.3.2
  install:
    createNamespace: true
  interval: 1m0s
  targetNamespace: ambassador

Explanations for the above configuration:

  • <kind>: Tells Flux CD what type of CRD the manifest is using (HelmRelease, in above example).
  • <metadata.name>: Name of the HelmRelease CRD (ambassador-stack, in above example).
  • <metadata.namespace>: Namespace to use for the HelmRelease resource (flux-system, in above example).
  • <chart.spec.chart>: Specifies the chart name to fetch and install from the HelmRepository (ambassador, in above example).
  • <chart.spec.sourceRef.kind>: Tells Flux CD to use a HelmRepository resource for fetching Helm charts (this is a good example that illustrates CRDs dependency).
  • <chart.spec.sourceRef.name>: HelmRepository CRD name to reference.
  • <chart.spec.version>: version of the Helm chart to install.
  • <spec.install.createNamespace>: Tells Flux CD if a namespace needs to be created before installing the chart (Helm CLI equivalent of: helm install --create-namespace).
  • <spec.interval>: Time interval at which to reconcile the Helm release.
  • <spec.targetNamespace>: Namespace to place the Helm release (Helm CLI equivalent of: helm install --namespace <name>).

Using HelmRelease CRD to Override Helm Values

Each Flux CD HelmRelease can override values via a values file - the equivalent of helm install <name> <chart> -f values.yaml, or by setting each value individually - the equivalent of helm instal <name> <chart> --set <key> <value>.

Flux CD lets you override Helm values via two spec types:

  • <spec.values>: Allows you to override values inline as seen in a standard values.yaml file). This is the equivalent of: helm install -f <values_file>.
  • <spec.valuesFrom>: Allows you to override values individually, by using each key fully qualified path from the values file (e.g.: aws.access_key_id). This is the equivalent of helm install --set <key> <value>.

Typical usage of spec.values:

...
spec:
  values:
    loki:
      enabled: true
      config:
        schema_config:
          configs:
            - from: "2020-10-24"
              store: boltdb-shipper
              object_store: aws
              schema: v11
              index:
                prefix: index_
                period: 24h
...

Explanations for the above configuration:

<spec.values>: Holds application specific key-value pairs, just as a Helm values file does.

As mentioned earlier, the <spec.values> field stores key-value pairs exactly as seen in the YAML file. It means that sensitive data, like DO Spaces credentials or API tokens will be exposed, and that is not a good thing. Flux CD has a solution for this situation, meaning you can override values from other data sources like Kubernetes Secrets or ConfigMaps (can be secured by using protected namespaces).

Typical usage of spec.valuesFrom in combination with a Kubernetes Secret (the below example expects that the do-credentials Kubernetes secret to be created beforehand):

spec:
  valuesFrom:
    - kind: Secret
      name: do-credentials
      valuesKey: spaces_access_key
      targetPath: aws.access_key_id

Explanations for the above configuration:

  • <spec.valuesFrom.kind>: Kind of the values referent (Kubernetes Secret, in this example - can be a ConfigMap as well).
  • <spec.valuesFrom.name>: Name of the values referent (e.g. Kubernetes Secret), in the same namespace as the HelmRelease.
  • <spec.valuesFrom.valuesKey>: The data key where a specific value can be found (defaults to values.yaml when omitted).
  • <spec.valuesFrom.targetPath>: The YAML dot notation path at which the value should be merged. When set, the valuesKey is expected to be a single flat value (defaults to None when omitted, which results in the values getting merged at the root).

You can have a combination of spec.values for storing non-sensitive data, and spec.valuesFrom that reference Kubernetes secrets for sensitive data. In the end, each Flux CD HelmRelease will merge all the values together, so you can benefit from both worlds. In fact, this is how Helm works, so the same principles apply.

In a GitOps flow, it's not wise to store Kubernetes Secrets directly in a Git repository, so you're going to use Sealed Secrets to encrypt sensitive data.

Using Sealed Secrets Controller to Encrypt Kubernetes Secrets

Sealed Secrets allows you to encrypt generic Kubernetes secrets and store them safely in Git (even in public repositories). Then, Flux CD will create a corresponding Sealed Secret Object in your cluster when syncing the Git repository. Sealed Secrets Controller notices the sealed objects, and decrypts each to a classic Kubernetes secret. Applications can consume the secrets as usual.

Flux CD Sealed Secrets GitOps Flow:

Flux CD Sealed Secrets GitOps Flow

For more details, please refer to Section 06 - Encrypt Kubernetes Secrets.

Next, you will learn how to deploy Flux CD to your DOKS cluster.

Step 1 - Bootstrapping Flux CD

Flux CD provides a CLI binary which you can use for provisioning Flux CD itself, as well as for main system interaction. Using the flux bootstrap subcommand, you can install Flux on a Kubernetes cluster and configure it to manage itself from a Git repository.

If the Flux components are present on the cluster, the bootstrap command will perform an upgrade if needed. The bootstrap is idempotent, it’s safe to run the command as many times as you want.

Bootstrapping Flux CD on an existing DOKS cluster:

  1. Generate a personal access token (PAT) that can create repositories by checking all permissions under repo.

  2. Export your GitHub personal access token as an environment variable (make sure to replace the <> placeholders accordingly):

    export GITHUB_TOKEN=<YOUR_PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN_HERE>

  3. Run the bootstrap for a repository on your personal GitHub account (make sure to replace the <> placeholders accordingly):

    flux bootstrap github \
  --owner=<YOUR_GITHUB_USER> \
  --repository=<YOUR_GITHUB_REPOSITORY_NAME> \
  --path=clusters/dev \
  --personal

Explanations for the above command:

  • --owner: Holds your GitHub user name.
  • --repository: Git repository to use by Flux CD (the repository will be created if it doesn't exist).
  • --path: Directory path to use inside the repository to store all manifests (the directory path will be created if it doesn't exist). This argument is important, because Flux CD will monitor all changes happening under the directory path you define here.

The flux bootstrap command will create the specified GitHub repository if it doesn't exist, and will start the provisioning process for Flux CD. In the end, you should have a bunch of YAML manifests created in your Git repository, as well as all Kubernetes resources required by Flux CD to work.

Next, you can perform some sanity checks via:

flux check

The output looks similar to the following:

► checking prerequisites
✔ Kubernetes 1.21.9 >=1.20.6-0
► checking controllers
✔ helm-controller: deployment ready
► ghcr.io/fluxcd/helm-controller:v0.17.2
✔ kustomize-controller: deployment ready
► ghcr.io/fluxcd/kustomize-controller:v0.21.1
✔ notification-controller: deployment ready
► ghcr.io/fluxcd/notification-controller:v0.22.3
✔ source-controller: deployment ready
► ghcr.io/fluxcd/source-controller:v0.21.2
✔ all checks passed

Then, inspect all Flux CD resources via:

flux get all

The output looks similar to the following (you can notice the gitrepository/flux-system component fetching the latest revision from your main branch, as well as the kustomization/flux-system component):

NAME                            READY   MESSAGE                         REVISION        SUSPENDED 
gitrepository/flux-system       True    Fetched revision: main/6e9b41b  main/6e9b41b    False 

NAME                            READY   MESSAGE                         REVISION        SUSPENDED 
kustomization/flux-system       True    Applied revision: main/6e9b41b  main/6e9b41b    False

In case you need to perform some troubleshooting, and see what Flux CD is doing, you can access the logs via:

flux logs

The output looks similar to the following:

...
2022-03-17T10:47:21.976Z info Kustomization/flux-system.flux-system - server-side apply completed 
2022-03-17T10:47:22.662Z info Kustomization/flux-system.flux-system - server-side apply completed 
2022-03-17T10:47:22.702Z info Kustomization/flux-system.flux-system - Reconciliation finished in 9.631064885s, next run in 10m0s 
2022-03-17T10:47:19.167Z info GitRepository/flux-system.flux-system - Discarding event, no alerts found for the involved object 
2022-03-17T10:47:22.691Z info Kustomization/flux-system.flux-system - Discarding event, no alerts found for the involved object 
2022-03-17T10:47:22.709Z info Kustomization/flux-system.flux-system - Discarding event, no alerts found for the involved object 
2022-03-17T10:47:19.168Z info GitRepository/flux-system.flux-system - Reconciliation finished in 7.79283477s, next run in 1m0s 
2022-03-17T10:48:20.594Z info GitRepository/flux-system.flux-system - Reconciliation finished in 1.424279853s, next run in 1m0s 
...

Finally, check that Flux CD points to your Git repository:

kubectl get gitrepositories.source.toolkit.fluxcd.io -n flux-system

The output looks similar to (notice the URL column value - should point to your Git repository, and the READY state set to True):

NAME         URL                                                       READY  STATUS                             AGE
flux-system  ssh://[email protected]/test-starterkit/starterkit_fra1.git  True   Fetched revision: main/6e9b41b...  9m59s

You should also see a bunch of Flux CD system manifests present in your Git repository as well:

This

In the next step, you will prepare the Git repository layout for use in this tutorial. Flux CD is watching for changes present in the --path argument that you passed to the flux bootstrap command. Starter Kit is using the clusters/dev directory path. You can create any directory structure under the clusters/dev path to keep things organized. Flux CD will perform a recursive search for all manifests under the clusters/dev path.

You can throw all the manifests under the Flux CD sync path (e.g. clusters/dev), but it's best practice to keep things organized and follow naming conventions as much as possible to avoid frustration in the future.

Step 4 - Cloning the Flux CD Git Repository and Preparing the Layout

In this step, you will learn how to organize your Git repository used by Flux CD to sync your DOKS cluster state. For simplicity, this tutorial is based on a monorepo structure, and is using a single environment to hold all your manifests (e.g. clusters/dev). You can check the official Flux CD documentation for some guidance on how to setup your Git repository structure.

Please make sure that the following steps are performed in order:

  1. First, clone your Flux CD Git repository. This is the main repository used for your DOKS cluster reconciliation (please replace the <> placeholders accordingly):

    git clone https://github.com/<YOUR_GITHUB_USER>/<YOUR_GITHUB_REPOSITORY_NAME>.git

    Explanations for the above command:

    • <YOUR_GITHUB_USER> - your GitHub username as defined by the --owner argument of the flux bootstrap command.
    • <YOUR_GITHUB_REPOSITORY_NAME> - GitHub repository name used for your DOKS cluster reconciliation as defined by the --repository argument of the flux bootstrap command.

  2. Next, change directory where your Flux CD Git repository was cloned, and checkout the correct branch (usually main).

  3. Now, create the directory structure to store Flux CD HelmRepository, HelmRelease and SealedSecret manifests for each component of the Starter Kit. Please replace the FLUXCD_SYNC_PATH variable value with your Flux CD cluster sync directory path, as defined by the --path argument of the flux bootstrap command (Starter Kit is using the clusters/dev path):

    FLUXCD_SYNC_PATH="clusters/dev"
FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH="${FLUXCD_SYNC_PATH}/helm"

mkdir -p "${FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH}/repositories" 

mkdir -p "${FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH}/releases" 

mkdir -p "${FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH}/secrets"

  4. Finally, add the .gitignore file to avoid committing unencrypted Helm value files in your repository, that may contain sensitive data. Using your favorite text editor, paste the following (below example is using the Starter Kit naming convention):

    # Ignore all YAML files containing the `-values-` string.
*-values-*.yaml

# Do not ignore sealed YAML files.
!*-sealed.yaml

After finishing all the steps from this tutorial, you should have a Git repository structure similar to:

├── README.md
├── clusters
│   └── dev
│       ├── flux-system
│       │   ├── gotk-components.yaml
│       │   ├── gotk-sync.yaml
│       │   └── kustomization.yaml
│       └── helm
│           ├── releases
│           │   ├── ambassador-stack-v7.3.2.yaml
│           │   ├── loki-stack-v2.6.4.yaml
│           │   ├── prometheus-stack-v35.5.1.yaml
│           │   ├── sealed-secrets-v2.4.0.yaml
│           │   └── velero-v2.29.7.yaml
│           ├── repositories
│           │   ├── ambassador.yaml
│           │   ├── grafana.yaml
│           │   ├── prometheus-community.yaml
│           │   ├── sealed-secrets.yaml
│           │   └── vmware-tanzu.yaml
│           └── secrets
│               ├── do-api-credentials-sealed.yaml
│               ├── do-spaces-credentials-sealed.yaml
│               └── prometheus-stack-credentials-sealed.yaml
└── pub-sealed-secrets-dev-cluster.pem

Next, you're going to provision the required Flux CD manifests for each component of the Starter Kit. Then, you will inspect and commit each manifest to your Git repository used by Flux CD to reconcile your DOKS cluster. For sensitive data, a Kubernetes Secrets will be created and encrypted using Sealed Secrets, and then stored in your Git repository as well.

First example will make use of the Flux CLI for you to accommodate and get familiarized with creating manifests via the CLI. Then, you will use the already prepared manifests provided by the Starter Kit repository, to speed up the steps from this tutorial.

You're going to start with the Sealed Secrets Helm release first, because it's a prerequisite for the rest of the Starter Kit components.

Step 5 - Creating the Sealed Secrets Helm Release

In this step, you will learn how to create manifests using the Flux CLI, to define the Sealed Secrets Helm release. Then, Flux will trigger the Sealed Secrets Controller installation process for your DOKS cluster.

Please use the following steps, to create required manifests for the Sealed Secrets Helm release:

  1. First, change directory where your Flux CD Git repository was cloned. Also, please check that the required directory structure for this tutorial is created, and that the FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH environment variable is set (please refer to Step 4 - Cloning the Flux CD Git Repository and Preparing the Layout, for details).

  2. Then, create the Sealed Secrets HelmRepository manifest for Flux:

    flux create source helm sealed-secrets \
  --url="https://bitnami-labs.github.io/sealed-secrets" \
  --interval="10m" \
  --export > "${FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH}/repositories/sealed-secrets.yaml"

    Explanations for the above command:

    • --url: Helm repository address.
    • --interval: Source sync interval (default 1m0s).
    • --export: Export in YAML format to stdout.

    The output looks similar to (you can notice that it has a similar structure as explained in Using HelmRepository CRD to Define Helm Repositories):

    ---
apiVersion: source.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1beta1
kind: HelmRepository
metadata:
  name: sealed-secrets
  namespace: flux-system
spec:
  interval: 10m0s
  url: https://bitnami-labs.github.io/sealed-secrets

  3. Next, fetch the Starter Kit values file for Sealed Secrets. Please make sure to inspect the values file first, and replace the <> placeholders where needed:

    SEALED_SECRETS_CHART_VERSION="2.4.0"

curl "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/digitalocean/Kubernetes-Starter-Kit-Developers/main/06-kubernetes-secrets/assets/manifests/sealed-secrets-values-v${SEALED_SECRETS_CHART_VERSION}.yaml" > "sealed-secrets-values-v${SEALED_SECRETS_CHART_VERSION}.yaml"

  4. Now, create the Sealed Secrets HelmRelease manifest for Flux CD. Kubeseal CLI expects by default to find the controller in the kube-system namespace and to be named sealed-secrets-controller, hence we override the release name via the --release-name and --target-namespace flags. This is not mandatory, but kube-system is usually accessible only to power users (administrators):

    SEALED_SECRETS_CHART_VERSION="2.4.0"

flux create helmrelease "sealed-secrets-controller" \
  --release-name="sealed-secrets-controller" \
  --source="HelmRepository/sealed-secrets" \
  --chart="sealed-secrets" \
  --chart-version "$SEALED_SECRETS_CHART_VERSION" \
  --values="sealed-secrets-values-v${SEALED_SECRETS_CHART_VERSION}.yaml" \
  --target-namespace="flux-system" \
  --crds=CreateReplace \
  --export > "${FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH}/releases/sealed-secrets-v${SEALED_SECRETS_CHART_VERSION}.yaml"

    Explanations for the above command:

    • --release-name: What name to use for the Helm release (defaults to <target-namespace>-<HelmRelease-name> otherwise).
    • --source: Source that contains the chart in the format <kind>/<name>.<namespace>, where kind must be one of: (HelmRepository, GitRepository, Bucket).
    • --chart: Helm chart name.
    • --chart-version: Helm chart version.
    • --values: Local path to values file.
    • --target-namespace: Namespace to install this release.
    • --crds: Upgrade CRDs policy, available options are: (Skip, Create, CreateReplace).
    • --export: Export in YAML format to stdout.

    The output looks similar to (you can observe that it has a similar structure as explained in Using HelmRelease CRD to Install Helm Charts):

    ---
apiVersion: helm.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v2beta1
kind: HelmRelease
metadata:
  name: sealed-secrets-controller
  namespace: flux-system
spec:
  chart:
    spec:
      chart: sealed-secrets
      sourceRef:
        kind: HelmRepository
        name: sealed-secrets
      version: 2.4.0
  interval: 1m0s
  releaseName: sealed-secrets-controller
  targetNamespace: flux-system
  install:
    crds: Create
  upgrade:
    crds: CreateReplace
  values:
    ingress:
      enabled: false

  5. Finally, commit Git changes to remote branch:

    SEALED_SECRETS_CHART_VERSION="2.4.0"

git add "${FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH}/repositories/sealed-secrets.yaml"

git add "${FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH}/releases/sealed-secrets-v${SEALED_SECRETS_CHART_VERSION}.yaml"

git commit -am "Adding Sealed Secrets manifests for Flux CD"

git push origin

After completing the above steps, Flux CD will start your DOKS cluster reconciliation (in about one minute or so, if using the default interval). If you don't want to wait, you can always force reconciliation via:

flux reconcile source git flux-system

After a few moments, please inspect the Flux CD Sealed Secrets Helm release:

flux get helmrelease sealed-secrets-controller

The output looks similar to:

NAME                        READY   MESSAGE                                 REVISION        SUSPENDED 
sealed-secrets-controller   True    Release reconciliation succeeded        2.4.0          False

Look for the READY column value - it should say True. Reconciliation status is displayed in the MESSAGE column, along with the REVISION number, which represents the Helm chart version. Please bear in mind that some releases take longer to complete (like Prometheus stack, for example), so please be patient.

Hints:

  • The MESSAGE column will display Reconciliation in progress, as long as the HelmController is performing the installation for the specified Helm chart. If something goes wrong, you'll get another message stating the reason, so please make sure to check Helm release state.

  • You can use the --watch flag for example: flux get helmrelease <name> --wait, to wait until the command finishes. Please bear in mind that in this mode, Flux will block your terminal prompt until the default timeout of 5 minutes occurs (can be overridden via the --timeout flag).

  • In case something goes wrong, you can search the Flux logs, and filter HelmRelease messages only:

    flux logs --kind=HelmRelease

  • In case the Flux logs do not offer sufficient information you can use the describe command on the helmrelease using kubectl as follows:

    kubectl describe helmrelease sealed-secrets-controller -n flux-system

Exporting the Sealed Secrets Controller Public Key

To be able to encrypt secrets, you need the public key that was generated by the Sealed Secrets Controller when it was deployed by Flux CD in your DOKS cluster.

First, change directory where you cloned your Flux CD Git repository, and do the following (please replace the <> placeholders accordingly):

kubeseal --controller-namespace=flux-system --fetch-cert > pub-sealed-secrets-<YOUR_DOKS_CLUSTER_NAME_HERE>.pem

Note:

If for some reason the kubeseal certificate fetch command hangs (or you get an empty/invalid certificate file), you can use the following steps to work around this issue:

  • First, open a new terminal window, and expose the Sealed Secrets Controller service on your localhost (you can use CTRL - C to terminate, after fetching the public key):

    kubectl port-forward service/sealed-secrets-controller 8080:8080 -n flux-system

  • Then, you can go back to your working terminal and fetch the public key (please replace the <> placeholders accordingly):

    curl --retry 5 --retry-connrefused localhost:8080/v1/cert.pem > pub-sealed-secrets-<YOUR_DOKS_CLUSTER_NAME_HERE>.pem

Finally, commit the public key file to remote Git repository for later use (it's safe to do this, because the public key is useless without the private key which is stored in your DOKS cluster only). Please run bellow commands, and make sure to replace the <> placeholders accordingly:

git add pub-sealed-secrets-<YOUR_DOKS_CLUSTER_NAME_HERE>.pem

git commit -m "Adding Sealed Secrets public key for cluster <YOUR_DOKS_CLUSTER_NAME_HERE>"

git push origin

Important note:

In this tutorial the flux-system namespace is used to hold Kubernetes Secrets, so please make sure that it is restricted to regular users/ applications via RBAC.

Next, you're going to perform similar steps to define Helm releases for the remaining components of the Starter Kit.

Step 6 [OPTIONAL] - Creating the Cert-Manager Helm Release

If you want to have wildcard certificates support for your cluster, you need to provision Cert-Manager as well. This step is also required if proper TLS termination is needed for the Nginx Ingress Controller.

Steps to follow:

  1. First, change directory where your Flux CD Git repository was cloned. Also, please check that the required directory structure for this tutorial is created, and that the FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH environment variable is set (please refer to Step 4 - Cloning the Flux CD Git Repository and Preparing the Layout, for details).

  2. Then, fetch the Jetstack HelmRepository manifest file provided by the Starter Kit Git repository:

    curl "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/digitalocean/Kubernetes-Starter-Kit-Developers/main/14-continuous-delivery-using-gitops/assets/manifests/fluxcd/helm/repositories/jetstack.yaml" > "${FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH}/repositories/jetstack.yaml"

  3. Now, fetch the Cert-Manager HelmRelease manifest file provided by the Starter Kit Git repository:

    CERT_MANAGER_CHART_VERSION="1.8.0"

curl "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/digitalocean/Kubernetes-Starter-Kit-Developers/main/14-continuous-delivery-using-gitops/assets/manifests/fluxcd/helm/releases/cert-manager-v${CERT_MANAGER_CHART_VERSION}.yaml" > "${FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH}/releases/cert-manager-v${CERT_MANAGER_CHART_VERSION}.yaml"

  4. Next, inspect the downloaded HelmRelease manifest file using an editor of your choice (preferably with YAML lint support), and adjust to your needs. For example, you can use VS Code (make sure to replace the <> placeholders accordingly, if present):

    CERT_MANAGER_CHART_VERSION="1.8.0"

code "${FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH}/releases/cert-manager-v${CERT_MANAGER_CHART_VERSION}.yaml"

  5. Finally, commit Git changes to remote branch:

    CERT_MANAGER_CHART_VERSION="1.8.0"

git add "${FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH}/repositories/jetstack.yaml"

git add "${FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH}/releases/cert-manager-v${CERT_MANAGER_CHART_VERSION}.yaml"

git commit -am "Adding Cert-Manager manifests for Flux CD"

git push origin

After completing the above steps, Flux CD will start your DOKS cluster reconciliation (in about one minute or so, if using the default interval). If you don't want to wait, you can always force reconciliation via:

flux reconcile source git flux-system

After a few moments, please inspect the HelmRelease status:

flux get helmrelease cert-manager

The output looks similar to:

NAME                READY   MESSAGE                                 REVISION       SUSPENDED 
cert-manager        True    Release reconciliation succeeded        v1.6.1         False

Look for the READY column value - it should say True. Reconciliation status is displayed in the MESSAGE column, along with the REVISION number, which represents the Helm chart version. Please bear in mind that some releases take longer to complete (like Prometheus stack, for example), so please be patient.

Hints:

  • The MESSAGE column will display Reconciliation in progress, as long as the HelmController is performing the installation for the specified Helm chart. If something goes wrong, you'll get another message stating the reason, so please make sure to check Helm release state.

  • You can use the --watch flag for example: flux get helmrelease <name> --wait, to wait until the command finishes. Please bear in mind that in this mode, Flux will block your terminal prompt until the default timeout of 5 minutes occurs (can be overridden via the --timeout flag).

  • In case something goes wrong, you can search the Flux logs, and filter HelmRelease messages only:

    flux logs --kind=HelmRelease

  • In case the Flux logs do not offer sufficient information you can use the describe command on the helmrelease using ``kubectl` as follows:

    kubectl describe helmrelease cert-manager -n flux-system

Next, you're going to create Flux CD manifests for the Ambassador (or Nginx) ingress.

Step 7 - Creating the Ingress Controller Helm Release

In this step, you will use pre-made manifests to create your preferred Ingress Controller Helm release for Flux CD. Then, Flux will trigger the Ingress Controller installation process for your DOKS cluster.

There are two options available, depending on what Ingress Controller you feel most comfortable:

  • Ambassador Ingress Helm Release.
  • Nginx Ingress Helm Release.

Steps to follow:

  1. First, change directory where your Flux CD Git repository was cloned. Also, please check that the required directory structure for this tutorial is created, and that the FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH environment variable is set (please refer to Step 4 - Cloning the Flux CD Git Repository and Preparing the Layout, for details).

  2. Then, fetch the HelmRepository manifest file provided by the Starter Kit Git repository (please pick only one option, depending on what Ingress Controller you want to install and configure):

    Ambassador Ingress:

    curl "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/digitalocean/Kubernetes-Starter-Kit-Developers/main/14-continuous-delivery-using-gitops/assets/manifests/fluxcd/helm/repositories/ambassador.yaml" > "${FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH}/repositories/ambassador.yaml"

    Nginx Ingress:

    curl "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/digitalocean/Kubernetes-Starter-Kit-Developers/main/14-continuous-delivery-using-gitops/assets/manifests/fluxcd/helm/repositories/kubernetes-community-nginx.yaml" > "${FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH}/repositories/kubernetes-community-nginx.yaml"

  3. Now, fetch the HelmRelease manifest file provided by the Starter Kit Git repository (please pick only one option, depending on what Ingress Controller you want to install and configure):

    Ambassador Ingress:

    AMBASSADOR_CHART_VERSION="7.3.2"

curl "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/digitalocean/Kubernetes-Starter-Kit-Developers/main/14-continuous-delivery-using-gitops/assets/manifests/fluxcd/helm/releases/ambassador-stack-v${AMBASSADOR_CHART_VERSION}.yaml" > "${FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH}/releases/ambassador-stack-v${AMBASSADOR_CHART_VERSION}.yaml"

    Nginx Ingress:

    NGINX_CHART_VERSION="4.1.3"

curl "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/digitalocean/Kubernetes-Starter-Kit-Developers/main/14-continuous-delivery-using-gitops/assets/manifests/fluxcd/helm/releases/nginx-v${NGINX_CHART_VERSION}.yaml" > "${FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH}/releases/nginx-v${NGINX_CHART_VERSION}.yaml"

  4. Next, inspect the downloaded HelmRelease manifest file using an editor of your choice (preferably with YAML lint support), and adjust to your needs. For example, you can use VS Code. Make sure to replace the <> placeholders accordingly, if present ((please pick only one option, depending on what Ingress Controller you want to install and configure):

    Ambassador Ingress:

    AMBASSADOR_CHART_VERSION="7.3.2"

code "${FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH}/releases/ambassador-stack-v${AMBASSADOR_CHART_VERSION}.yaml"

    Nginx Ingress:

    NGINX_CHART_VERSION="4.1.3"

code "${FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH}/releases/nginx-v${NGINX_CHART_VERSION}.yaml"

    Hint:

    Notice how the HelmRelease manifest configures remediation actions (you can visit Configuring Failure Remediation, for more details about Helm install/upgrade failure remediation options available in Flux CD):

    ...
install:
  createNamespace: true
  remediation:
    retries: 3
upgrade:
  remediation:
    retries: 3
...

  5. Finally, commit Git changes to remote branch (please pick only one option, depending on what Ingress Controller you want to install and configure):

    Ambassador Ingress:

    AMBASSADOR_CHART_VERSION="7.3.2"

git add "${FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH}/repositories/ambassador.yaml"

git add "${FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH}/releases/ambassador-stack-v${AMBASSADOR_CHART_VERSION}.yaml"

git commit -am "Adding Ambassador manifests for Flux CD"

git push origin

    Nginx Ingress:

    NGINX_CHART_VERSION="4.1.3"

git add "${FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH}/repositories/kubernetes-community-nginx.yaml"

git add "${FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH}/releases/nginx-v${NGINX_CHART_VERSION}.yaml"

git commit -am "Adding Nginx manifests for Flux CD"

git push origin

After completing the above steps, Flux CD will start your DOKS cluster reconciliation (in about one minute or so, if using the default interval). If you don't want to wait, you can always force reconciliation via:

flux reconcile source git flux-system

After a few moments, please inspect the HelmRelease status (please pick only one option, depending on the installed Ingress Controller):

Ambassador Ingress:

flux get helmrelease ambassador-stack

The output looks similar to:

NAME                    READY   MESSAGE                                 REVISION       SUSPENDED
ambassador-stack        True    Release reconciliation succeeded        7.3.2          False

Nginx Ingress:

flux get helmrelease ingress-nginx

The output looks similar to:

NAME                 READY   MESSAGE                                 REVISION       SUSPENDED
ingress-nginx        True    Release reconciliation succeeded        4.1.3          False

Look for the READY column value - it should say True. Reconciliation status is displayed in the MESSAGE column, along with the REVISION number, which represents the Helm chart version. Please bear in mind that some releases take longer to complete (like Prometheus stack, for example), so please be patient.

Hints:

  • The MESSAGE column will display Reconciliation in progress, as long as the HelmController is performing the installation for the specified Helm chart. If something goes wrong, you'll get another message stating the reason, so please make sure to check Helm release state.

  • You can use the --watch flag for example: flux get helmrelease <name> --wait, to wait until the command finishes. Please bear in mind that in this mode, Flux will block your terminal prompt until the default timeout of 5 minutes occurs (can be overridden via the --timeout flag).

  • In case something goes wrong, you can search the Flux logs, and filter HelmRelease messages only:

    flux logs --kind=HelmRelease

  • In case the Flux logs do not offer sufficient information you can use the describe command on the helmrelease using kubectl as follows:

    kubectl describe helmrelease ingress-nginx -n flux-system

Please refer to the Ambassador Ingress or Nginx Ingress tutorial, for more details about checking Ingress Controller deployment status and functionality.

Next, you're going to create Flux CD manifests for the Prometheus stack.

Step 8 - Creating the Prometheus Stack Helm Release

In this step, you will use pre-made manifests to create the Prometheus Helm release for Flux CD. Then, Flux will trigger the Prometheus installation process for your DOKS cluster. The Prometheus stack deploys Grafana as well, so you need to set the administrator credentials for accessing the dashboards. You will learn how to use kubeseal CLI with Sealed Secrets Controller to encrypt sensitive data stored in Kubernetes Secrets. Then, you will see how the Flux CD HelmRelease manifest is used to reference Grafana credentials stored in the Kubernetes Secret.

Steps to follow:

  1. First, change directory where your Flux CD Git repository was cloned. Also, please check that the required directory structure for this tutorial is created, and that the FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH environment variable is set (please refer to Step 4 - Cloning the Flux CD Git Repository and Preparing the Layout, for details).

  2. Then, fetch the Prometheus HelmRepository manifest provided by the Starter Kit Git repository:

    curl "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/digitalocean/Kubernetes-Starter-Kit-Developers/main/14-continuous-delivery-using-gitops/assets/manifests/fluxcd/helm/repositories/prometheus-community.yaml" > "${FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH}/repositories/prometheus-community.yaml"

  3. Next, create and encrypt the Kubernetes Secret holding your Grafana dashboard admin password. Make sure that you have the Sealed Secrets public key exported as mentioned in Exporting the Sealed Secrets Controller Public Key (please replace the <> placeholders accordingly):

    SEALED_SECRETS_PUB_KEY="<YOUR_SEALED_SECRETS_PUB_KEY_NAME_HERE>"
GRAFANA_ADMIN_PASSWORD="<YOUR_GRAFANA_ADMIN_PASSWORD_HERE>"

kubectl create secret generic "prometheus-stack-credentials" \
    --namespace flux-system \
    --from-literal=grafana_admin_password="${GRAFANA_ADMIN_PASSWORD}" \
    --dry-run=client -o yaml | kubeseal --cert="${SEALED_SECRETS_PUB_KEY}" \
    --format=yaml > "${FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH}/secrets/prometheus-stack-credentials-sealed.yaml"

    Explanations for the above command:

    • --namespace: Namespace where the Kubernetes secret should be created.
    • --from-literal: Create a Kubernetes secret from a literal value containing the grafana_admin_password. The prometheus-stack-credentials secret and grafana_admin_password value is used by the prometheus-stack-v35.5.1.yaml manifest (spec.valuesFrom key).
    • --dry-run=client: Exports the Kubernetes secret on your local machine using standard output (and afterwards, piped to kubeseal to encrypt the final result).

  4. Now, fetch the Prometheus HelmRelease manifest provided by the Starter Kit Git repository:

    PROMETHEUS_CHART_VERSION="35.5.1"

curl "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/digitalocean/Kubernetes-Starter-Kit-Developers/main/14-continuous-delivery-using-gitops/assets/manifests/fluxcd/helm/releases/prometheus-stack-v${PROMETHEUS_CHART_VERSION}.yaml" > "${FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH}/releases/prometheus-stack-v${PROMETHEUS_CHART_VERSION}.yaml"

  5. Then, inspect the downloaded Prometheus HelmRelease manifest using an editor of your choice (preferably with YAML lint support), and adjust to your needs. For example, you can use VS Code (please make sure to replace the <> placeholders accordingly, if present):

    PROMETHEUS_CHART_VERSION="35.5.1"

code "${FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH}/releases/prometheus-stack-v${PROMETHEUS_CHART_VERSION}.yaml"

    Note: You can see how the prometheus-stack-credentials secret is referenced inside the Prometheus HelmRelease manifest, by looking at below snippet:

    valuesFrom:
  - kind: Secret
    name: prometheus-stack-credentials # Kubernetes secret holding Prometheus stack credentials
    valuesKey: grafana_admin_password  # Key from the `prometheus-stack-credentials` secret, holding the Grafana admin password
    targetPath: grafana.adminPassword  # Helm value to override
    optional: false  # Helm release will fail if value is not found

  6. Finally, commit Git changes to remote branch:

    PROMETHEUS_CHART_VERSION="35.5.1"

git add "${FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH}/repositories/prometheus-community.yaml"

git add "${FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH}/releases/prometheus-stack-v${PROMETHEUS_CHART_VERSION}.yaml"

git add "${FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH}/secrets/prometheus-stack-credentials-sealed.yaml"

git commit -am "Adding Prometheus manifests for Flux CD"

git push origin

After a few moments, please inspect the Prometheus HelmRelease:

flux get helmrelease kube-prometheus-stack

The output looks similar to:

NAME                    READY   MESSAGE                                 REVISION        SUSPENDED 
kube-prometheus-stack   True    Release reconciliation succeeded        35.5.1          False

Look for the READY column value - it should say True. Reconciliation status is displayed in the MESSAGE column, along with the REVISION number, which represents the Helm chart version. Please bear in mind that some releases take longer to complete (like Prometheus stack, for example), so please be patient.

Hints:

  • The MESSAGE column will display Reconciliation in progress, as long as the HelmController is performing the installation for the specified Helm chart. If something goes wrong, you'll get another message stating the reason, so please make sure to check Helm release state.

  • You can use the --watch flag for example: flux get helmrelease <name> --wait, to wait until the command finishes. Please bear in mind that in this mode, Flux will block your terminal prompt until the default timeout of 5 minutes occurs (can be overridden via the --timeout flag).

  • In case something goes wrong, you can search the Flux logs, and filter HelmRelease messages only:

    flux logs --kind=HelmRelease

  • In case the Flux logs do not offer sufficient information you can use the describe command on the helmrelease using kubectl as follows:

    kubectl describe helmrelease kube-prometheus-stack -n flux-system

Now, check if the prometheus-stack-credentials Kubernetes secret was created as well (then, you can use kubectl get secret prometheus-stack-credentials -n flux-system -o yaml for secret contents inspection):

kubectl get secret prometheus-stack-credentials -n flux-system

Finally, perform a quick check of Prometheus stack main services, and PVC:

  • Prometheus dashboard: kubectl port-forward svc/kube-prom-stack-kube-prome-prometheus 9090:9090 -n monitoring.
  • Grafana dashboards: kubectl --namespace monitoring port-forward svc/kube-prom-stack-grafana 3000:80.
  • Prometheus PVC: kubectl get pvc -n monitoring.

Please refer to the 04-setup-observability tutorial, for more details about checking Prometheus stack deployment status and functionality.

Next, you're going to create the manifests for Loki stack, and let Flux CD handle the Helm release automatically.

Step 9 - Creating the Loki Stack Helm Release

In this step, you will use pre-made manifests to create the Loki Helm release for Flux CD. Then, Flux will trigger the Loki installation process for your DOKS cluster. Loki needs a DO Spaces bucket for storing backups, hence you need to use DO Spaces credentials. You will learn how to use kubeseal CLI with Sealed Secrets Controller to encrypt sensitive data stored in Kubernetes Secrets. Then, you will see how the Flux CD HelmRelease manifest is used to reference DO Spaces credentials stored in the Kubernetes Secret.

Steps to follow:

  1. First, change directory where your Flux CD Git repository was cloned. Also, please check that the required directory structure for this tutorial is created, and that the FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH environment variable is set (please refer to Step 4 - Cloning the Flux CD Git Repository and Preparing the Layout, for details).

  2. Then, fetch the Loki HelmRepository manifest provided by the Starter Kit Git repository:

    curl "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/digitalocean/Kubernetes-Starter-Kit-Developers/main/14-continuous-delivery-using-gitops/assets/manifests/fluxcd/helm/repositories/grafana.yaml" > "${FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH}/repositories/grafana.yaml"

  3. Next, create and encrypt the Kubernetes secret for your DO Spaces credentials. Make sure that you have the Sealed Secrets public key exported as mentioned in Exporting the Sealed Secrets Controller Public Key (please replace the <> placeholders accordingly):

    SEALED_SECRETS_PUB_KEY="<YOUR_SEALED_SECRETS_PUB_KEY_NAME_HERE>"
DO_SPACES_ACCESS_KEY="<YOUR_DO_SPACES_ACCESS_KEY_HERE>"
DO_SPACES_SECRET_KEY="<YOUR_DO_SPACES_SECRET_KEY_HERE>"

kubectl create secret generic "do-spaces-credentials" \
   --namespace flux-system \
   --from-literal=access_key_id="${DO_SPACES_ACCESS_KEY}" \
   --from-literal=secret_access_key="${DO_SPACES_SECRET_KEY}" \
   --dry-run=client -o yaml | kubeseal --cert="${SEALED_SECRETS_PUB_KEY}" \
   --format=yaml > "${FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH}/secrets/do-spaces-credentials-sealed.yaml"

    Explanations for the above command:

    • --namespace: Namespace where the Kubernetes secret should be created.
    • --from-literal: Create a Kubernetes secret from a literal value containing the DO Spaces access_key_id and secret_access_key. The do-spaces-credentials secret and access_key_id/secret_access_key value is used by the loki-stack-v2.6.4.yaml manifest (spec.valuesFrom key).
    • --dry-run=client: Exports the Kubernetes secret on your local machine using standard output (and afterwards, piped to kubeseal to encrypt the final result).

  4. Now, fetch the Loki stack HelmRelease manifest provided by the Starter Kit Git repository:

    LOKI_CHART_VERSION="2.6.4"

curl "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/digitalocean/Kubernetes-Starter-Kit-Developers/main/14-continuous-delivery-using-gitops/assets/manifests/fluxcd/helm/releases/loki-stack-v${LOKI_CHART_VERSION}.yaml" > "${FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH}/releases/loki-stack-v${LOKI_CHART_VERSION}.yaml"

  5. Then, inspect the downloaded Loki HelmRelease manifest using an editor of your choice (preferably with YAML lint support), and adjust to your needs. For example, you can use VS Code (please make sure to replace the <> placeholders accordingly, if present):

    LOKI_CHART_VERSION="2.6.4"

code "${FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH}/releases/loki-stack-v${LOKI_CHART_VERSION}.yaml"

    Note: You can see how the do-spaces-credentials secret is referenced inside the Loki HelmRelease manifest, by looking at below snippet:

    valuesFrom:
  - kind: Secret
    name: do-spaces-credentials  # Kubernetes secret holding DO Spaces credentials
    valuesKey: access_key_id     # Key from the `do-spaces-credentials` secret, holding the DO Spaces Access Key ID
    targetPath: loki.config.storage_config.aws.access_key_id  # Helm value to override
    optional: false  # Helm release will fail if value is not found
  - kind: Secret
    name: do-spaces-credentials
    valuesKey: secret_access_key  # Key from the `do-spaces-credentials` secret, holding the DO Spaces Secret Key
    targetPath: loki.config.storage_config.aws.secret_access_key
    optional: false

  6. Finally, commit Git changes to remote branch:

    LOKI_CHART_VERSION="2.6.4"

git add "${FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH}/repositories/grafana.yaml"

git add "${FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH}/releases/loki-stack-v${LOKI_CHART_VERSION}.yaml"

git add "${FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH}/secrets/do-spaces-credentials-sealed.yaml"

git commit -am "Adding Loki stack manifests for Flux CD"

git push origin

After a few moments, please inspect the Loki HelmRelease:

flux get helmrelease loki-stack

The output looks similar to:

NAME         READY   MESSAGE                                 REVISION       SUSPENDED 
loki-stack   True    Release reconciliation succeeded        2.6.4          False

Look for the READY column value - it should say True. Reconciliation status is displayed in the MESSAGE column, along with the REVISION number, which represents the Helm chart version. Please bear in mind that some releases take longer to complete (like Prometheus stack, for example), so please be patient.

Hints:

  • The MESSAGE column will display Reconciliation in progress, as long as the HelmController is performing the installation for the specified Helm chart. If something goes wrong, you'll get another message stating the reason, so please make sure to check Helm release state.

  • You can use the --watch flag for example: flux get helmrelease <name> --wait, to wait until the command finishes. Please bear in mind that in this mode, Flux will block your terminal prompt until the default timeout of 5 minutes occurs (can be overridden via the --timeout flag).

  • In case something goes wrong, you can search the Flux logs, and filter HelmRelease messages only:

    flux logs --kind=HelmRelease

  • In case the Flux logs do not offer sufficient information you can use the describe command on the helmrelease using kubectl as follows:

    kubectl describe helmrelease loki-stack -n flux-system

Finally, check if the do-spaces-credentials Kubernetes secret was created as well (then, you can use kubectl get secret do-spaces-credentials -n flux-system -o yaml for secret contents inspection):

kubectl get secret do-spaces-credentials -n flux-system

Please refer to the 04-setup-observability tutorial, for more details about checking Loki Stack deployment status and functionality.

Next, you're going to create the manifests and let Flux CD handle the Velero Helm release automatically.

Step 10 - Creating the Velero Helm Release

In this step, you will use pre-made manifests to create the Velero Helm release for Flux CD. Then, Flux will trigger the Velero installation process for your DOKS cluster. Velero needs a DO Spaces bucket for storing backups, hence you need to use DO Spaces credentials. You will learn how to use kubeseal CLI with Sealed Secrets Controller to encrypt sensitive data stored in Kubernetes Secrets. Then, you will see how the Flux CD HelmRelease manifest is used to reference DO API credentials stored in the Kubernetes Secret.

Important note:

Before following the steps, make sure that the do-spaces-credentials sealed secret was provisioned to your DOKS cluster as detailed in Step 8 - Creating the Loki Stack Helm Release.

Steps to follow:

  1. First, change directory where your Flux CD Git repository was cloned. Also, please check that the required directory structure for this tutorial is created, and that the FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH environment variable is set (please refer to Step 4 - Cloning the Flux CD Git Repository and Preparing the Layout, for details).

  2. Then, fetch the Velero HelmRepository manifest provided by the Starter Kit Git repository:

    curl "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/digitalocean/Kubernetes-Starter-Kit-Developers/main/14-continuous-delivery-using-gitops/assets/manifests/fluxcd/helm/repositories/vmware-tanzu.yaml" > "${FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH}/repositories/vmware-tanzu.yaml"

  3. Next, create and encrypt the Kubernetes secret for Velero HelmRelease to consume (DO API TOKEN). Make sure that you have the Sealed Secrets public key exported as mentioned in Exporting the Sealed Secrets Controller Public Key (please replace the <> placeholders accordingly):

    SEALED_SECRETS_PUB_KEY="<YOUR_SEALED_SECRETS_PUB_KEY_NAME_HERE>"
DO_API_TOKEN="<YOUR_DO_API_TOKEN_HERE>"

kubectl create secret generic "do-api-credentials" \
   --namespace flux-system \
   --from-literal=do_api_token="${DO_API_TOKEN}" \
   --dry-run=client -o yaml | kubeseal --cert="${SEALED_SECRETS_PUB_KEY}" \
   --format=yaml > "${FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH}/secrets/do-api-credentials-sealed.yaml"

    Explanations for the above command:

    • --namespace: Namespace where the Kubernetes secret should be created.
    • --from-literal: Create a Kubernetes secret from a literal value containing the DO API token. The do-credentials secret and do_api_token value is used by the velero-v2.27.3.yaml manifest (spec.valuesFrom key).
    • --dry-run=client: Exports the Kubernetes secret on your local machine using standard output (and afterwards, piped to kubeseal to encrypt the final result).

  4. Now, fetch the Loki stack HelmRelease manifest provided by the Starter Kit Git repository:

    VELERO_CHART_VERSION="2.29.7"

curl "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/digitalocean/Kubernetes-Starter-Kit-Developers/main/14-continuous-delivery-using-gitops/assets/manifests/fluxcd/helm/releases/velero-v${VELERO_CHART_VERSION}.yaml" > "${FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH}/releases/velero-v${VELERO_CHART_VERSION}.yaml"

  5. Then, inspect the downloaded Velero HelmRelease manifest using an editor of your choice (preferably with YAML lint support), and adjust to your needs. For example, you can use VS Code (please make sure to replace the <> placeholders accordingly, if present):

    VELERO_CHART_VERSION="2.29.7"

code "${FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH}/releases/velero-v${VELERO_CHART_VERSION}.yaml"

    Notes:

    • You can see how do-api-credentials and do-spaces-credentials secrets are referenced inside the Velero HelmRelease manifest, by looking at below snippet:

      valuesFrom:
  - kind: Secret
    name: do-api-credentials  # Kubernetes secret holding DO API token
    valuesKey: do_api_token   # Key from the `do-api-credentials` secret, holding the DO API token
    targetPath: configuration.extraEnvVars.DIGITALOCEAN_TOKEN  # Helm value to override
    optional: false  # Helm release will fail if value is not found
  - kind: Secret
    name: do-spaces-credentials  # Kubernetes secret holding DO Spaces credentials
    valuesKey: access_key_id     # Key from the `do-spaces-credentials` secret, holding the DO Spaces Access Key ID
    targetPath: configuration.extraEnvVars.AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID
    optional: false
  - kind: Secret
    name: do-spaces-credentials
    valuesKey: secret_access_key  # Key from the `do-spaces-credentials` secret, holding the DO Spaces Secret Key
    targetPath: configuration.extraEnvVars.AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY
    optional: false

    • Please bear in mind that the above secret data is placed inside environment variables (configuration.extraEnvVars), so values will be visible in clear text if you describe the Velero deployment (on production environments you can restrict velero namespace access via RBAC, for example).

      kubectl describe deployment velero -n velero | grep AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID

  6. Finally, commit Git changes to remote branch:

    VELERO_CHART_VERSION="2.29.7"

git add "${FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH}/repositories/vmware-tanzu.yaml"

git add "${FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH}/releases/velero-v${VELERO_CHART_VERSION}.yaml"

git add "${FLUXCD_HELM_MANIFESTS_PATH}/secrets/do-api-credentials-sealed.yaml"

git commit -am "Adding Velero manifests for Flux CD"

git push origin

After a few moments, please inspect the Velero HelmRelease:

flux get helmrelease velero-stack

The output looks similar to:

NAME                 READY  MESSAGE                             REVISION    SUSPENDED 
velero-stack         True   Release reconciliation succeeded    2.29.7      False

Look for the READY column value - it should say True. Reconciliation status is displayed in the MESSAGE column, along with the REVISION number, which represents the Helm chart version. Please bear in mind that some releases take longer to complete (like Prometheus stack, for example), so please be patient.

Hints:

  • The MESSAGE column will display Reconciliation in progress, as long as the HelmController is performing the installation for the specified Helm chart. If something goes wrong, you'll get another message stating the reason, so please make sure to check Helm release state.

  • You can use the --watch flag for example: flux get helmrelease <name> --wait, to wait until the command finishes. Please bear in mind that in this mode, Flux will block your terminal prompt until the default timeout of 5 minutes occurs (can be overridden via the --timeout flag).

  • In case something goes wrong, you can search the Flux logs, and filter HelmRelease messages only:

    flux logs --kind=HelmRelease

  • In case the Flux logs do not offer sufficient information you can use the describe command on the helmrelease using kubectl as follows:

    kubectl describe helmrelease velero-stack -n flux-system

Finally, check if the do-api-credentials Kubernetes secret was created as well (then, you can use kubectl get secret do-api-credentials -n flux-system -o yaml for secret contents inspection):

kubectl get secret do-api-credentials -n flux-system

Please refer to the Velero tutorial, for more details about checking Velero deployment status and functionality.

Conclusion

In this tutorial, you learned the automation basics for a GitOps based setup using Flux CD. Then, you configured Flux CD to perform Helm releases for you automatically, and deploy all the Starter Kit components in a GitOps fashion. Finally, you applied security best practices as well, by using the Sealed Secrets controller to encrypt sensitive data for your applications.

Going further, Flux CD supports other features, like:

You can visit the official Flux CD Guides page for more interesting stuff and ideas, like how to structure your Git repositories, as well as application manifests for multi-cluster and multi-environment setups.

To estimate the resource usage of the Starter Kit, please follow the Starter Kit Resource Usage chapter.