Shardcake was developed after years of experience with Akka Cluster Sharding(opens new window).
+Even though code has nothing in common with Akka, credits go to them for some ideas and concepts.
+
+
+
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You will never have the same entity running on 2 different pods.")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("A "),s("strong",[t._v("shard")]),t._v(" is a logical group of entities that will always be located on the same pod.\nThere might be millions of entities, so instead of keeping millions of entities-to-pods mappings, we group entities into shards and maintain reasonably-sized shards-to-pods mappings.")])]),t._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"key-components"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#key-components"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Key components")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("Shardcake is composed of 2 main components:")]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[t._v("The "),s("strong",[t._v("Shard Manager")]),t._v(" is an independent component that needs a single instance running. It is in charge of assigning shards to pods.")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("strong",[t._v("Entities")]),t._v(" will run on your application servers and process messages that are sent to them. Note that the entity behavior (including entity persistence) is entirely up to you.\nShardcake only takes care of starting entities on the right pods as well as the communication between them.")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("There are 4 pluggable parts that can be implemented with the technology of your choice.")]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[t._v("The "),s("code",[t._v("Storage")]),t._v(" trait defines where shard assignments will be stored. Shardcake provides an implementation using "),s("strong",[t._v("Redis")]),t._v(".")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("The "),s("code",[t._v("Pods")]),t._v(" trait defines how to communicate with remote pods. Shardcake provides an implementation using "),s("strong",[t._v("gRPC")]),t._v(" as the protocol.")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("The "),s("code",[t._v("Serialization")]),t._v(" defines how to encode and decode messages. 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This can be done by calling "),s("code",[t._v("Server.run")]),t._v(" and providing all the required dependencies.")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-scala extra-class"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-scala"}},[s("code",[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("import")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token namespace"}},[t._v("com"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("devsisters"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("shardcake"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")])]),t._v("_\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("import")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token namespace"}},[t._v("com"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("devsisters"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("shardcake"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("interfaces"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")])]),t._v("_\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("import")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token namespace"}},[t._v("zio"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")])]),t._v("_\n\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("object")]),t._v(" ShardManagerApp "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("extends")]),t._v(" ZIOAppDefault "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("def")]),t._v(" run"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" Task"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("[")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token builtin"}},[t._v("Nothing")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("]")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v("\n Server"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("run"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("provide"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("\n ZLayer"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("succeed"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("ManagerConfig"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("default"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n ZLayer"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("succeed"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("GrpcConfig"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("default"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n PodsHealth"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("local"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// just ping a pod to see if it's alive")]),t._v("\n GrpcPods"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("live"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// use gRPC protocol")]),t._v("\n Storage"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("memory"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// store data in memory")]),t._v("\n ShardManager"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("live "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// shard manager logic")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v("\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),t._v("\n")])])]),s("p",[t._v("That's it! Running this small app will start the Shard Manager and its API. It is now ready to receive registration from pods.")]),t._v(" "),s("h3",{attrs:{id:"entity-behavior"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#entity-behavior"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Entity Behavior")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("We now need to define our "),s("strong",[t._v("entity behavior")]),t._v(": what kind of messages can our entity receive, and what to do when it receives those messages. We will model our "),s("strong",[t._v("Guild")]),t._v(" example.")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("First, we need the following dependencies:")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language- extra-class"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[s("code",[t._v('libraryDependencies += "com.devsisters" %% "shardcake-entities" % "2.1.0"\nlibraryDependencies += "com.devsisters" %% "shardcake-protocol-grpc" % "2.1.0"\n')])])]),s("p",[t._v("Let's start with defining the messages our entities can receive. We will have 2: one for joining a guild and one for leaving.\nWe create a "),s("code",[t._v("sealed trait")]),t._v(" that will contain all the possible message types.\nAny message that can be replied needs to contain a "),s("code",[t._v("Replier[A]")]),t._v(" where "),s("code",[t._v("A")]),t._v(" is the response type.")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-scala extra-class"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-scala"}},[s("code",[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("sealed")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("trait")]),t._v(" GuildMessage\n\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("object")]),t._v(" GuildMessage "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("case")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("class")]),t._v(" Join"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("userId"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token builtin"}},[t._v("String")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" replier"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" Replier"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("[")]),t._v("Try"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("[")]),t._v("Set"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("[")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token builtin"}},[t._v("String")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("]")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("]")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("]")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("extends")]),t._v(" GuildMessage\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("case")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("class")]),t._v(" Leave"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("userId"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token builtin"}},[t._v("String")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("extends")]),t._v(" GuildMessage\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),t._v("\n")])])]),s("p",[t._v("We also need to define an "),s("strong",[t._v("Entity Type")]),t._v(". This is done by extending "),s("code",[t._v("EntityType")]),t._v(" with the message type as well as a unique "),s("code",[t._v("String")]),t._v(" identifier for this type.")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-scala extra-class"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-scala"}},[s("code",[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("object")]),t._v(" Guild "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("extends")]),t._v(" EntityType"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("[")]),t._v("GuildMessage"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("]")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[t._v('"guild"')]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v("\n")])])]),s("p",[t._v("The behavior itself is a function with the following signature:")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-scala extra-class"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-scala"}},[s("code",[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("def")]),t._v(" behavior"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("entityId"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token builtin"}},[t._v("String")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" messages"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" Queue"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("[")]),t._v("GuildMessage"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("]")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" RIO"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("[")]),t._v("Sharding"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token builtin"}},[t._v("Nothing")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("]")]),t._v("\n")])])]),s("p",[t._v("It takes an "),s("code",[t._v("entityId")]),t._v(" and a "),s("code",[t._v("Queue[GuildMessage]")]),t._v(" and returns a "),s("code",[t._v("ZIO")]),t._v(" that never ends (hence the return type "),s("code",[t._v("Nothing")]),t._v(").\nThat function is just supposed to consume "),s("code",[t._v("messages")]),t._v(" forever.")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("Let's first define how to handle a single "),s("code",[t._v("GuildMessage")]),t._v(".")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("We will use a "),s("code",[t._v("Ref[Set[String]]")]),t._v(" to hold our state (the list of users in the guild).\nWhen we receive a "),s("code",[t._v("Join")]),t._v(" request, we check if the guild is already full (here, we hardcode the max to 5) and respond with a failure or modify the state and respond with a success.\nWe use "),s("code",[t._v("replier.reply")]),t._v(" to send a response to the sender (here, sending the full list of guild members wrapped in a "),s("code",[t._v("Try")]),t._v(" to express errors).")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-scala extra-class"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-scala"}},[s("code",[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("def")]),t._v(" handleMessage"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("state"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" Ref"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("[")]),t._v("Set"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("[")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token builtin"}},[t._v("String")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("]")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("]")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" message"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" GuildMessage"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" RIO"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("[")]),t._v("Sharding"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token builtin"}},[t._v("Unit")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("]")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v("\n message "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("match")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("case")]),t._v(" GuildMessage"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("Join"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("userId"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" replier"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("=>")]),t._v("\n state"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("get"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("flatMap"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("members "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("=>")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("if")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("members"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("size "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v(">=")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v("5")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v("\n replier"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("reply"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("Failure"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("new")]),t._v(" Exception"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[t._v('"Guild is already full!"')]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("else")]),t._v("\n state"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("updateAndGet"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("_ "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("+")]),t._v(" userId"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("flatMap "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v(" newMembers "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("=>")]),t._v("\n replier"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("reply"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("Success"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("newMembers"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("case")]),t._v(" GuildMessage"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("Leave"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("userId"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("=>")]),t._v("\n state"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("update"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("_ "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("-")]),t._v(" userId"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),t._v("\n")])])]),s("p",[t._v("We are now ready to create our behavior, starting from an empty state when the entity is created:")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-scala extra-class"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-scala"}},[s("code",[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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punctuation"}},[t._v("]")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v("\n Ref\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("make"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("Set"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("empty"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("[")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token builtin"}},[t._v("String")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("]")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("flatMap"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("state "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("=>")]),t._v(" messages"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("take"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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+(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[25],{306:function(e,t,a){"use strict";a.r(t);var s=a(14),n=Object(s.a)({},(function(){var e=this,t=e._self._c;return t("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":e.$parent.slotKey}},[t("h1",{attrs:{id:"architecture"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#architecture"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Architecture")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Make sure to read the "),t("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/docs/#getting-started"}},[e._v("Getting Started")]),e._v(" and "),t("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/docs/#terminology"}},[e._v("Terminology")]),e._v(" first.")],1),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"main-concepts"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#main-concepts"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Main Concepts")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[t("img",{attrs:{src:"/shardcake/arch2.png",alt:"architecture diagram"}})]),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[e._v("The "),t("strong",[e._v("Shard Manager")]),e._v(" is a single node in charge of maintaining the pods <-> shards assignments.\nOnly one Shard Manager should be alive at any given time.")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Pods "),t("strong",[e._v("register")]),e._v(" to the Shard Manager when they start and "),t("strong",[e._v("unregister")]),e._v(" when they stop.")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Pods "),t("strong",[e._v("read the shard assignments")]),e._v(" from the Storage layer (including updates) and cache them locally.\nWhen the Shard Manager "),t("strong",[e._v("assigns")]),e._v(" or "),t("strong",[e._v("unassigns")]),e._v(" shards to/from pods, it notifies them directly.")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("When a pod "),t("strong",[e._v("sends a message")]),e._v(" to a given entity,\nit checks which shard this entity belongs to and redirects the message to the pod in charge of that shard.\nThat pod will then start the entity behavior locally if it was not already started.")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("The "),t("strong",[e._v("Shard ID")]),e._v(" assigned to an entity is calculated as follows:\n"),t("code",[e._v("shardId = abs(entityId.hashCode % numberOfShards) + 1")]),e._v(". 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This will eventually trigger a rebalance, and some shards may be assigned to this pod.\nWhen that happens, the Shard Manager will call the "),t("code",[e._v("assign")]),e._v(" API of this pod.")])]),e._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"pod-stop-sharding-unregister"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#pod-stop-sharding-unregister"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Pod Stop ("),t("code",[e._v("Sharding#unregister")]),e._v(")")]),e._v(" "),t("ol",[t("li",[e._v("Pod prevents any new entity to be started locally. Any message received from other pods will return the "),t("code",[e._v("EntityNotManagedByThisPod")]),e._v(" error and be retried.")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Pod stops all local entities by sending them the termination message. Messages currently in progress are processed.")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Once all entities are stopped, pod calls the "),t("code",[e._v("unregister")]),e._v(" endpoint of the Shard Manager. This will trigger an instant rebalance, so that shards handled by this pod will be assigned to other pods.")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Pod stops the sharding API and is ready to stop.")])]),e._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"sending-a-message-to-an-entity-messenger-send"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#sending-a-message-to-an-entity-messenger-send"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Sending a message to an entity ("),t("code",[e._v("Messenger#send")]),e._v(")")]),e._v(" "),t("ol",[t("li",[e._v("Pod1 needs to send a message to a given entity.")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Pod1 calculates the shard ID for that entity.")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Pod1 checks in local shard assignments cache which pod is responsible for this entity. It is Pod2. If Pod1 == Pod2, the next step is skipped.")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Pod1 calls the "),t("code",[e._v("sendMessage")]),e._v(" endpoint of Pod2's sharding API.")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Pod2 redirects the message to its "),t("code",[e._v("EntityManager")])]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Pod2 "),t("code",[e._v("EntityManager")]),e._v(" calculates the shard ID for that entity and checks that this shards ID should be handled locally. If not, it returns the "),t("code",[e._v("EntityNotManagedByThisPod")]),e._v(" error.")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Pod2 starts the entity if it was not already started and forward the message to it.")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("When a response is produced, the response is sent back to Pod1.")])]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"custom-block tip"},[t("p",{staticClass:"custom-block-title"},[e._v("Unresponsive Pod")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("If Pod2 is not responsive, Pod1 will call the "),t("code",[e._v("notifyUnhealthyPod")]),e._v(" endpoint of the Shard Manager.\nThe Shard Manager will check with the Health API (e.g. Kubernetes) if the pod is still alive and unregister it if not.\nPod1 will keep retrying and hopefully a new pod will be assigned very soon.")])]),e._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"rebalance-algorithm"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#rebalance-algorithm"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Rebalance Algorithm")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The rebalance process is the action of assigning or unassigning shards from/to pods.\nIt is triggered:")]),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[e._v("when the first pod registers (it will be assigned all shards)")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("when a pod unregisters")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("on a regular interval defined by "),t("code",[e._v("rebalanceInterval")]),e._v(" (see "),t("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/docs/config.html#shard-manager-configuration"}},[e._v("Config")]),e._v(")")],1)]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The workflow is designed so that a shard can never be assigned to 2 different pods at the same time.")]),e._v(" "),t("ol",[t("li",[e._v("Shard Manager decides which shards should be assigned and unassigned (see "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"#assignment-algorithm"}},[e._v("Assignment Algorithm")]),e._v(").")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Shard Manager pings all pods involved in assignments and unassignments to check that they are responsive (default timeout = 3s, defined by "),t("code",[e._v("pingTimeout")]),e._v(" (see "),t("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/docs/config.html#shard-manager-configuration"}},[e._v("Config")]),e._v(")).\nThis step is to avoid dealing with dead nodes, which would slow down the rebalance process.\nUnresponsive pods are removed from assignments and unassignments.\nPings are done in parallel.")],1),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Shard Manager calls the "),t("code",[e._v("unassign")]),e._v(" endpoint of all pods that have shards to unassign.\nThis is done in parallel.\nWhen "),t("code",[e._v("unassign")]),e._v(" succeeds, it means all local entities on those shards have been stopped and are ready to be reassigned.")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Any shard that failed to be unassigned is removed from the assignment list.")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Shard Manager calls the "),t("code",[e._v("assign")]),e._v(" endpoint of all pods that have shards to assign.\nThis is done in parallel.")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("If there were any pods that failed to be pinged, unassigned or assigned, we check with the Health API if those pods are still alive.\nIf they are not, we unregister them and trigger another rebalance immediately after.")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Shard Manager persists the new assignments to the chosen Storage and pods get notified of the changes.")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("If anything failed, another rebalance will be triggered after a retry interval defined by "),t("code",[e._v("rebalanceRetryInterval")]),e._v(" (see "),t("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/docs/config.html#shard-manager-configuration"}},[e._v("Config")]),e._v(").")],1)]),e._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"assignment-algorithm"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#assignment-algorithm"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Assignment Algorithm")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v('The assignment algorithm aims at giving the same amount of shards to each pod.\nIt also cares about the pod version, so that in case of a rolling update, shards are assigned in priority to "new" pods in order to limit the number of assignments.')]),e._v(" "),t("ol",[t("li",[e._v("Shard Manager calculates the average number of shards per pod ("),t("code",[e._v("number of shards / number of pods")]),e._v(").")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("For each pod: if the number of shards assigned to this pod is higher than the average, randomly pick a number of these shards equal to the difference.\nThose are called "),t("code",[e._v("extraShardsToAllocate")]),e._v(".\nIf some pods have different versions, "),t("code",[e._v("extraShardsToAllocate")]),e._v(" is set to empty (it means we’re in the middle of a rolling update, we don’t want to rebalance).")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Shards to rebalance = unassigned shards + "),t("code",[e._v("extraShardsToAllocate")]),e._v(".\nWe sort them to handle unassigned shards first, then shards on the pods with most shards, then shards on old pods.")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("For each shard to rebalance:")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Find the pod that has the least amount of shards. Pods that don’t have the latest version are excluded from this search (we don’t want to assign shards to old pods since they will be stopped soon).")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("If that pod is the pod the shard is currently assigned to, don’t create any assignments.")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("If that pod has only 1 less shard than the currently assigned pod, don’t create any assignments (not worth rebalancing if they have only 1 difference).")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Otherwise, create a new assignment for that shard to that pod, and an unassignment for that shard from its previous pod (if any).")])])])}),[],!1,null,null,null);t.default=n.exports}}]);
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/assets/js/26.e0fa533b.js b/assets/js/26.e0fa533b.js
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+(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[26],{308:function(e,t,a){"use strict";a.r(t);var s=a(14),o=Object(s.a)({},(function(){var e=this,t=e._self._c;return t("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":e.$parent.slotKey}},[t("h1",{attrs:{id:"configuration"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#configuration"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Configuration")]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"sharding-configuration"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#sharding-configuration"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Sharding Configuration")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Here's the list of thing you can configure on the pod side:")]),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[t("code",[e._v("numberOfShards")]),e._v(": number of shards")])]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"custom-block tip"},[t("p",{staticClass:"custom-block-title"},[e._v("How to choose the number of shards?")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[t("code",[e._v("numberOfShards")]),e._v(" is used to calculate the shard ID from the entity ID. For that reason, it should be the same on all pods, and can not be changed while the app is running.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("If this value is lower than the number of pods, some pods will have no shards (and host no entities), which is inefficient.\nIf this value is too low, a difference of 1 shard between 2 pods will be quite significant and introduce some unbalance between the number of entities hosted on each pod.\nOn the other hand, if there are too many shards, each pod will have a lot of shards, which will produce an unnecessary overhead.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("A good rule of thumb is to set the number of shards to 10x the maximum number of pods that you expect to have.")])]),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[t("code",[e._v("selfHost")]),e._v(": hostname or IP address of the current pod")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[e._v("shardingPort")]),e._v(": port used for pods to communicate together")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[e._v("shardManagerUri")]),e._v(": url of the Shard Manager GraphQL API")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[e._v("serverVersion")]),e._v(": version of the current pod")])]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"custom-block tip"},[t("p",{staticClass:"custom-block-title"},[e._v("What's the version?")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("When performing a rolling update (upgrading all pods one by one without downtime), we want to avoid assigning shards to pods that will be stopped soon.\nIdeally, we want to move each shard only once during the whole process.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("This "),t("code",[e._v("serverVersion")]),e._v(" allows the Shard Manager to know which pods are old and which are new. It will then pick the new pods to assign shards.")])]),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[t("code",[e._v("entityMaxIdleTime")]),e._v(": time of inactivity (without receiving any message) after which an entity will be stopped")])]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"custom-block tip"},[t("p",{staticClass:"custom-block-title"},[e._v("Termination Message")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[t("code",[e._v("registerEntity")]),e._v(" takes an optional parameter called "),t("code",[e._v("terminationMessage")]),e._v(". This allows defining a message that will be sent to your entities before they are stopped (either by a rebalance or because of inactivity).")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v('If no termination message is provided, the entity queues will simply be shutdown.\nBut if you want to ensure entities are stopped "cleanly" after processing their last message, define a termination message and stop the behavior yourself (by calling '),t("code",[e._v("ZIO.interrupt")]),e._v(") after receiving that message.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Termination messages must contain a promise which you need to complete to indicate that shutdown is complete. See the "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/devsisters/shardcake/tree/series/2.x/examples/src/main/scala/example/complex",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("example here"),t("OutboundLink")],1),e._v(".")])]),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[t("code",[e._v("entityTerminationTimeout")]),e._v(": time we give to an entity to handle the termination message before interrupting it")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[e._v("sendTimeout")]),e._v(": timeout when calling "),t("code",[e._v("sendMessage")])]),e._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[e._v("refreshAssignmentsRetryInterval")]),e._v(": retry interval in case of failure getting shard assignments from storage")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[e._v("unhealthyPodReportInterval")]),e._v(": interval to report unhealthy pods to the Shard Manager (this exists to prevent calling the Shard Manager for each failed message)")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[e._v("simulateRemotePods")]),e._v(": disable optimizations when sending a message to an entity hosted on the local shards (this will force serialization of all messages)")])]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"shard-manager-configuration"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#shard-manager-configuration"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Shard Manager Configuration")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Here's the list of thing you can configure on the Shard Manager side:")]),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[t("code",[e._v("numberOfShards")]),e._v(": number of shards (see above)")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[e._v("apiPort")]),e._v(": port to expose the GraphQL API")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[e._v("rebalanceInterval")]),e._v(": interval for regular rebalancing of shards")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[e._v("rebalanceRetryInterval")]),e._v(": retry interval for rebalancing when some shards failed to be rebalanced")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[e._v("pingTimeout")]),e._v(": time to wait for a pod to respond to a ping request")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[e._v("persistRetryInterval")]),e._v(": retry interval for persistence of pods and shard assignments")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[e._v("persistRetryCount")]),e._v(": max retry count for persistence of pods and shard assignments")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[e._v("rebalanceRate")]),e._v(": max ratio of shards to rebalance in a single iteration")])]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"custom-block tip"},[t("p",{staticClass:"custom-block-title"},[e._v("Rebalance Rate")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("The rebalance rate is there to prevent too many shards being assigned immediately to new pods.\nInstead of reaching a perfect spread right away, we can use several iterations to make sure new pods are able to handle the new shards.\nThis is particularly useful if starting entities has a performance cost (e.g. loading state) and we don't want to start too many at once.")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("When a pod is leaving, its shards need to be immediately rebalanced so the ratio is not used in that case.")])])])}),[],!1,null,null,null);t.default=o.exports}}]);
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diff --git a/assets/js/27.3eb49986.js b/assets/js/27.3eb49986.js
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"),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"storage"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#storage"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Storage")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("The "),s("code",[t._v("Storage")]),t._v(" trait defines how to store and access pods and shards assignments.\nIt contains 5 methods: "),s("code",[t._v("getAssignments")]),t._v("/"),s("code",[t._v("saveAssignments")]),t._v(" to store assignments, "),s("code",[t._v("getPods")]),t._v("/"),s("code",[t._v("savePods")]),t._v(" to store pods, and "),s("code",[t._v("assignmentsStream")]),t._v(" to receive assignment updates.")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-scala extra-class"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-scala"}},[s("code",[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("trait")]),t._v(" Storage "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("def")]),t._v(" getAssignments"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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