diff --git a/backend/dp_backend.py b/backend/dp_backend.py
index 6fc5676c01..97fa1578c7 100644
--- a/backend/dp_backend.py
+++ b/backend/dp_backend.py
@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
 """A PEP-517 backend to find TensorFlow."""
-from typing import List
+from typing import (
+    List,
+)
 
-from find_tensorflow import find_tensorflow
+from find_tensorflow import (
+    find_tensorflow,
+)
 
 # TODO: switch to scikit_build_core after it is available
 from setuptools import build_meta as _orig
diff --git a/backend/find_tensorflow.py b/backend/find_tensorflow.py
index 163f91d798..52c7fc5286 100644
--- a/backend/find_tensorflow.py
+++ b/backend/find_tensorflow.py
@@ -1,15 +1,27 @@
 import os
 import site
-from importlib.machinery import FileFinder
-from importlib.util import find_spec
-from pathlib import Path
-from sysconfig import get_path
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
-from typing import Tuple
-from typing import Union
-
-from packaging.specifiers import SpecifierSet
+from importlib.machinery import (
+    FileFinder,
+)
+from importlib.util import (
+    find_spec,
+)
+from pathlib import (
+    Path,
+)
+from sysconfig import (
+    get_path,
+)
+from typing import (
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Tuple,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from packaging.specifiers import (
+    SpecifierSet,
+)
 
 
 def find_tensorflow() -> Tuple[Optional[str], List[str]]:
diff --git a/data/json/json2yaml.py b/data/json/json2yaml.py
index 5568d7196a..6c97771bec 100644
--- a/data/json/json2yaml.py
+++ b/data/json/json2yaml.py
@@ -2,8 +2,12 @@
 
 import argparse
 import json
-from pathlib import Path
-from warnings import warn
+from pathlib import (
+    Path,
+)
+from warnings import (
+    warn,
+)
 
 import yaml
 
diff --git a/deepmd/__init__.py b/deepmd/__init__.py
index a9138c5642..d96d7eb4a4 100644
--- a/deepmd/__init__.py
+++ b/deepmd/__init__.py
@@ -1,29 +1,41 @@
 """Root of the deepmd package, exposes all public classes and submodules."""
 
 try:
-    from importlib import metadata
+    from importlib import (
+        metadata,
+    )
 except ImportError:  # for Python<3.8
     import importlib_metadata as metadata
 
 import deepmd.utils.network as network
 
-from . import cluster
-from . import descriptor
-from . import fit
-from . import loss
-from . import nvnmd
-from . import utils
-from .env import set_mkl
-from .infer import DeepEval
-from .infer import DeepPotential
-from .infer.data_modifier import DipoleChargeModifier
+from . import (
+    cluster,
+    descriptor,
+    fit,
+    loss,
+    nvnmd,
+    utils,
+)
+from .env import (
+    set_mkl,
+)
+from .infer import (
+    DeepEval,
+    DeepPotential,
+)
+from .infer.data_modifier import (
+    DipoleChargeModifier,
+)
 
 set_mkl()
 
 try:
     from ._version import version as __version__
 except ImportError:
-    from .__about__ import __version__
+    from .__about__ import (
+        __version__,
+    )
 
 # load third-party plugins
 try:
diff --git a/deepmd/__main__.py b/deepmd/__main__.py
index 09e38228fd..8e3011bc7b 100644
--- a/deepmd/__main__.py
+++ b/deepmd/__main__.py
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 """Package dp entry point."""
 
-from .entrypoints.main import main
+from .entrypoints.main import (
+    main,
+)
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     main()
diff --git a/deepmd/calculator.py b/deepmd/calculator.py
index d878266468..4777bc80bc 100644
--- a/deepmd/calculator.py
+++ b/deepmd/calculator.py
@@ -1,20 +1,30 @@
 """ASE calculator interface module."""
 
-from pathlib import Path
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
-from typing import Dict
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
-from typing import Union
-
-from ase.calculators.calculator import Calculator
-from ase.calculators.calculator import PropertyNotImplementedError
-from ase.calculators.calculator import all_changes
-
-from deepmd import DeepPotential
+from pathlib import (
+    Path,
+)
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Dict,
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from ase.calculators.calculator import (
+    Calculator,
+    PropertyNotImplementedError,
+    all_changes,
+)
+
+from deepmd import (
+    DeepPotential,
+)
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from ase import Atoms
+    from ase import (
+        Atoms,
+    )
 
 __all__ = ["DP"]
 
diff --git a/deepmd/cluster/__init__.py b/deepmd/cluster/__init__.py
index c9865ac429..4cba0c10b9 100644
--- a/deepmd/cluster/__init__.py
+++ b/deepmd/cluster/__init__.py
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 """Module that reads node resources, auto detects if running local or on SLURM."""
 
 import os
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
-from typing import Tuple
+from typing import (
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Tuple,
+)
 
 from .local import get_resource as get_local_res
 from .slurm import get_resource as get_slurm_res
diff --git a/deepmd/cluster/local.py b/deepmd/cluster/local.py
index 37379b9739..8ad9a83659 100644
--- a/deepmd/cluster/local.py
+++ b/deepmd/cluster/local.py
@@ -3,11 +3,15 @@
 import socket
 import subprocess as sp
 import sys
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
-from typing import Tuple
-
-from deepmd.env import tf
+from typing import (
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Tuple,
+)
+
+from deepmd.env import (
+    tf,
+)
 
 __all__ = ["get_gpus", "get_resource"]
 
diff --git a/deepmd/cluster/slurm.py b/deepmd/cluster/slurm.py
index 60e7b68a9e..2be6b438f2 100644
--- a/deepmd/cluster/slurm.py
+++ b/deepmd/cluster/slurm.py
@@ -6,13 +6,17 @@
 """
 
 import os
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
-from typing import Tuple
+from typing import (
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Tuple,
+)
 
 import hostlist
 
-from deepmd.cluster import local
+from deepmd.cluster import (
+    local,
+)
 
 __all__ = ["get_resource"]
 
diff --git a/deepmd/common.py b/deepmd/common.py
index 0f22318ae8..449729c556 100644
--- a/deepmd/common.py
+++ b/deepmd/common.py
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@
 from deepmd.env import (
     GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION,
     GLOBAL_PD_FLOAT_PRECISION,
-    GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION,
     op_module,
     paddle,
     tf,
diff --git a/deepmd/descriptor/__init__.py b/deepmd/descriptor/__init__.py
index 9a14bdb185..3b55a4f97a 100644
--- a/deepmd/descriptor/__init__.py
+++ b/deepmd/descriptor/__init__.py
@@ -1,14 +1,34 @@
-from .descriptor import Descriptor
-from .hybrid import DescrptHybrid
-from .loc_frame import DescrptLocFrame
-from .se_a import DescrptSeA
-from .se_a_ebd import DescrptSeAEbd
-from .se_a_ef import DescrptSeAEf
-from .se_a_ef import DescrptSeAEfLower
-from .se_a_mask import DescrptSeAMask
-from .se_atten import DescrptSeAtten
-from .se_r import DescrptSeR
-from .se_t import DescrptSeT
+from .descriptor import (
+    Descriptor,
+)
+from .hybrid import (
+    DescrptHybrid,
+)
+from .loc_frame import (
+    DescrptLocFrame,
+)
+from .se_a import (
+    DescrptSeA,
+)
+from .se_a_ebd import (
+    DescrptSeAEbd,
+)
+from .se_a_ef import (
+    DescrptSeAEf,
+    DescrptSeAEfLower,
+)
+from .se_a_mask import (
+    DescrptSeAMask,
+)
+from .se_atten import (
+    DescrptSeAtten,
+)
+from .se_r import (
+    DescrptSeR,
+)
+from .se_t import (
+    DescrptSeT,
+)
 
 __all__ = [
     "Descriptor",
diff --git a/deepmd/descriptor/descriptor.py b/deepmd/descriptor/descriptor.py
index 59188a9ce0..3542918cb3 100644
--- a/deepmd/descriptor/descriptor.py
+++ b/deepmd/descriptor/descriptor.py
@@ -1,17 +1,25 @@
-from abc import abstractmethod
-from typing import Any
-from typing import Callable
-from typing import Dict
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
-from typing import Tuple
+from abc import (
+    abstractmethod,
+)
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Dict,
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Tuple,
+)
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.utils import Plugin
-from deepmd.utils import PluginVariant
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.utils import (
+    Plugin,
+    PluginVariant,
+)
 
 
 class Descriptor(PluginVariant):
diff --git a/deepmd/descriptor/hybrid.py b/deepmd/descriptor/hybrid.py
index c89ceb5c44..e1ddf5f2e9 100644
--- a/deepmd/descriptor/hybrid.py
+++ b/deepmd/descriptor/hybrid.py
@@ -1,12 +1,18 @@
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
-from typing import Tuple
+from typing import (
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Tuple,
+)
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.utils.spin import Spin
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.spin import (
+    Spin,
+)
 
 # from deepmd.descriptor import DescrptLocFrame
 # from deepmd.descriptor import DescrptSeA
@@ -14,7 +20,9 @@
 # from deepmd.descriptor import DescrptSeAEbd
 # from deepmd.descriptor import DescrptSeAEf
 # from deepmd.descriptor import DescrptSeR
-from .descriptor import Descriptor
+from .descriptor import (
+    Descriptor,
+)
 
 
 @Descriptor.register("hybrid")
diff --git a/deepmd/descriptor/loc_frame.py b/deepmd/descriptor/loc_frame.py
index f268208416..dd99f7fb57 100644
--- a/deepmd/descriptor/loc_frame.py
+++ b/deepmd/descriptor/loc_frame.py
@@ -1,18 +1,28 @@
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
-from typing import Tuple
+from typing import (
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Tuple,
+)
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import default_tf_session_config
-from deepmd.env import op_module
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.utils.graph import get_tensor_by_name_from_graph
-from deepmd.utils.sess import run_sess
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    default_tf_session_config,
+    op_module,
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.graph import (
+    get_tensor_by_name_from_graph,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.sess import (
+    run_sess,
+)
 
-from .descriptor import Descriptor
+from .descriptor import (
+    Descriptor,
+)
 
 
 @Descriptor.register("loc_frame")
diff --git a/deepmd/descriptor/se.py b/deepmd/descriptor/se.py
index 26dcc4d5f1..242ee5425d 100644
--- a/deepmd/descriptor/se.py
+++ b/deepmd/descriptor/se.py
@@ -1,10 +1,18 @@
-from typing import Tuple
-
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.utils.graph import get_embedding_net_variables_from_graph_def
-from deepmd.utils.graph import get_tensor_by_name_from_graph
-
-from .descriptor import Descriptor
+from typing import (
+    Tuple,
+)
+
+from deepmd.env import (
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.graph import (
+    get_embedding_net_variables_from_graph_def,
+    get_tensor_by_name_from_graph,
+)
+
+from .descriptor import (
+    Descriptor,
+)
 
 
 class DescrptSe(Descriptor):
diff --git a/deepmd/descriptor/se_a_ebd.py b/deepmd/descriptor/se_a_ebd.py
index 0b009af24d..e0684403e1 100644
--- a/deepmd/descriptor/se_a_ebd.py
+++ b/deepmd/descriptor/se_a_ebd.py
@@ -1,17 +1,29 @@
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
+from typing import (
+    List,
+    Optional,
+)
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.common import add_data_requirement
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import op_module
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.utils.network import embedding_net
-from deepmd.utils.network import one_layer
+from deepmd.common import (
+    add_data_requirement,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    op_module,
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.network import (
+    embedding_net,
+    one_layer,
+)
 
-from .descriptor import Descriptor
-from .se_a import DescrptSeA
+from .descriptor import (
+    Descriptor,
+)
+from .se_a import (
+    DescrptSeA,
+)
 
 
 @Descriptor.register("se_a_tpe")
diff --git a/deepmd/descriptor/se_a_ef.py b/deepmd/descriptor/se_a_ef.py
index d050966175..0dbad403f4 100644
--- a/deepmd/descriptor/se_a_ef.py
+++ b/deepmd/descriptor/se_a_ef.py
@@ -1,19 +1,31 @@
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
-from typing import Tuple
+from typing import (
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Tuple,
+)
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.common import add_data_requirement
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import default_tf_session_config
-from deepmd.env import op_module
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.utils.sess import run_sess
-
-from .descriptor import Descriptor
-from .se_a import DescrptSeA
+from deepmd.common import (
+    add_data_requirement,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    default_tf_session_config,
+    op_module,
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.sess import (
+    run_sess,
+)
+
+from .descriptor import (
+    Descriptor,
+)
+from .se_a import (
+    DescrptSeA,
+)
 
 
 @Descriptor.register("se_a_ef")
diff --git a/deepmd/descriptor/se_a_mask.py b/deepmd/descriptor/se_a_mask.py
index e1f88629e4..93256e3910 100644
--- a/deepmd/descriptor/se_a_mask.py
+++ b/deepmd/descriptor/se_a_mask.py
@@ -1,23 +1,35 @@
 import warnings
-from typing import Any
-from typing import Dict
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
-from typing import Tuple
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Dict,
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Tuple,
+)
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.common import get_activation_func
-from deepmd.common import get_precision
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import default_tf_session_config
-from deepmd.env import op_module
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.utils.network import embedding_net_rand_seed_shift
-
-from .descriptor import Descriptor
-from .se_a import DescrptSeA
+from deepmd.common import (
+    get_activation_func,
+    get_precision,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    default_tf_session_config,
+    op_module,
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.network import (
+    embedding_net_rand_seed_shift,
+)
+
+from .descriptor import (
+    Descriptor,
+)
+from .se_a import (
+    DescrptSeA,
+)
 
 
 @Descriptor.register("se_a_mask")
diff --git a/deepmd/descriptor/se_atten.py b/deepmd/descriptor/se_atten.py
index 2643467f83..b113e5c994 100644
--- a/deepmd/descriptor/se_atten.py
+++ b/deepmd/descriptor/se_atten.py
@@ -1,25 +1,43 @@
 import warnings
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
-from typing import Tuple
+from typing import (
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Tuple,
+)
 
 import numpy as np
-from packaging.version import Version
+from packaging.version import (
+    Version,
+)
 
-from deepmd.common import cast_precision
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import TF_VERSION
-from deepmd.env import default_tf_session_config
-from deepmd.env import op_module
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.utils.graph import get_attention_layer_variables_from_graph_def
-from deepmd.utils.network import embedding_net
-from deepmd.utils.network import one_layer
-from deepmd.utils.sess import run_sess
+from deepmd.common import (
+    cast_precision,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    TF_VERSION,
+    default_tf_session_config,
+    op_module,
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.graph import (
+    get_attention_layer_variables_from_graph_def,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.network import (
+    embedding_net,
+    one_layer,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.sess import (
+    run_sess,
+)
 
-from .descriptor import Descriptor
-from .se_a import DescrptSeA
+from .descriptor import (
+    Descriptor,
+)
+from .se_a import (
+    DescrptSeA,
+)
 
 
 @Descriptor.register("se_atten")
diff --git a/deepmd/descriptor/se_r.py b/deepmd/descriptor/se_r.py
index b2afe76be1..7ef5f47347 100644
--- a/deepmd/descriptor/se_r.py
+++ b/deepmd/descriptor/se_r.py
@@ -1,26 +1,46 @@
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
-from typing import Tuple
+from typing import (
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Tuple,
+)
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.common import cast_precision
-from deepmd.common import get_activation_func
-from deepmd.common import get_precision
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import default_tf_session_config
-from deepmd.env import op_module
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.utils.graph import get_tensor_by_name_from_graph
-from deepmd.utils.network import embedding_net
-from deepmd.utils.network import embedding_net_rand_seed_shift
-from deepmd.utils.sess import run_sess
-from deepmd.utils.spin import Spin
-from deepmd.utils.tabulate import DPTabulate
-
-from .descriptor import Descriptor
-from .se import DescrptSe
+from deepmd.common import (
+    cast_precision,
+    get_activation_func,
+    get_precision,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    default_tf_session_config,
+    op_module,
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.graph import (
+    get_tensor_by_name_from_graph,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.network import (
+    embedding_net,
+    embedding_net_rand_seed_shift,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.sess import (
+    run_sess,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.spin import (
+    Spin,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.tabulate import (
+    DPTabulate,
+)
+
+from .descriptor import (
+    Descriptor,
+)
+from .se import (
+    DescrptSe,
+)
 
 
 @Descriptor.register("se_e2_r")
diff --git a/deepmd/descriptor/se_t.py b/deepmd/descriptor/se_t.py
index d35b68894f..7615275a82 100644
--- a/deepmd/descriptor/se_t.py
+++ b/deepmd/descriptor/se_t.py
@@ -1,25 +1,43 @@
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
-from typing import Tuple
+from typing import (
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Tuple,
+)
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.common import cast_precision
-from deepmd.common import get_activation_func
-from deepmd.common import get_precision
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import default_tf_session_config
-from deepmd.env import op_module
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.utils.graph import get_tensor_by_name_from_graph
-from deepmd.utils.network import embedding_net
-from deepmd.utils.network import embedding_net_rand_seed_shift
-from deepmd.utils.sess import run_sess
-from deepmd.utils.tabulate import DPTabulate
-
-from .descriptor import Descriptor
-from .se import DescrptSe
+from deepmd.common import (
+    cast_precision,
+    get_activation_func,
+    get_precision,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    default_tf_session_config,
+    op_module,
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.graph import (
+    get_tensor_by_name_from_graph,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.network import (
+    embedding_net,
+    embedding_net_rand_seed_shift,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.sess import (
+    run_sess,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.tabulate import (
+    DPTabulate,
+)
+
+from .descriptor import (
+    Descriptor,
+)
+from .se import (
+    DescrptSe,
+)
 
 
 @Descriptor.register("se_e3")
diff --git a/deepmd/entrypoints/__init__.py b/deepmd/entrypoints/__init__.py
index 66405f0e0d..fc690daf14 100644
--- a/deepmd/entrypoints/__init__.py
+++ b/deepmd/entrypoints/__init__.py
@@ -1,17 +1,33 @@
 """Submodule that contains all the DeePMD-Kit entry point scripts."""
 
-from ..infer.model_devi import make_model_devi
-from .compress import compress
-from .convert import convert
-from .doc import doc_train_input
-from .freeze import freeze
-from .neighbor_stat import neighbor_stat
-from .test import test
+from ..infer.model_devi import (
+    make_model_devi,
+)
+from .compress import (
+    compress,
+)
+from .convert import (
+    convert,
+)
+from .doc import (
+    doc_train_input,
+)
+from .freeze import (
+    freeze,
+)
+from .neighbor_stat import (
+    neighbor_stat,
+)
+from .test import (
+    test,
+)
 
 # import `train` as `train_dp` to avoid the conflict of the
 # module name `train` and the function name `train`
 from .train import train as train_dp
-from .transfer import transfer
+from .transfer import (
+    transfer,
+)
 
 __all__ = [
     "doc_train_input",
diff --git a/deepmd/entrypoints/compress.py b/deepmd/entrypoints/compress.py
index ee5ce3a1e2..a198127d12 100644
--- a/deepmd/entrypoints/compress.py
+++ b/deepmd/entrypoints/compress.py
@@ -3,22 +3,40 @@
 import json
 import logging
 import os
-from typing import Optional
-
-from deepmd.common import j_loader
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_ENER_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.utils.argcheck import normalize
-from deepmd.utils.compat import update_deepmd_input
-from deepmd.utils.errors import GraphTooLargeError
-from deepmd.utils.errors import GraphWithoutTensorError
-from deepmd.utils.graph import get_tensor_by_name_from_graph
-from deepmd.utils.graph import load_graph_def
-
-from .freeze import freeze
-from .train import get_min_nbor_dist
-from .train import get_rcut
-from .train import train
+from typing import (
+    Optional,
+)
+
+from deepmd.common import (
+    j_loader,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_ENER_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.argcheck import (
+    normalize,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.compat import (
+    update_deepmd_input,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.errors import (
+    GraphTooLargeError,
+    GraphWithoutTensorError,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.graph import (
+    get_tensor_by_name_from_graph,
+    load_graph_def,
+)
+
+from .freeze import (
+    freeze,
+)
+from .train import (
+    get_min_nbor_dist,
+    get_rcut,
+    train,
+)
 
 __all__ = ["compress"]
 
diff --git a/deepmd/entrypoints/convert.py b/deepmd/entrypoints/convert.py
index dfd12bf4b7..b97c137104 100644
--- a/deepmd/entrypoints/convert.py
+++ b/deepmd/entrypoints/convert.py
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
-from deepmd.utils.convert import convert_10_to_21
-from deepmd.utils.convert import convert_012_to_21
-from deepmd.utils.convert import convert_12_to_21
-from deepmd.utils.convert import convert_13_to_21
-from deepmd.utils.convert import convert_20_to_21
-from deepmd.utils.convert import convert_pbtxt_to_pb
-from deepmd.utils.convert import convert_to_21
+from deepmd.utils.convert import (
+    convert_10_to_21,
+    convert_012_to_21,
+    convert_12_to_21,
+    convert_13_to_21,
+    convert_20_to_21,
+    convert_pbtxt_to_pb,
+    convert_to_21,
+)
 
 
 def convert(
diff --git a/deepmd/entrypoints/doc.py b/deepmd/entrypoints/doc.py
index 42fcca983c..b439c17409 100644
--- a/deepmd/entrypoints/doc.py
+++ b/deepmd/entrypoints/doc.py
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 """Module that prints train input arguments docstrings."""
 
-from deepmd.utils.argcheck import gen_doc
-from deepmd.utils.argcheck import gen_json
+from deepmd.utils.argcheck import (
+    gen_doc,
+    gen_json,
+)
 
 __all__ = ["doc_train_input"]
 
diff --git a/deepmd/entrypoints/ipi.py b/deepmd/entrypoints/ipi.py
index 55378975cd..4208e7f56d 100644
--- a/deepmd/entrypoints/ipi.py
+++ b/deepmd/entrypoints/ipi.py
@@ -2,9 +2,13 @@
 import os
 import subprocess
 import sys
-from typing import List
+from typing import (
+    List,
+)
 
-from deepmd.lmp import get_op_dir
+from deepmd.lmp import (
+    get_op_dir,
+)
 
 ROOT_DIR = get_op_dir()
 
diff --git a/deepmd/entrypoints/main.py b/deepmd/entrypoints/main.py
index 33a7ad56b8..baa96bd7a1 100644
--- a/deepmd/entrypoints/main.py
+++ b/deepmd/entrypoints/main.py
@@ -3,23 +3,37 @@
 import argparse
 import logging
 import textwrap
-from pathlib import Path
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
-
-from deepmd import __version__
-from deepmd.common import clear_session
-from deepmd.entrypoints import compress
-from deepmd.entrypoints import convert
-from deepmd.entrypoints import doc_train_input
-from deepmd.entrypoints import freeze
-from deepmd.entrypoints import make_model_devi
-from deepmd.entrypoints import neighbor_stat
-from deepmd.entrypoints import test
-from deepmd.entrypoints import train_dp
-from deepmd.entrypoints import transfer
-from deepmd.loggers import set_log_handles
-from deepmd.nvnmd.entrypoints.train import train_nvnmd
+from pathlib import (
+    Path,
+)
+from typing import (
+    List,
+    Optional,
+)
+
+from deepmd import (
+    __version__,
+)
+from deepmd.common import (
+    clear_session,
+)
+from deepmd.entrypoints import (
+    compress,
+    convert,
+    doc_train_input,
+    freeze,
+    make_model_devi,
+    neighbor_stat,
+    test,
+    train_dp,
+    transfer,
+)
+from deepmd.loggers import (
+    set_log_handles,
+)
+from deepmd.nvnmd.entrypoints.train import (
+    train_nvnmd,
+)
 
 __all__ = ["main", "parse_args", "get_ll", "main_parser"]
 
diff --git a/deepmd/entrypoints/neighbor_stat.py b/deepmd/entrypoints/neighbor_stat.py
index bfc17fdea6..226f312621 100644
--- a/deepmd/entrypoints/neighbor_stat.py
+++ b/deepmd/entrypoints/neighbor_stat.py
@@ -1,9 +1,17 @@
 import logging
-from typing import List
+from typing import (
+    List,
+)
 
-from deepmd.common import expand_sys_str
-from deepmd.utils.data_system import DeepmdDataSystem
-from deepmd.utils.neighbor_stat import NeighborStat
+from deepmd.common import (
+    expand_sys_str,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.data_system import (
+    DeepmdDataSystem,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.neighbor_stat import (
+    NeighborStat,
+)
 
 log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
diff --git a/deepmd/entrypoints/test.py b/deepmd/entrypoints/test.py
index 761862c330..ecab32aefb 100644
--- a/deepmd/entrypoints/test.py
+++ b/deepmd/entrypoints/test.py
@@ -1,27 +1,43 @@
 """Test trained DeePMD model."""
 import logging
-from pathlib import Path
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
-from typing import Dict
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
-from typing import Tuple
+from pathlib import (
+    Path,
+)
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Dict,
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Tuple,
+)
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd import DeepPotential
-from deepmd.common import expand_sys_str
+from deepmd import (
+    DeepPotential,
+)
+from deepmd.common import (
+    expand_sys_str,
+)
 from deepmd.utils import random as dp_random
-from deepmd.utils.data import DeepmdData
-from deepmd.utils.weight_avg import weighted_average
+from deepmd.utils.data import (
+    DeepmdData,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.weight_avg import (
+    weighted_average,
+)
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from deepmd.infer import DeepDipole
-    from deepmd.infer import DeepDOS
-    from deepmd.infer import DeepPolar
-    from deepmd.infer import DeepPot
-    from deepmd.infer import DeepWFC
-    from deepmd.infer.deep_tensor import DeepTensor
+    from deepmd.infer import (
+        DeepDipole,
+        DeepDOS,
+        DeepPolar,
+        DeepPot,
+        DeepWFC,
+    )
+    from deepmd.infer.deep_tensor import (
+        DeepTensor,
+    )
 
 __all__ = ["test"]
 
diff --git a/deepmd/entrypoints/transfer.py b/deepmd/entrypoints/transfer.py
index a067353e2c..8eeeb10653 100644
--- a/deepmd/entrypoints/transfer.py
+++ b/deepmd/entrypoints/transfer.py
@@ -2,14 +2,18 @@
 
 import logging
 import re
-from typing import Dict
-from typing import Optional
-from typing import Sequence
+from typing import (
+    Dict,
+    Optional,
+    Sequence,
+)
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.env import TRANSFER_PATTERN
-from deepmd.env import tf
+from deepmd.env import (
+    TRANSFER_PATTERN,
+    tf,
+)
 
 __all__ = ["transfer"]
 
diff --git a/deepmd/fit/__init__.py b/deepmd/fit/__init__.py
index d5529c80e6..875c67cd5d 100644
--- a/deepmd/fit/__init__.py
+++ b/deepmd/fit/__init__.py
@@ -1,9 +1,19 @@
-from .dipole import DipoleFittingSeA
-from .dos import DOSFitting
-from .ener import EnerFitting
-from .fitting import Fitting
-from .polar import GlobalPolarFittingSeA
-from .polar import PolarFittingSeA
+from .dipole import (
+    DipoleFittingSeA,
+)
+from .dos import (
+    DOSFitting,
+)
+from .ener import (
+    EnerFitting,
+)
+from .fitting import (
+    Fitting,
+)
+from .polar import (
+    GlobalPolarFittingSeA,
+    PolarFittingSeA,
+)
 
 __all__ = [
     "DipoleFittingSeA",
diff --git a/deepmd/fit/dipole.py b/deepmd/fit/dipole.py
index 52d68af480..9f497584ae 100644
--- a/deepmd/fit/dipole.py
+++ b/deepmd/fit/dipole.py
@@ -1,16 +1,28 @@
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
+from typing import (
+    List,
+    Optional,
+)
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.common import cast_precision
-from deepmd.common import get_activation_func
-from deepmd.common import get_precision
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.fit.fitting import Fitting
-from deepmd.utils.graph import get_fitting_net_variables_from_graph_def
-from deepmd.utils.network import one_layer
-from deepmd.utils.network import one_layer_rand_seed_shift
+from deepmd.common import (
+    cast_precision,
+    get_activation_func,
+    get_precision,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.fit.fitting import (
+    Fitting,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.graph import (
+    get_fitting_net_variables_from_graph_def,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.network import (
+    one_layer,
+    one_layer_rand_seed_shift,
+)
 
 
 @Fitting.register("dipole")
diff --git a/deepmd/fit/dos.py b/deepmd/fit/dos.py
index fa43634c16..4bb1838af1 100644
--- a/deepmd/fit/dos.py
+++ b/deepmd/fit/dos.py
@@ -1,23 +1,41 @@
 import logging
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
+from typing import (
+    List,
+    Optional,
+)
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.common import add_data_requirement
-from deepmd.common import cast_precision
-from deepmd.common import get_activation_func
-from deepmd.common import get_precision
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.fit.fitting import Fitting
-from deepmd.nvnmd.fit.ener import one_layer_nvnmd
-from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.config import nvnmd_cfg
-from deepmd.utils.errors import GraphWithoutTensorError
-from deepmd.utils.graph import get_fitting_net_variables_from_graph_def
-from deepmd.utils.graph import get_tensor_by_name_from_graph
+from deepmd.common import (
+    add_data_requirement,
+    cast_precision,
+    get_activation_func,
+    get_precision,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.fit.fitting import (
+    Fitting,
+)
+from deepmd.nvnmd.fit.ener import (
+    one_layer_nvnmd,
+)
+from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.config import (
+    nvnmd_cfg,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.errors import (
+    GraphWithoutTensorError,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.graph import (
+    get_fitting_net_variables_from_graph_def,
+    get_tensor_by_name_from_graph,
+)
 from deepmd.utils.network import one_layer as one_layer_deepmd
-from deepmd.utils.network import one_layer_rand_seed_shift
+from deepmd.utils.network import (
+    one_layer_rand_seed_shift,
+)
 
 log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
diff --git a/deepmd/fit/ener_tf.py b/deepmd/fit/ener_tf.py
index 1f77d2fdb6..aacdf5b67f 100644
--- a/deepmd/fit/ener_tf.py
+++ b/deepmd/fit/ener_tf.py
@@ -1,31 +1,57 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-or-later
 import logging
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
+from typing import (
+    List,
+    Optional,
+)
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.common import add_data_requirement
-from deepmd.common import cast_precision
-from deepmd.common import get_activation_func
-from deepmd.common import get_precision
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import global_cvt_2_tf_float
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.fit.fitting import Fitting
-from deepmd.infer import DeepPotential
-from deepmd.loss.ener import EnerDipoleLoss
-from deepmd.loss.ener import EnerSpinLoss
-from deepmd.loss.ener import EnerStdLoss
-from deepmd.loss.loss import Loss
-from deepmd.nvnmd.fit.ener import one_layer_nvnmd
-from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.config import nvnmd_cfg
-from deepmd.utils.errors import GraphWithoutTensorError
-from deepmd.utils.graph import get_fitting_net_variables_from_graph_def
-from deepmd.utils.graph import get_tensor_by_name_from_graph
+from deepmd.common import (
+    add_data_requirement,
+    cast_precision,
+    get_activation_func,
+    get_precision,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    global_cvt_2_tf_float,
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.fit.fitting import (
+    Fitting,
+)
+from deepmd.infer import (
+    DeepPotential,
+)
+from deepmd.loss.ener import (
+    EnerDipoleLoss,
+    EnerSpinLoss,
+    EnerStdLoss,
+)
+from deepmd.loss.loss import (
+    Loss,
+)
+from deepmd.nvnmd.fit.ener import (
+    one_layer_nvnmd,
+)
+from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.config import (
+    nvnmd_cfg,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.errors import (
+    GraphWithoutTensorError,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.graph import (
+    get_fitting_net_variables_from_graph_def,
+    get_tensor_by_name_from_graph,
+)
 from deepmd.utils.network import one_layer as one_layer_deepmd
-from deepmd.utils.network import one_layer_rand_seed_shift
-from deepmd.utils.spin import Spin
+from deepmd.utils.network import (
+    one_layer_rand_seed_shift,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.spin import (
+    Spin,
+)
 
 log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
diff --git a/deepmd/fit/fitting.py b/deepmd/fit/fitting.py
index a2fd225c9c..b0a9efe3be 100644
--- a/deepmd/fit/fitting.py
+++ b/deepmd/fit/fitting.py
@@ -1,8 +1,14 @@
-from typing import Callable
+from typing import (
+    Callable,
+)
 
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.utils import Plugin
-from deepmd.utils import PluginVariant
+from deepmd.env import (
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.utils import (
+    Plugin,
+    PluginVariant,
+)
 
 
 class Fitting(PluginVariant):
diff --git a/deepmd/fit/polar.py b/deepmd/fit/polar.py
index 8a36aa4ea5..42b8d155f5 100644
--- a/deepmd/fit/polar.py
+++ b/deepmd/fit/polar.py
@@ -1,18 +1,32 @@
 import warnings
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
+from typing import (
+    List,
+    Optional,
+)
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.common import cast_precision
-from deepmd.common import get_activation_func
-from deepmd.common import get_precision
-from deepmd.descriptor import DescrptSeA
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.fit.fitting import Fitting
-from deepmd.utils.graph import get_fitting_net_variables_from_graph_def
-from deepmd.utils.network import one_layer
-from deepmd.utils.network import one_layer_rand_seed_shift
+from deepmd.common import (
+    cast_precision,
+    get_activation_func,
+    get_precision,
+)
+from deepmd.descriptor import (
+    DescrptSeA,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.fit.fitting import (
+    Fitting,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.graph import (
+    get_fitting_net_variables_from_graph_def,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.network import (
+    one_layer,
+    one_layer_rand_seed_shift,
+)
 
 
 @Fitting.register("polar")
diff --git a/deepmd/infer/__init__.py b/deepmd/infer/__init__.py
index e974411ed9..f87541c889 100644
--- a/deepmd/infer/__init__.py
+++ b/deepmd/infer/__init__.py
@@ -1,18 +1,40 @@
 """Submodule containing all the implemented potentials."""
 
-from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Union
+from pathlib import (
+    Path,
+)
+from typing import (
+    Union,
+)
 
-from .data_modifier import DipoleChargeModifier
-from .deep_dipole import DeepDipole
-from .deep_dos import DeepDOS
-from .deep_eval import DeepEval
-from .deep_polar import DeepGlobalPolar
-from .deep_polar import DeepPolar
-from .deep_pot import DeepPot
-from .deep_wfc import DeepWFC
-from .ewald_recp import EwaldRecp
-from .model_devi import calc_model_devi
+from .data_modifier import (
+    DipoleChargeModifier,
+)
+from .deep_dipole import (
+    DeepDipole,
+)
+from .deep_dos import (
+    DeepDOS,
+)
+from .deep_eval import (
+    DeepEval,
+)
+from .deep_polar import (
+    DeepGlobalPolar,
+    DeepPolar,
+)
+from .deep_pot import (
+    DeepPot,
+)
+from .deep_wfc import (
+    DeepWFC,
+)
+from .ewald_recp import (
+    EwaldRecp,
+)
+from .model_devi import (
+    calc_model_devi,
+)
 
 __all__ = [
     "DeepPotential",
diff --git a/deepmd/infer/data_modifier.py b/deepmd/infer/data_modifier.py
index a552cc5b16..2da80c572b 100644
--- a/deepmd/infer/data_modifier.py
+++ b/deepmd/infer/data_modifier.py
@@ -1,18 +1,32 @@
 import os
-from typing import List
-from typing import Tuple
+from typing import (
+    List,
+    Tuple,
+)
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.common import make_default_mesh
-from deepmd.common import select_idx_map
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import op_module
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.infer.deep_dipole import DeepDipole
-from deepmd.infer.ewald_recp import EwaldRecp
-from deepmd.utils.data import DeepmdData
-from deepmd.utils.sess import run_sess
+from deepmd.common import (
+    make_default_mesh,
+    select_idx_map,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    op_module,
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.infer.deep_dipole import (
+    DeepDipole,
+)
+from deepmd.infer.ewald_recp import (
+    EwaldRecp,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.data import (
+    DeepmdData,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.sess import (
+    run_sess,
+)
 
 
 class DipoleChargeModifier(DeepDipole):
diff --git a/deepmd/infer/deep_dipole.py b/deepmd/infer/deep_dipole.py
index 4b2384a152..e7eb1061de 100644
--- a/deepmd/infer/deep_dipole.py
+++ b/deepmd/infer/deep_dipole.py
@@ -1,9 +1,15 @@
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+)
 
-from deepmd.infer.deep_tensor import DeepTensor
+from deepmd.infer.deep_tensor import (
+    DeepTensor,
+)
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from pathlib import Path
+    from pathlib import (
+        Path,
+    )
 
 
 class DeepDipole(DeepTensor):
diff --git a/deepmd/infer/deep_dos.py b/deepmd/infer/deep_dos.py
index eb18c3fe69..2f6dc83d00 100644
--- a/deepmd/infer/deep_dos.py
+++ b/deepmd/infer/deep_dos.py
@@ -1,20 +1,32 @@
 import logging
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
-from typing import Callable
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
-from typing import Tuple
-from typing import Union
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Callable,
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Tuple,
+    Union,
+)
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.common import make_default_mesh
-from deepmd.infer.deep_eval import DeepEval
-from deepmd.utils.batch_size import AutoBatchSize
-from deepmd.utils.sess import run_sess
+from deepmd.common import (
+    make_default_mesh,
+)
+from deepmd.infer.deep_eval import (
+    DeepEval,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.batch_size import (
+    AutoBatchSize,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.sess import (
+    run_sess,
+)
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from pathlib import Path
+    from pathlib import (
+        Path,
+    )
 
 log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
diff --git a/deepmd/infer/deep_polar.py b/deepmd/infer/deep_polar.py
index 6cb58cff7c..f08ea9f64b 100644
--- a/deepmd/infer/deep_polar.py
+++ b/deepmd/infer/deep_polar.py
@@ -1,13 +1,19 @@
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    List,
+    Optional,
+)
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.infer.deep_tensor import DeepTensor
+from deepmd.infer.deep_tensor import (
+    DeepTensor,
+)
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from pathlib import Path
+    from pathlib import (
+        Path,
+    )
 
 
 class DeepPolar(DeepTensor):
diff --git a/deepmd/infer/deep_tensor.py b/deepmd/infer/deep_tensor.py
index 8b31d91b2d..ca62b97385 100644
--- a/deepmd/infer/deep_tensor.py
+++ b/deepmd/infer/deep_tensor.py
@@ -1,16 +1,26 @@
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
-from typing import Tuple
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Tuple,
+)
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.common import make_default_mesh
-from deepmd.infer.deep_eval import DeepEval
-from deepmd.utils.sess import run_sess
+from deepmd.common import (
+    make_default_mesh,
+)
+from deepmd.infer.deep_eval import (
+    DeepEval,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.sess import (
+    run_sess,
+)
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from pathlib import Path
+    from pathlib import (
+        Path,
+    )
 
 
 class DeepTensor(DeepEval):
diff --git a/deepmd/infer/deep_wfc.py b/deepmd/infer/deep_wfc.py
index 090ead5a33..36a77de35e 100644
--- a/deepmd/infer/deep_wfc.py
+++ b/deepmd/infer/deep_wfc.py
@@ -1,9 +1,15 @@
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+)
 
-from deepmd.infer.deep_tensor import DeepTensor
+from deepmd.infer.deep_tensor import (
+    DeepTensor,
+)
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from pathlib import Path
+    from pathlib import (
+        Path,
+    )
 
 
 class DeepWFC(DeepTensor):
diff --git a/deepmd/infer/ewald_recp.py b/deepmd/infer/ewald_recp.py
index 405756d7a7..6db1d63520 100644
--- a/deepmd/infer/ewald_recp.py
+++ b/deepmd/infer/ewald_recp.py
@@ -1,12 +1,18 @@
-from typing import Tuple
+from typing import (
+    Tuple,
+)
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import default_tf_session_config
-from deepmd.env import op_module
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.utils.sess import run_sess
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    default_tf_session_config,
+    op_module,
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.sess import (
+    run_sess,
+)
 
 
 class EwaldRecp:
diff --git a/deepmd/infer/model_devi.py b/deepmd/infer/model_devi.py
index 8736573d73..114fb14f30 100644
--- a/deepmd/infer/model_devi.py
+++ b/deepmd/infer/model_devi.py
@@ -1,12 +1,22 @@
-from typing import Tuple
+from typing import (
+    Tuple,
+)
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.common import expand_sys_str
-
-from ..utils.batch_size import AutoBatchSize
-from ..utils.data import DeepmdData
-from .deep_pot import DeepPot
+from deepmd.common import (
+    expand_sys_str,
+)
+
+from ..utils.batch_size import (
+    AutoBatchSize,
+)
+from ..utils.data import (
+    DeepmdData,
+)
+from .deep_pot import (
+    DeepPot,
+)
 
 
 def calc_model_devi_f(fs: np.ndarray) -> Tuple[np.ndarray]:
diff --git a/deepmd/lmp.py b/deepmd/lmp.py
index 0f6be85f04..72321832af 100644
--- a/deepmd/lmp.py
+++ b/deepmd/lmp.py
@@ -1,18 +1,30 @@
 """Register entry points for lammps-wheel."""
 import os
 import platform
-from importlib import import_module
-from pathlib import Path
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
+from importlib import (
+    import_module,
+)
+from pathlib import (
+    Path,
+)
+from typing import (
+    List,
+    Optional,
+)
 
-from packaging.version import Version
+from packaging.version import (
+    Version,
+)
 
-from deepmd.env import TF_VERSION
-from deepmd.env import tf
+from deepmd.env import (
+    TF_VERSION,
+    tf,
+)
 
 if Version(TF_VERSION) < Version("2.12"):
-    from find_libpython import find_libpython
+    from find_libpython import (
+        find_libpython,
+    )
 else:
     find_libpython = None
 
diff --git a/deepmd/loggers/__init__.py b/deepmd/loggers/__init__.py
index 8eb1868ae3..f9cf3087e6 100644
--- a/deepmd/loggers/__init__.py
+++ b/deepmd/loggers/__init__.py
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 """Module taking care of logging duties."""
 
-from .loggers import set_log_handles
+from .loggers import (
+    set_log_handles,
+)
 
 __all__ = ["set_log_handles"]
diff --git a/deepmd/loggers/loggers.py b/deepmd/loggers/loggers.py
index 3fff9fd2fd..9fe9530482 100644
--- a/deepmd/loggers/loggers.py
+++ b/deepmd/loggers/loggers.py
@@ -2,13 +2,19 @@
 
 import logging
 import os
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
-from typing import Optional
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Optional,
+)
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from pathlib import Path
+    from pathlib import (
+        Path,
+    )
 
-    from mpi4py import MPI
+    from mpi4py import (
+        MPI,
+    )
 
     _MPI_APPEND_MODE = MPI.MODE_CREATE | MPI.MODE_APPEND
 
@@ -200,7 +206,9 @@ def set_log_handles(
     MPI = None
     if mpi_log:
         try:
-            from mpi4py import MPI
+            from mpi4py import (
+                MPI,
+            )
         except ImportError as e:
             raise RuntimeError(
                 "You cannot specify 'mpi_log' when mpi4py not installed"
diff --git a/deepmd/loss/__init__.py b/deepmd/loss/__init__.py
index d4d82a1c69..bfd6e57397 100644
--- a/deepmd/loss/__init__.py
+++ b/deepmd/loss/__init__.py
@@ -1,8 +1,14 @@
-from .dos import DOSLoss
-from .ener import EnerDipoleLoss
-from .ener import EnerSpinLoss
-from .ener import EnerStdLoss
-from .tensor import TensorLoss
+from .dos import (
+    DOSLoss,
+)
+from .ener import (
+    EnerDipoleLoss,
+    EnerSpinLoss,
+    EnerStdLoss,
+)
+from .tensor import (
+    TensorLoss,
+)
 
 __all__ = [
     "EnerDipoleLoss",
diff --git a/deepmd/loss/dos.py b/deepmd/loss/dos.py
index 3373345a95..5a7e67e29c 100644
--- a/deepmd/loss/dos.py
+++ b/deepmd/loss/dos.py
@@ -1,12 +1,20 @@
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.common import add_data_requirement
-from deepmd.env import global_cvt_2_ener_float
-from deepmd.env import global_cvt_2_tf_float
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.utils.sess import run_sess
-
-from .loss import Loss
+from deepmd.common import (
+    add_data_requirement,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    global_cvt_2_ener_float,
+    global_cvt_2_tf_float,
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.sess import (
+    run_sess,
+)
+
+from .loss import (
+    Loss,
+)
 
 
 class DOSLoss(Loss):
diff --git a/deepmd/loss/loss.py b/deepmd/loss/loss.py
index 7a9d55e106..423d9e118d 100644
--- a/deepmd/loss/loss.py
+++ b/deepmd/loss/loss.py
@@ -1,9 +1,15 @@
-from abc import ABCMeta
-from abc import abstractmethod
-from typing import Dict
-from typing import Tuple
+from abc import (
+    ABCMeta,
+    abstractmethod,
+)
+from typing import (
+    Dict,
+    Tuple,
+)
 
-from deepmd.env import tf
+from deepmd.env import (
+    tf,
+)
 
 
 class Loss(metaclass=ABCMeta):
diff --git a/deepmd/loss/tensor.py b/deepmd/loss/tensor.py
index ff28b78ed5..e261be2bb1 100644
--- a/deepmd/loss/tensor.py
+++ b/deepmd/loss/tensor.py
@@ -1,11 +1,19 @@
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.common import add_data_requirement
-from deepmd.env import global_cvt_2_tf_float
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.utils.sess import run_sess
-
-from .loss import Loss
+from deepmd.common import (
+    add_data_requirement,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    global_cvt_2_tf_float,
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.sess import (
+    run_sess,
+)
+
+from .loss import (
+    Loss,
+)
 
 
 class TensorLoss(Loss):
diff --git a/deepmd/model/__init__.py b/deepmd/model/__init__.py
index 423b6d2bcb..43f4b4a3a9 100644
--- a/deepmd/model/__init__.py
+++ b/deepmd/model/__init__.py
@@ -1,10 +1,18 @@
-from .dos import DOSModel
-from .ener import EnerModel
-from .multi import MultiModel
-from .tensor import DipoleModel
-from .tensor import GlobalPolarModel
-from .tensor import PolarModel
-from .tensor import WFCModel
+from .dos import (
+    DOSModel,
+)
+from .ener import (
+    EnerModel,
+)
+from .multi import (
+    MultiModel,
+)
+from .tensor import (
+    DipoleModel,
+    GlobalPolarModel,
+    PolarModel,
+    WFCModel,
+)
 
 __all__ = [
     "EnerModel",
diff --git a/deepmd/model/dos.py b/deepmd/model/dos.py
index 911104433e..0da709409f 100644
--- a/deepmd/model/dos.py
+++ b/deepmd/model/dos.py
@@ -1,13 +1,21 @@
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
-
-from deepmd.env import MODEL_VERSION
-from deepmd.env import global_cvt_2_ener_float
-from deepmd.env import tf
-
-from .model import Model
-from .model_stat import make_stat_input
-from .model_stat import merge_sys_stat
+from typing import (
+    List,
+    Optional,
+)
+
+from deepmd.env import (
+    MODEL_VERSION,
+    global_cvt_2_ener_float,
+    tf,
+)
+
+from .model import (
+    Model,
+)
+from .model_stat import (
+    make_stat_input,
+    merge_sys_stat,
+)
 
 
 class DOSModel(Model):
diff --git a/deepmd/model/model_stat.py b/deepmd/model/model_stat.py
index 764f592414..28f0eb4f1d 100644
--- a/deepmd/model/model_stat.py
+++ b/deepmd/model/model_stat.py
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-from collections import defaultdict
+from collections import (
+    defaultdict,
+)
 
 import numpy as np
 
diff --git a/deepmd/model/multi.py b/deepmd/model/multi.py
index 7e616d050e..dcf7566f36 100644
--- a/deepmd/model/multi.py
+++ b/deepmd/model/multi.py
@@ -1,19 +1,31 @@
 import json
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
+from typing import (
+    List,
+    Optional,
+)
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.env import MODEL_VERSION
-from deepmd.env import global_cvt_2_ener_float
-from deepmd.env import op_module
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.utils.graph import get_tensor_by_name_from_graph
-from deepmd.utils.pair_tab import PairTab
-
-from .model import Model
-from .model_stat import make_stat_input
-from .model_stat import merge_sys_stat
+from deepmd.env import (
+    MODEL_VERSION,
+    global_cvt_2_ener_float,
+    op_module,
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.graph import (
+    get_tensor_by_name_from_graph,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.pair_tab import (
+    PairTab,
+)
+
+from .model import (
+    Model,
+)
+from .model_stat import (
+    make_stat_input,
+    merge_sys_stat,
+)
 
 
 class MultiModel(Model):
diff --git a/deepmd/model/tensor.py b/deepmd/model/tensor.py
index bff3af526f..eb32fa88cf 100644
--- a/deepmd/model/tensor.py
+++ b/deepmd/model/tensor.py
@@ -1,12 +1,20 @@
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
-
-from deepmd.env import MODEL_VERSION
-from deepmd.env import tf
-
-from .model import Model
-from .model_stat import make_stat_input
-from .model_stat import merge_sys_stat
+from typing import (
+    List,
+    Optional,
+)
+
+from deepmd.env import (
+    MODEL_VERSION,
+    tf,
+)
+
+from .model import (
+    Model,
+)
+from .model_stat import (
+    make_stat_input,
+    merge_sys_stat,
+)
 
 
 class TensorModel(Model):
diff --git a/deepmd/nvnmd/__init__.py b/deepmd/nvnmd/__init__.py
index bb3be2895b..f598ff416a 100644
--- a/deepmd/nvnmd/__init__.py
+++ b/deepmd/nvnmd/__init__.py
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
-from . import data
-from . import descriptor
-from . import entrypoints
-from . import fit
-from . import utils
+from . import (
+    data,
+    descriptor,
+    entrypoints,
+    fit,
+    utils,
+)
 
 __all__ = [
     "data",
diff --git a/deepmd/nvnmd/descriptor/se_a.py b/deepmd/nvnmd/descriptor/se_a.py
index ba8fb312aa..a18d8b85c9 100644
--- a/deepmd/nvnmd/descriptor/se_a.py
+++ b/deepmd/nvnmd/descriptor/se_a.py
@@ -2,16 +2,26 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import op_module
-from deepmd.env import tf
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    op_module,
+    tf,
+)
 
 #
-from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.config import nvnmd_cfg
-from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.weight import get_normalize
-from deepmd.utils.graph import get_tensor_by_name_from_graph
-from deepmd.utils.network import embedding_net
+from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.config import (
+    nvnmd_cfg,
+)
+from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.weight import (
+    get_normalize,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.graph import (
+    get_tensor_by_name_from_graph,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.network import (
+    embedding_net,
+)
 
 log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
diff --git a/deepmd/nvnmd/entrypoints/__init__.py b/deepmd/nvnmd/entrypoints/__init__.py
index 5c61662405..6f737c710b 100644
--- a/deepmd/nvnmd/entrypoints/__init__.py
+++ b/deepmd/nvnmd/entrypoints/__init__.py
@@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
-from .freeze import save_weight
-from .mapt import MapTable
-from .wrap import Wrap
+from .freeze import (
+    save_weight,
+)
+from .mapt import (
+    MapTable,
+)
+from .wrap import (
+    Wrap,
+)
 
 __all__ = ["save_weight", "MapTable", "Wrap"]
diff --git a/deepmd/nvnmd/entrypoints/freeze.py b/deepmd/nvnmd/entrypoints/freeze.py
index d15cad6e44..019b2f3382 100644
--- a/deepmd/nvnmd/entrypoints/freeze.py
+++ b/deepmd/nvnmd/entrypoints/freeze.py
@@ -1,8 +1,14 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.fio import FioDic
-from deepmd.utils.graph import get_tensor_by_name_from_graph
+from deepmd.env import (
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.fio import (
+    FioDic,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.graph import (
+    get_tensor_by_name_from_graph,
+)
 
 
 def filter_tensorVariableList(tensorVariableList) -> dict:
diff --git a/deepmd/nvnmd/entrypoints/mapt.py b/deepmd/nvnmd/entrypoints/mapt.py
index 8ca097d40d..50664a9552 100644
--- a/deepmd/nvnmd/entrypoints/mapt.py
+++ b/deepmd/nvnmd/entrypoints/mapt.py
@@ -1,18 +1,34 @@
 import logging
-from typing import Optional
+from typing import (
+    Optional,
+)
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.env import op_module
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.nvnmd.data.data import jdata_deepmd_input
-from deepmd.nvnmd.data.data import jdata_sys
-from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.config import nvnmd_cfg
-from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.fio import FioDic
-from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.network import get_sess
-from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.weight import get_filter_weight
-from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.weight import get_normalize
-from deepmd.utils.sess import run_sess
+from deepmd.env import (
+    op_module,
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.nvnmd.data.data import (
+    jdata_deepmd_input,
+    jdata_sys,
+)
+from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.config import (
+    nvnmd_cfg,
+)
+from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.fio import (
+    FioDic,
+)
+from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.network import (
+    get_sess,
+)
+from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.weight import (
+    get_filter_weight,
+    get_normalize,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.sess import (
+    run_sess,
+)
 
 log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
diff --git a/deepmd/nvnmd/entrypoints/train.py b/deepmd/nvnmd/entrypoints/train.py
index 2d9863dbfd..b311ea7819 100644
--- a/deepmd/nvnmd/entrypoints/train.py
+++ b/deepmd/nvnmd/entrypoints/train.py
@@ -1,15 +1,33 @@
 import logging
 import os
-from typing import Optional
+from typing import (
+    Optional,
+)
 
-from deepmd.entrypoints.freeze import freeze
-from deepmd.entrypoints.train import train
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.nvnmd.data.data import jdata_deepmd_input
-from deepmd.nvnmd.entrypoints.mapt import mapt
-from deepmd.nvnmd.entrypoints.wrap import wrap
-from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.config import nvnmd_cfg
-from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.fio import FioDic
+from deepmd.entrypoints.freeze import (
+    freeze,
+)
+from deepmd.entrypoints.train import (
+    train,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.nvnmd.data.data import (
+    jdata_deepmd_input,
+)
+from deepmd.nvnmd.entrypoints.mapt import (
+    mapt,
+)
+from deepmd.nvnmd.entrypoints.wrap import (
+    wrap,
+)
+from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.config import (
+    nvnmd_cfg,
+)
+from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.fio import (
+    FioDic,
+)
 
 log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
diff --git a/deepmd/nvnmd/entrypoints/wrap.py b/deepmd/nvnmd/entrypoints/wrap.py
index e326de509c..4bf12803f2 100644
--- a/deepmd/nvnmd/entrypoints/wrap.py
+++ b/deepmd/nvnmd/entrypoints/wrap.py
@@ -1,19 +1,37 @@
 import logging
-from typing import Optional
+from typing import (
+    Optional,
+)
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.env import op_module
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.nvnmd.data.data import jdata_deepmd_input
-from deepmd.nvnmd.data.data import jdata_sys
-from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.config import nvnmd_cfg
-from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.encode import Encode
-from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.fio import FioBin
-from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.fio import FioTxt
-from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.network import get_sess
-from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.weight import get_fitnet_weight
-from deepmd.utils.sess import run_sess
+from deepmd.env import (
+    op_module,
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.nvnmd.data.data import (
+    jdata_deepmd_input,
+    jdata_sys,
+)
+from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.config import (
+    nvnmd_cfg,
+)
+from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.encode import (
+    Encode,
+)
+from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.fio import (
+    FioBin,
+    FioTxt,
+)
+from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.network import (
+    get_sess,
+)
+from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.weight import (
+    get_fitnet_weight,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.sess import (
+    run_sess,
+)
 
 log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
diff --git a/deepmd/nvnmd/fit/ener.py b/deepmd/nvnmd/fit/ener.py
index 8a2cc69c8e..9a250af82d 100644
--- a/deepmd/nvnmd/fit/ener.py
+++ b/deepmd/nvnmd/fit/ener.py
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.config import nvnmd_cfg
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.config import (
+    nvnmd_cfg,
+)
 from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.network import one_layer as one_layer_nvnmd
 
 __all__ = [
diff --git a/deepmd/nvnmd/utils/__init__.py b/deepmd/nvnmd/utils/__init__.py
index 8e35d0e88a..4e201d917e 100644
--- a/deepmd/nvnmd/utils/__init__.py
+++ b/deepmd/nvnmd/utils/__init__.py
@@ -1,13 +1,27 @@
-from .argcheck import nvnmd_args
-from .config import nvnmd_cfg
-from .encode import Encode
-from .fio import FioBin
-from .fio import FioDic
-from .fio import FioTxt
-from .network import one_layer
-from .op import map_nvnmd
-from .weight import get_filter_weight
-from .weight import get_fitnet_weight
+from .argcheck import (
+    nvnmd_args,
+)
+from .config import (
+    nvnmd_cfg,
+)
+from .encode import (
+    Encode,
+)
+from .fio import (
+    FioBin,
+    FioDic,
+    FioTxt,
+)
+from .network import (
+    one_layer,
+)
+from .op import (
+    map_nvnmd,
+)
+from .weight import (
+    get_filter_weight,
+    get_fitnet_weight,
+)
 
 __all__ = [
     "nvnmd_args",
diff --git a/deepmd/nvnmd/utils/argcheck.py b/deepmd/nvnmd/utils/argcheck.py
index e91e135706..a53dae0d5a 100644
--- a/deepmd/nvnmd/utils/argcheck.py
+++ b/deepmd/nvnmd/utils/argcheck.py
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-from dargs import Argument
+from dargs import (
+    Argument,
+)
 
 
 def nvnmd_args():
diff --git a/deepmd/nvnmd/utils/config.py b/deepmd/nvnmd/utils/config.py
index 32b885d7ec..9d756f8ef1 100644
--- a/deepmd/nvnmd/utils/config.py
+++ b/deepmd/nvnmd/utils/config.py
@@ -2,13 +2,19 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.nvnmd.data.data import NVNMD_CITATION
-from deepmd.nvnmd.data.data import NVNMD_WELCOME
-from deepmd.nvnmd.data.data import jdata_config
-from deepmd.nvnmd.data.data import jdata_configs
-from deepmd.nvnmd.data.data import jdata_deepmd_input
-from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.fio import FioDic
-from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.op import r2s
+from deepmd.nvnmd.data.data import (
+    NVNMD_CITATION,
+    NVNMD_WELCOME,
+    jdata_config,
+    jdata_configs,
+    jdata_deepmd_input,
+)
+from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.fio import (
+    FioDic,
+)
+from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.op import (
+    r2s,
+)
 
 log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
diff --git a/deepmd/nvnmd/utils/encode.py b/deepmd/nvnmd/utils/encode.py
index 905fa638c5..75cd629847 100644
--- a/deepmd/nvnmd/utils/encode.py
+++ b/deepmd/nvnmd/utils/encode.py
@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.nvnmd.data.data import jdata_sys
+from deepmd.nvnmd.data.data import (
+    jdata_sys,
+)
 
 log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
diff --git a/deepmd/nvnmd/utils/fio.py b/deepmd/nvnmd/utils/fio.py
index 04420a84c0..8493bfd15d 100644
--- a/deepmd/nvnmd/utils/fio.py
+++ b/deepmd/nvnmd/utils/fio.py
@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@
 import logging
 import os
 import struct
-from typing import List
+from typing import (
+    List,
+)
 
 import numpy as np
 
diff --git a/deepmd/nvnmd/utils/network.py b/deepmd/nvnmd/utils/network.py
index 9dba82ea7b..cf727b3eec 100644
--- a/deepmd/nvnmd/utils/network.py
+++ b/deepmd/nvnmd/utils/network.py
@@ -2,12 +2,20 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import op_module
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.config import nvnmd_cfg
-from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.weight import get_constant_initializer
-from deepmd.utils.network import variable_summaries
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    op_module,
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.config import (
+    nvnmd_cfg,
+)
+from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.weight import (
+    get_constant_initializer,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.network import (
+    variable_summaries,
+)
 
 log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
diff --git a/deepmd/nvnmd/utils/weight.py b/deepmd/nvnmd/utils/weight.py
index b9a880a434..77208d0d0a 100644
--- a/deepmd/nvnmd/utils/weight.py
+++ b/deepmd/nvnmd/utils/weight.py
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 import logging
 
-from deepmd.env import tf
+from deepmd.env import (
+    tf,
+)
 
 log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
diff --git a/deepmd/op/__init__.py b/deepmd/op/__init__.py
index eac431c247..cf7b8a90ea 100644
--- a/deepmd/op/__init__.py
+++ b/deepmd/op/__init__.py
@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@
 
 import importlib
 import logging
-from pathlib import Path
+from pathlib import (
+    Path,
+)
 
 NOT_LOADABLE = ("__init__.py",)
 PACKAGE_BASE = "deepmd.op"
diff --git a/deepmd/train/run_options.py b/deepmd/train/run_options.py
index 6c859919b1..e62ee7ef63 100644
--- a/deepmd/train/run_options.py
+++ b/deepmd/train/run_options.py
@@ -2,17 +2,27 @@
 
 import logging
 import os
-from pathlib import Path
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
-
-from deepmd.cluster import get_resource
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_CONFIG
-from deepmd.env import get_tf_default_nthreads
-from deepmd.env import global_float_prec
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.loggers import set_log_handles
+from pathlib import (
+    Path,
+)
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    List,
+    Optional,
+)
+
+from deepmd.cluster import (
+    get_resource,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_CONFIG,
+    get_tf_default_nthreads,
+    global_float_prec,
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.loggers import (
+    set_log_handles,
+)
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     import horovod.tensorflow as HVD
diff --git a/deepmd/utils/__init__.py b/deepmd/utils/__init__.py
index 75b8b25b51..e7b79e1f28 100644
--- a/deepmd/utils/__init__.py
+++ b/deepmd/utils/__init__.py
@@ -1,10 +1,20 @@
 #
-from .data import DeepmdData
-from .data_system import DeepmdDataSystem
-from .learning_rate import LearningRateExp
-from .pair_tab import PairTab
-from .plugin import Plugin
-from .plugin import PluginVariant
+from .data import (
+    DeepmdData,
+)
+from .data_system import (
+    DeepmdDataSystem,
+)
+from .learning_rate import (
+    LearningRateExp,
+)
+from .pair_tab import (
+    PairTab,
+)
+from .plugin import (
+    Plugin,
+    PluginVariant,
+)
 
 __all__ = [
     "DeepmdData",
diff --git a/deepmd/utils/argcheck.py b/deepmd/utils/argcheck.py
index 370a67361f..1fe00b4f43 100644
--- a/deepmd/utils/argcheck.py
+++ b/deepmd/utils/argcheck.py
@@ -1,18 +1,28 @@
 import json
 import logging
-from typing import Callable
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
-
-from dargs import Argument
-from dargs import ArgumentEncoder
-from dargs import Variant
-from dargs import dargs
-
-from deepmd.common import ACTIVATION_FN_DICT
-from deepmd.common import PRECISION_DICT
-from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.argcheck import nvnmd_args
-from deepmd.utils.plugin import Plugin
+from typing import (
+    Callable,
+    List,
+    Optional,
+)
+
+from dargs import (
+    Argument,
+    ArgumentEncoder,
+    Variant,
+    dargs,
+)
+
+from deepmd.common import (
+    ACTIVATION_FN_DICT,
+    PRECISION_DICT,
+)
+from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.argcheck import (
+    nvnmd_args,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.plugin import (
+    Plugin,
+)
 
 log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
diff --git a/deepmd/utils/batch_size.py b/deepmd/utils/batch_size.py
index 5b55261d06..a2cafef23e 100644
--- a/deepmd/utils/batch_size.py
+++ b/deepmd/utils/batch_size.py
@@ -1,12 +1,18 @@
 import logging
 import os
-from typing import Callable
-from typing import Tuple
+from typing import (
+    Callable,
+    Tuple,
+)
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.utils.errors import OutOfMemoryError
+from deepmd.env import (
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.errors import (
+    OutOfMemoryError,
+)
 
 log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
diff --git a/deepmd/utils/compat.py b/deepmd/utils/compat.py
index 287a835b91..4ec47b53a1 100644
--- a/deepmd/utils/compat.py
+++ b/deepmd/utils/compat.py
@@ -2,16 +2,22 @@
 
 import json
 import warnings
-from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Any
-from typing import Dict
-from typing import Optional
-from typing import Sequence
-from typing import Union
+from pathlib import (
+    Path,
+)
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Dict,
+    Optional,
+    Sequence,
+    Union,
+)
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.common import j_must_have
+from deepmd.common import (
+    j_must_have,
+)
 
 
 def convert_input_v0_v1(
diff --git a/deepmd/utils/convert.py b/deepmd/utils/convert.py
index 2fe55e2581..4948a8e70f 100644
--- a/deepmd/utils/convert.py
+++ b/deepmd/utils/convert.py
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 import os
 import textwrap
 
-from google.protobuf import text_format
+from google.protobuf import (
+    text_format,
+)
 
-from deepmd.env import tf
+from deepmd.env import (
+    tf,
+)
 
 
 def detect_model_version(input_model: str):
diff --git a/deepmd/utils/data.py b/deepmd/utils/data.py
index 8ffb7bc58a..2749a45594 100644
--- a/deepmd/utils/data.py
+++ b/deepmd/utils/data.py
@@ -1,15 +1,21 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 
 import logging
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
+from typing import (
+    List,
+    Optional,
+)
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_ENER_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_ENER_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+)
 from deepmd.utils import random as dp_random
-from deepmd.utils.path import DPPath
+from deepmd.utils.path import (
+    DPPath,
+)
 
 log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
diff --git a/deepmd/utils/data_system.py b/deepmd/utils/data_system.py
index dc1fb25464..f7bc1c500d 100644
--- a/deepmd/utils/data_system.py
+++ b/deepmd/utils/data_system.py
@@ -1,14 +1,20 @@
 import collections
 import logging
 import warnings
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
+from typing import (
+    List,
+    Optional,
+)
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+)
 from deepmd.utils import random as dp_random
-from deepmd.utils.data import DeepmdData
+from deepmd.utils.data import (
+    DeepmdData,
+)
 
 log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
diff --git a/deepmd/utils/finetune.py b/deepmd/utils/finetune.py
index 0107a09d17..9b39d68b30 100644
--- a/deepmd/utils/finetune.py
+++ b/deepmd/utils/finetune.py
@@ -1,10 +1,16 @@
 import json
 import logging
-from typing import Any
-from typing import Dict
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Dict,
+)
 
-from deepmd.utils.errors import GraphWithoutTensorError
-from deepmd.utils.graph import get_tensor_by_name
+from deepmd.utils.errors import (
+    GraphWithoutTensorError,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.graph import (
+    get_tensor_by_name,
+)
 
 log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
diff --git a/deepmd/utils/graph.py b/deepmd/utils/graph.py
index 9c46c28dc0..71858039b1 100644
--- a/deepmd/utils/graph.py
+++ b/deepmd/utils/graph.py
@@ -1,16 +1,24 @@
 import re
-from typing import Dict
-from typing import Tuple
+from typing import (
+    Dict,
+    Tuple,
+)
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.env import ATTENTION_LAYER_PATTERN
-from deepmd.env import EMBEDDING_NET_PATTERN
-from deepmd.env import FITTING_NET_PATTERN
-from deepmd.env import TYPE_EMBEDDING_PATTERN
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.utils.errors import GraphWithoutTensorError
-from deepmd.utils.sess import run_sess
+from deepmd.env import (
+    ATTENTION_LAYER_PATTERN,
+    EMBEDDING_NET_PATTERN,
+    FITTING_NET_PATTERN,
+    TYPE_EMBEDDING_PATTERN,
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.errors import (
+    GraphWithoutTensorError,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.sess import (
+    run_sess,
+)
 
 
 # TODO (JZ): I think in this file we can merge some duplicated lines into one method...
diff --git a/deepmd/utils/multi_init.py b/deepmd/utils/multi_init.py
index 08f1865c91..d5496b47ea 100644
--- a/deepmd/utils/multi_init.py
+++ b/deepmd/utils/multi_init.py
@@ -1,10 +1,16 @@
 import json
 import logging
-from typing import Any
-from typing import Dict
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Dict,
+)
 
-from deepmd.utils.errors import GraphWithoutTensorError
-from deepmd.utils.graph import get_tensor_by_name
+from deepmd.utils.errors import (
+    GraphWithoutTensorError,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.graph import (
+    get_tensor_by_name,
+)
 
 log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
diff --git a/deepmd/utils/network.py b/deepmd/utils/network.py
index e3c2420c35..5824caed34 100644
--- a/deepmd/utils/network.py
+++ b/deepmd/utils/network.py
@@ -305,13 +305,13 @@ def variable_summaries(var: tf.Variable, name: str):
         tf.summary.scalar("min", tf.reduce_min(var))
         tf.summary.histogram("histogram", var)
 
-        
+
 def cast_to_dtype(x, dtype: paddle.dtype) -> paddle.Tensor:
     if x.dtype != dtype:
         return paddle.cast(x, dtype)
     return x
 
-  
+
 class OneLayer(nn.Layer):
     def __init__(
         self,
diff --git a/deepmd/utils/pair_tab.py b/deepmd/utils/pair_tab.py
index 13dcef438a..b8642c7009 100644
--- a/deepmd/utils/pair_tab.py
+++ b/deepmd/utils/pair_tab.py
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 
-from typing import Tuple
+from typing import (
+    Tuple,
+)
 
 import numpy as np
-from scipy.interpolate import CubicSpline
+from scipy.interpolate import (
+    CubicSpline,
+)
 
 
 class PairTab:
diff --git a/deepmd/utils/parallel_op.py b/deepmd/utils/parallel_op.py
index 1453e9377f..db27d5604e 100644
--- a/deepmd/utils/parallel_op.py
+++ b/deepmd/utils/parallel_op.py
@@ -1,12 +1,18 @@
-from typing import Any
-from typing import Callable
-from typing import Dict
-from typing import Generator
-from typing import Optional
-from typing import Tuple
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Dict,
+    Generator,
+    Optional,
+    Tuple,
+)
 
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.utils.sess import run_sess
+from deepmd.env import (
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.sess import (
+    run_sess,
+)
 
 
 class ParallelOp:
diff --git a/deepmd/utils/path.py b/deepmd/utils/path.py
index ba1f1e87a2..454eed3d2b 100644
--- a/deepmd/utils/path.py
+++ b/deepmd/utils/path.py
@@ -1,14 +1,24 @@
 import os
-from abc import ABC
-from abc import abstractmethod
-from functools import lru_cache
-from pathlib import Path
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
+from abc import (
+    ABC,
+    abstractmethod,
+)
+from functools import (
+    lru_cache,
+)
+from pathlib import (
+    Path,
+)
+from typing import (
+    List,
+    Optional,
+)
 
 import h5py
 import numpy as np
-from wcmatch.glob import globfilter
+from wcmatch.glob import (
+    globfilter,
+)
 
 
 class DPPath(ABC):
diff --git a/deepmd/utils/plugin.py b/deepmd/utils/plugin.py
index c49328ef2b..66b4569029 100644
--- a/deepmd/utils/plugin.py
+++ b/deepmd/utils/plugin.py
@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
 """Base of plugin systems."""
 # copied from https://github.com/deepmodeling/dpdata/blob/a3e76d75de53f6076254de82d18605a010dc3b00/dpdata/plugin.py
 
-from abc import ABCMeta
-from typing import Callable
+from abc import (
+    ABCMeta,
+)
+from typing import (
+    Callable,
+)
 
 
 class Plugin:
diff --git a/deepmd/utils/random.py b/deepmd/utils/random.py
index 0632d6bc64..57d0af4d55 100644
--- a/deepmd/utils/random.py
+++ b/deepmd/utils/random.py
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-from typing import Optional
+from typing import (
+    Optional,
+)
 
 import numpy as np
 
diff --git a/deepmd/utils/sess.py b/deepmd/utils/sess.py
index 53e0abd850..67bbd36878 100644
--- a/deepmd/utils/sess.py
+++ b/deepmd/utils/sess.py
@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
 import os
 
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.utils.errors import OutOfMemoryError
+from deepmd.env import (
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.errors import (
+    OutOfMemoryError,
+)
 
 
 def run_sess(sess: tf.Session, *args, **kwargs):
diff --git a/deepmd/utils/tabulate.py b/deepmd/utils/tabulate.py
index a8ce9fd9d4..aa842178f7 100644
--- a/deepmd/utils/tabulate.py
+++ b/deepmd/utils/tabulate.py
@@ -1,20 +1,34 @@
 import logging
-from functools import lru_cache
-from typing import Callable
-from typing import Dict
-from typing import List
-from typing import Tuple
+from functools import (
+    lru_cache,
+)
+from typing import (
+    Callable,
+    Dict,
+    List,
+    Tuple,
+)
 
 import numpy as np
-from scipy.special import comb
+from scipy.special import (
+    comb,
+)
 
 import deepmd
-from deepmd.common import ACTIVATION_FN_DICT
-from deepmd.descriptor import Descriptor
-from deepmd.env import op_module
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.utils.graph import get_embedding_net_nodes_from_graph_def
-from deepmd.utils.graph import get_tensor_by_name_from_graph
+from deepmd.common import (
+    ACTIVATION_FN_DICT,
+)
+from deepmd.descriptor import (
+    Descriptor,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    op_module,
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.graph import (
+    get_embedding_net_nodes_from_graph_def,
+    get_tensor_by_name_from_graph,
+)
 
 log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
diff --git a/deepmd/utils/weight_avg.py b/deepmd/utils/weight_avg.py
index 728094e563..b46e3a0d37 100644
--- a/deepmd/utils/weight_avg.py
+++ b/deepmd/utils/weight_avg.py
@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
-from collections import defaultdict
-from typing import Dict
-from typing import List
-from typing import Tuple
+from collections import (
+    defaultdict,
+)
+from typing import (
+    Dict,
+    List,
+    Tuple,
+)
 
 import numpy as np
 
diff --git a/doc/conf.py b/doc/conf.py
index 519ce94f1c..5e034b36c1 100644
--- a/doc/conf.py
+++ b/doc/conf.py
@@ -12,11 +12,17 @@
 #
 import os
 import sys
-from datetime import date
+from datetime import (
+    date,
+)
 
-from deepmd.common import ACTIVATION_FN_DICT
-from deepmd.common import PRECISION_DICT
-from deepmd.utils.argcheck import list_to_doc
+from deepmd.common import (
+    ACTIVATION_FN_DICT,
+    PRECISION_DICT,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.argcheck import (
+    list_to_doc,
+)
 
 sys.path.append(os.path.dirname(__file__))
 import sphinx_contrib_exhale_multiproject  # noqa: F401
@@ -121,7 +127,9 @@ def classify_index_TS():
 def run_apidoc(_):
     import sys
 
-    from sphinx.ext.apidoc import main
+    from sphinx.ext.apidoc import (
+        main,
+    )
 
     sys.path.append(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), ".."))
     cur_dir = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
diff --git a/doc/sphinx_contrib_exhale_multiproject.py b/doc/sphinx_contrib_exhale_multiproject.py
index cf0cc9850f..208637aa5e 100644
--- a/doc/sphinx_contrib_exhale_multiproject.py
+++ b/doc/sphinx_contrib_exhale_multiproject.py
@@ -74,7 +74,9 @@
 
 import os
 import os.path
-from pprint import pprint
+from pprint import (
+    pprint,
+)
 
 import exhale
 import exhale.configs
diff --git a/setup.py b/setup.py
index 026a8b5fe4..b08fe391df 100644
--- a/setup.py
+++ b/setup.py
@@ -3,16 +3,24 @@
 import os
 import sys
 
-from packaging.version import Version
-from skbuild import setup
-from wheel.bdist_wheel import bdist_wheel
+from packaging.version import (
+    Version,
+)
+from skbuild import (
+    setup,
+)
+from wheel.bdist_wheel import (
+    bdist_wheel,
+)
 
 topdir = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.join(topdir, "backend"))
 
-from find_tensorflow import find_tensorflow
-from find_tensorflow import get_tf_requirement
-from find_tensorflow import get_tf_version
+from find_tensorflow import (
+    find_tensorflow,
+    get_tf_requirement,
+    get_tf_version,
+)
 
 cmake_args = []
 extra_scripts = []
diff --git a/source/install/build_tf.py b/source/install/build_tf.py
index 4a304676f1..883c654b5c 100755
--- a/source/install/build_tf.py
+++ b/source/install/build_tf.py
@@ -32,19 +32,33 @@
 import tarfile
 import tempfile
 import urllib.request
-from abc import ABCMeta
-from abc import abstractmethod
-from abc import abstractproperty
-from contextlib import contextmanager
-from fnmatch import filter
-from functools import lru_cache
-from pathlib import Path
-from shutil import copy2
-from shutil import copytree
-from shutil import ignore_patterns
-from typing import Dict
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
+from abc import (
+    ABCMeta,
+    abstractmethod,
+    abstractproperty,
+)
+from contextlib import (
+    contextmanager,
+)
+from fnmatch import (
+    filter,
+)
+from functools import (
+    lru_cache,
+)
+from pathlib import (
+    Path,
+)
+from shutil import (
+    copy2,
+    copytree,
+    ignore_patterns,
+)
+from typing import (
+    Dict,
+    List,
+    Optional,
+)
 
 # default config
 FILE = Path(__file__).parent.absolute()
diff --git a/source/lib/paddle_src/paddle_prod_env_mat.cu b/source/lib/paddle_src/paddle_prod_env_mat.cu
index d0f58ff896..c18fb7d687 100644
--- a/source/lib/paddle_src/paddle_prod_env_mat.cu
+++ b/source/lib/paddle_src/paddle_prod_env_mat.cu
@@ -18,10 +18,8 @@
 #include "region.h"
 #include "utilities.h"
 
-
 typedef long long int_64;
 
-
 #define CHECK_INPUT(x) PD_CHECK(x.is_gpu(), #x " must be a GPU Tensor.")
 #define CHECK_INPUT_ON_CPU(x) PD_CHECK(x.is_cpu(), #x " must be a CPU Tensor.")
 #define CHECK_INPUT_DIM(x, value) \
diff --git a/source/lmp/tests/test_deeptensor.py b/source/lmp/tests/test_deeptensor.py
index 32fad73404..0029247959 100644
--- a/source/lmp/tests/test_deeptensor.py
+++ b/source/lmp/tests/test_deeptensor.py
@@ -1,12 +1,18 @@
 import os
 import subprocess as sp
 import sys
-from pathlib import Path
+from pathlib import (
+    Path,
+)
 
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
-from lammps import PyLammps
-from write_lmp_data import write_lmp_data
+from lammps import (
+    PyLammps,
+)
+from write_lmp_data import (
+    write_lmp_data,
+)
 
 pbtxt_file = Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent / "tests" / "infer" / "deeppot.pbtxt"
 pb_file = Path(__file__).parent / "graph.pb"
diff --git a/source/lmp/tests/test_dplr.py b/source/lmp/tests/test_dplr.py
index 0d0efad2c8..b6398b77be 100644
--- a/source/lmp/tests/test_dplr.py
+++ b/source/lmp/tests/test_dplr.py
@@ -1,12 +1,18 @@
 import os
 import subprocess as sp
 import sys
-from pathlib import Path
+from pathlib import (
+    Path,
+)
 
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
-from lammps import PyLammps
-from write_lmp_data import write_lmp_data_full
+from lammps import (
+    PyLammps,
+)
+from write_lmp_data import (
+    write_lmp_data_full,
+)
 
 pbtxt_file = Path(__file__).parent / "lrmodel.pbtxt"
 pb_file = Path(__file__).parent / "lrmodel.pb"
diff --git a/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps.py b/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps.py
index e5e7eff307..f5cb7bac14 100644
--- a/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps.py
+++ b/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps.py
@@ -1,12 +1,18 @@
 import os
 import subprocess as sp
 import sys
-from pathlib import Path
+from pathlib import (
+    Path,
+)
 
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
-from lammps import PyLammps
-from write_lmp_data import write_lmp_data
+from lammps import (
+    PyLammps,
+)
+from write_lmp_data import (
+    write_lmp_data,
+)
 
 pbtxt_file = Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent / "tests" / "infer" / "deeppot.pbtxt"
 pbtxt_file2 = (
diff --git a/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_3types.py b/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_3types.py
index 07843cdfd2..24ef0fae38 100644
--- a/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_3types.py
+++ b/source/lmp/tests/test_lammps_3types.py
@@ -1,12 +1,18 @@
 import os
 import subprocess as sp
 import sys
-from pathlib import Path
+from pathlib import (
+    Path,
+)
 
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
-from lammps import PyLammps
-from write_lmp_data import write_lmp_data
+from lammps import (
+    PyLammps,
+)
+from write_lmp_data import (
+    write_lmp_data,
+)
 
 pbtxt_file = Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent / "tests" / "infer" / "deeppot.pbtxt"
 pbtxt_file2 = (
diff --git a/source/op/_add_flt_nvnmd_grad.py b/source/op/_add_flt_nvnmd_grad.py
index b001602507..0eedd0372c 100644
--- a/source/op/_add_flt_nvnmd_grad.py
+++ b/source/op/_add_flt_nvnmd_grad.py
@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 
-from tensorflow.python.framework import ops
+from tensorflow.python.framework import (
+    ops,
+)
 
-from deepmd.env import op_module
+from deepmd.env import (
+    op_module,
+)
 
 
 @ops.RegisterGradient("AddFltNvnmd")
diff --git a/source/op/_copy_flt_nvnmd_grad.py b/source/op/_copy_flt_nvnmd_grad.py
index 2dbcfcbc49..47b8956143 100644
--- a/source/op/_copy_flt_nvnmd_grad.py
+++ b/source/op/_copy_flt_nvnmd_grad.py
@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 
-from tensorflow.python.framework import ops
+from tensorflow.python.framework import (
+    ops,
+)
 
-from deepmd.env import op_module
+from deepmd.env import (
+    op_module,
+)
 
 
 @ops.RegisterGradient("CopyFltNvnmd")
diff --git a/source/op/_dotmul_flt_nvnmd_grad.py b/source/op/_dotmul_flt_nvnmd_grad.py
index 42bc2614f3..97653b1540 100644
--- a/source/op/_dotmul_flt_nvnmd_grad.py
+++ b/source/op/_dotmul_flt_nvnmd_grad.py
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 
-from tensorflow.python.framework import ops
+from tensorflow.python.framework import (
+    ops,
+)
 
-from deepmd.env import op_module
-from deepmd.env import tf
+from deepmd.env import (
+    op_module,
+    tf,
+)
 
 
 @ops.RegisterGradient("DotmulFltNvnmd")
diff --git a/source/op/_flt_nvnmd_grad.py b/source/op/_flt_nvnmd_grad.py
index 58408ad616..471bc35b1c 100644
--- a/source/op/_flt_nvnmd_grad.py
+++ b/source/op/_flt_nvnmd_grad.py
@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 
-from tensorflow.python.framework import ops
+from tensorflow.python.framework import (
+    ops,
+)
 
-from deepmd.env import op_module
+from deepmd.env import (
+    op_module,
+)
 
 
 @ops.RegisterGradient("FltNvnmd")
diff --git a/source/op/_gelu.py b/source/op/_gelu.py
index 2255ee61be..19b2a3f240 100644
--- a/source/op/_gelu.py
+++ b/source/op/_gelu.py
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 """First-order derivatives and second-order derivatives for gelu function."""
 import tensorflow
-from tensorflow.python.framework import ops
+from tensorflow.python.framework import (
+    ops,
+)
 
-from deepmd.env import op_module
+from deepmd.env import (
+    op_module,
+)
 
 try:
     gelu = tensorflow.nn.gelu
diff --git a/source/op/_map_flt_nvnmd_grad.py b/source/op/_map_flt_nvnmd_grad.py
index caeb3de171..434701bc6e 100644
--- a/source/op/_map_flt_nvnmd_grad.py
+++ b/source/op/_map_flt_nvnmd_grad.py
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 
-from tensorflow.python.framework import ops
+from tensorflow.python.framework import (
+    ops,
+)
 
-from deepmd.env import op_module
-from deepmd.env import tf
+from deepmd.env import (
+    op_module,
+    tf,
+)
 
 
 @ops.RegisterGradient("MapFltNvnmd")
diff --git a/source/op/_matmul_fitnet_nvnmd_grad.py b/source/op/_matmul_fitnet_nvnmd_grad.py
index fa4c92d493..77fafb7d24 100644
--- a/source/op/_matmul_fitnet_nvnmd_grad.py
+++ b/source/op/_matmul_fitnet_nvnmd_grad.py
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 
-from tensorflow.python.framework import ops
+from tensorflow.python.framework import (
+    ops,
+)
 
-from deepmd.env import op_module
-from deepmd.env import tf
+from deepmd.env import (
+    op_module,
+    tf,
+)
 
 
 @ops.RegisterGradient("MatmulFitnetNvnmd")
diff --git a/source/op/_matmul_flt2fix_nvnmd.py b/source/op/_matmul_flt2fix_nvnmd.py
index 670674103d..3b47b14a09 100644
--- a/source/op/_matmul_flt2fix_nvnmd.py
+++ b/source/op/_matmul_flt2fix_nvnmd.py
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 
-from tensorflow.python.framework import ops
+from tensorflow.python.framework import (
+    ops,
+)
 
-from deepmd.env import op_module
-from deepmd.env import tf
+from deepmd.env import (
+    op_module,
+    tf,
+)
 
 
 @ops.RegisterGradient("MatmulFlt2fixNvnmd")
diff --git a/source/op/_matmul_flt_nvnmd_grad.py b/source/op/_matmul_flt_nvnmd_grad.py
index 1e9f980508..383e464e64 100644
--- a/source/op/_matmul_flt_nvnmd_grad.py
+++ b/source/op/_matmul_flt_nvnmd_grad.py
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 
-from tensorflow.python.framework import ops
+from tensorflow.python.framework import (
+    ops,
+)
 
-from deepmd.env import op_module
-from deepmd.env import tf
+from deepmd.env import (
+    op_module,
+    tf,
+)
 
 
 @ops.RegisterGradient("MatmulFltNvnmd")
diff --git a/source/op/_mul_flt_nvnmd_grad.py b/source/op/_mul_flt_nvnmd_grad.py
index 634fa56484..e1fb72ac6b 100644
--- a/source/op/_mul_flt_nvnmd_grad.py
+++ b/source/op/_mul_flt_nvnmd_grad.py
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 
-from tensorflow.python.framework import ops
+from tensorflow.python.framework import (
+    ops,
+)
 
-from deepmd.env import op_module
-from deepmd.env import tf
+from deepmd.env import (
+    op_module,
+    tf,
+)
 
 
 @ops.RegisterGradient("MulFltNvnmd")
diff --git a/source/op/_prod_force_grad.py b/source/op/_prod_force_grad.py
index 3fb5296057..8cdd37675c 100644
--- a/source/op/_prod_force_grad.py
+++ b/source/op/_prod_force_grad.py
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 """Gradients for prod force."""
 
-from tensorflow.python.framework import ops
+from tensorflow.python.framework import (
+    ops,
+)
 
-from deepmd.env import op_grads_module
+from deepmd.env import (
+    op_grads_module,
+)
 
 
 @ops.RegisterGradient("ProdForce")
diff --git a/source/op/_prod_force_se_a_grad.py b/source/op/_prod_force_se_a_grad.py
index 56e36d8a4a..cdfa73e4ad 100644
--- a/source/op/_prod_force_se_a_grad.py
+++ b/source/op/_prod_force_se_a_grad.py
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 """Gradients for prod force."""
 
-from tensorflow.python.framework import ops
+from tensorflow.python.framework import (
+    ops,
+)
 
-from deepmd.env import op_grads_module
+from deepmd.env import (
+    op_grads_module,
+)
 
 
 @ops.RegisterGradient("ProdForceSeA")
diff --git a/source/op/_prod_force_se_a_mask_grad.py b/source/op/_prod_force_se_a_mask_grad.py
index 9fc7a994b7..b4c4f8fabc 100644
--- a/source/op/_prod_force_se_a_mask_grad.py
+++ b/source/op/_prod_force_se_a_mask_grad.py
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 """Gradients for prod force se_a_mask."""
 
-from tensorflow.python.framework import ops
+from tensorflow.python.framework import (
+    ops,
+)
 
-from deepmd.env import op_grads_module
+from deepmd.env import (
+    op_grads_module,
+)
 
 
 @ops.RegisterGradient("ProdForceSeAMask")
diff --git a/source/op/_prod_force_se_r_grad.py b/source/op/_prod_force_se_r_grad.py
index 0a092961a6..447c388912 100644
--- a/source/op/_prod_force_se_r_grad.py
+++ b/source/op/_prod_force_se_r_grad.py
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 """Gradients for prod force."""
 
-from tensorflow.python.framework import ops
+from tensorflow.python.framework import (
+    ops,
+)
 
-from deepmd.env import op_grads_module
+from deepmd.env import (
+    op_grads_module,
+)
 
 
 @ops.RegisterGradient("ProdForceSeR")
diff --git a/source/op/_prod_virial_grad.py b/source/op/_prod_virial_grad.py
index e4c1bad3d0..aa8cca0939 100644
--- a/source/op/_prod_virial_grad.py
+++ b/source/op/_prod_virial_grad.py
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 """Gradients for prod virial."""
 
-from tensorflow.python.framework import ops
+from tensorflow.python.framework import (
+    ops,
+)
 
-from deepmd.env import op_grads_module
+from deepmd.env import (
+    op_grads_module,
+)
 
 
 @ops.RegisterGradient("ProdVirial")
diff --git a/source/op/_prod_virial_se_a_grad.py b/source/op/_prod_virial_se_a_grad.py
index 043bf7b737..6167795b7c 100644
--- a/source/op/_prod_virial_se_a_grad.py
+++ b/source/op/_prod_virial_se_a_grad.py
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 """Gradients for prod virial."""
 
-from tensorflow.python.framework import ops
+from tensorflow.python.framework import (
+    ops,
+)
 
-from deepmd.env import op_grads_module
+from deepmd.env import (
+    op_grads_module,
+)
 
 
 @ops.RegisterGradient("ProdVirialSeA")
diff --git a/source/op/_prod_virial_se_r_grad.py b/source/op/_prod_virial_se_r_grad.py
index c9c395eb7b..bb7680203d 100644
--- a/source/op/_prod_virial_se_r_grad.py
+++ b/source/op/_prod_virial_se_r_grad.py
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 """Gradients for prod virial."""
 
-from tensorflow.python.framework import ops
+from tensorflow.python.framework import (
+    ops,
+)
 
-from deepmd.env import op_grads_module
+from deepmd.env import (
+    op_grads_module,
+)
 
 
 @ops.RegisterGradient("ProdVirialSeR")
diff --git a/source/op/_quantize_nvnmd_grad.py b/source/op/_quantize_nvnmd_grad.py
index c7d2e1d076..64a492c04f 100644
--- a/source/op/_quantize_nvnmd_grad.py
+++ b/source/op/_quantize_nvnmd_grad.py
@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 
-from tensorflow.python.framework import ops
+from tensorflow.python.framework import (
+    ops,
+)
 
-from deepmd.env import op_module
+from deepmd.env import (
+    op_module,
+)
 
 
 @ops.RegisterGradient("QuantizeNvnmd")
diff --git a/source/op/_soft_min_force_grad.py b/source/op/_soft_min_force_grad.py
index 0ea5db0c6d..c8519886d5 100644
--- a/source/op/_soft_min_force_grad.py
+++ b/source/op/_soft_min_force_grad.py
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 """Gradients for soft min force."""
 
-from tensorflow.python.framework import ops
+from tensorflow.python.framework import (
+    ops,
+)
 
-from deepmd.env import op_grads_module
+from deepmd.env import (
+    op_grads_module,
+)
 
 
 @ops.RegisterGradient("SoftMinForce")
diff --git a/source/op/_soft_min_virial_grad.py b/source/op/_soft_min_virial_grad.py
index a12050ee6a..f35bba9080 100644
--- a/source/op/_soft_min_virial_grad.py
+++ b/source/op/_soft_min_virial_grad.py
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 """Gradients for soft min virial."""
 
-from tensorflow.python.framework import ops
+from tensorflow.python.framework import (
+    ops,
+)
 
-from deepmd.env import op_grads_module
+from deepmd.env import (
+    op_grads_module,
+)
 
 
 @ops.RegisterGradient("SoftMinVirial")
diff --git a/source/op/_tabulate_grad.py b/source/op/_tabulate_grad.py
index 369d584e9e..785146cfcc 100644
--- a/source/op/_tabulate_grad.py
+++ b/source/op/_tabulate_grad.py
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 """Gradients for tabulate."""
 
-from tensorflow.python.framework import ops
+from tensorflow.python.framework import (
+    ops,
+)
 
-from deepmd.env import op_module
+from deepmd.env import (
+    op_module,
+)
 
 # from deepmd.DescrptSeATabulate import last_layer_size
 
diff --git a/source/op/_tanh4_flt_nvnmd_grad.py b/source/op/_tanh4_flt_nvnmd_grad.py
index bcfc01dbe9..9ccfe701df 100644
--- a/source/op/_tanh4_flt_nvnmd_grad.py
+++ b/source/op/_tanh4_flt_nvnmd_grad.py
@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 
-from tensorflow.python.framework import ops
+from tensorflow.python.framework import (
+    ops,
+)
 
-from deepmd.env import tf
+from deepmd.env import (
+    tf,
+)
 
 
 @ops.RegisterGradient("Tanh4FltNvnmd")
diff --git a/source/tests/common.py b/source/tests/common.py
index a450fcca00..dcbccd221a 100644
--- a/source/tests/common.py
+++ b/source/tests/common.py
@@ -8,9 +8,13 @@
 import numpy as np
 
 from deepmd.common import j_loader as dp_j_loader
-from deepmd.entrypoints.main import main
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import tf
+from deepmd.entrypoints.main import (
+    main,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    tf,
+)
 from deepmd.utils import random as dp_random
 
 if GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION == np.float32:
diff --git a/source/tests/test_activation_fn_gelu.py b/source/tests/test_activation_fn_gelu.py
index ade5afab21..4b0a430c35 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_activation_fn_gelu.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_activation_fn_gelu.py
@@ -2,9 +2,15 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.common import get_activation_func
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.utils.network import embedding_net
+from deepmd.common import (
+    get_activation_func,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.network import (
+    embedding_net,
+)
 
 
 class TestGelu(tf.test.TestCase):
diff --git a/source/tests/test_adjust_sel.py b/source/tests/test_adjust_sel.py
index f9d876f8df..f7908af01c 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_adjust_sel.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_adjust_sel.py
@@ -6,12 +6,18 @@
 import numpy as np
 
 # from deepmd.entrypoints.compress import compress
-from common import j_loader
-from common import run_dp
-from common import tests_path
+from common import (
+    j_loader,
+    run_dp,
+    tests_path,
+)
 
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.infer import DeepPot
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+)
+from deepmd.infer import (
+    DeepPot,
+)
 
 if GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION == np.float32:
     default_places = 4
diff --git a/source/tests/test_argument_parser.py b/source/tests/test_argument_parser.py
index 2dd1cf0646..e48a2da24b 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_argument_parser.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_argument_parser.py
@@ -2,18 +2,28 @@
 
 import re
 import unittest
-from argparse import Namespace
-from contextlib import redirect_stderr
-from io import StringIO
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
-from typing import Any
-from typing import Dict
-from typing import List
-from typing import Tuple
-from typing import Union
-
-from deepmd.entrypoints.main import get_ll
-from deepmd.entrypoints.main import parse_args
+from argparse import (
+    Namespace,
+)
+from contextlib import (
+    redirect_stderr,
+)
+from io import (
+    StringIO,
+)
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Dict,
+    List,
+    Tuple,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from deepmd.entrypoints.main import (
+    get_ll,
+    parse_args,
+)
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     try:
diff --git a/source/tests/test_auto_batch_size.py b/source/tests/test_auto_batch_size.py
index 5fa7e2c4f7..bd863b2633 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_auto_batch_size.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_auto_batch_size.py
@@ -3,8 +3,12 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.utils.batch_size import AutoBatchSize
-from deepmd.utils.errors import OutOfMemoryError
+from deepmd.utils.batch_size import (
+    AutoBatchSize,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.errors import (
+    OutOfMemoryError,
+)
 
 
 class TestAutoBatchSize(unittest.TestCase):
diff --git a/source/tests/test_cluster.py b/source/tests/test_cluster.py
index 53a2ace763..ceaddf41d4 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_cluster.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_cluster.py
@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
 import unittest
-from unittest import mock
-
-from deepmd.cluster import local
-from deepmd.cluster import slurm
+from unittest import (
+    mock,
+)
+
+from deepmd.cluster import (
+    local,
+    slurm,
+)
 
 kHostName = "compute-b24-1"
 
diff --git a/source/tests/test_common.py b/source/tests/test_common.py
index 7bfe700a51..c3d6172f5b 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_common.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_common.py
@@ -1,11 +1,17 @@
 import shutil
 import unittest
-from pathlib import Path
+from pathlib import (
+    Path,
+)
 
-from deepmd.common import GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.common import cast_precision
-from deepmd.common import expand_sys_str
-from deepmd.env import tf
+from deepmd.common import (
+    GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    cast_precision,
+    expand_sys_str,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    tf,
+)
 
 
 # compute relative path
diff --git a/source/tests/test_compat_input.py b/source/tests/test_compat_input.py
index 91a51e52c6..df5fcd45f7 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_compat_input.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_compat_input.py
@@ -1,10 +1,14 @@
 import os
 import unittest
 
-from common import j_loader
-
-from deepmd.utils.compat import convert_input_v0_v1
-from deepmd.utils.compat import convert_input_v1_v2
+from common import (
+    j_loader,
+)
+
+from deepmd.utils.compat import (
+    convert_input_v0_v1,
+    convert_input_v1_v2,
+)
 
 
 class TestConvertInput(unittest.TestCase):
diff --git a/source/tests/test_data_large_batch.py b/source/tests/test_data_large_batch.py
index ba7f425c6d..531c6de4f3 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_data_large_batch.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_data_large_batch.py
@@ -1,17 +1,33 @@
 import unittest
 
 import numpy as np
-from common import gen_data
-from common import j_loader
+from common import (
+    gen_data,
+    j_loader,
+)
 from packaging.version import parse as parse_version
 
-from deepmd.common import j_must_have
-from deepmd.descriptor import DescrptSeAtten
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.fit import EnerFitting
-from deepmd.model import EnerModel
-from deepmd.utils.data_system import DeepmdDataSystem
-from deepmd.utils.type_embed import TypeEmbedNet
+from deepmd.common import (
+    j_must_have,
+)
+from deepmd.descriptor import (
+    DescrptSeAtten,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.fit import (
+    EnerFitting,
+)
+from deepmd.model import (
+    EnerModel,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.data_system import (
+    DeepmdDataSystem,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.type_embed import (
+    TypeEmbedNet,
+)
 
 GLOBAL_ENER_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
 GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
diff --git a/source/tests/test_data_modifier.py b/source/tests/test_data_modifier.py
index 793dc0540f..99395f1127 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_data_modifier.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_data_modifier.py
@@ -1,18 +1,32 @@
 import os
 
 import numpy as np
-from common import Data
-from common import j_loader
-from common import tests_path
-
-from deepmd.common import data_requirement
-from deepmd.common import j_must_have
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.infer.data_modifier import DipoleChargeModifier
-from deepmd.train.run_options import RunOptions
-from deepmd.train.trainer import DPTrainer
-from deepmd.utils.data_system import DeepmdDataSystem
+from common import (
+    Data,
+    j_loader,
+    tests_path,
+)
+
+from deepmd.common import (
+    data_requirement,
+    j_must_have,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.infer.data_modifier import (
+    DipoleChargeModifier,
+)
+from deepmd.train.run_options import (
+    RunOptions,
+)
+from deepmd.train.trainer import (
+    DPTrainer,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.data_system import (
+    DeepmdDataSystem,
+)
 
 if GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION == np.float32:
     global_default_fv_hh = 1e-2
diff --git a/source/tests/test_data_modifier_shuffle.py b/source/tests/test_data_modifier_shuffle.py
index 62725407de..7a7a9628e1 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_data_modifier_shuffle.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_data_modifier_shuffle.py
@@ -3,15 +3,29 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.common import data_requirement
-from deepmd.common import j_must_have
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.infer.data_modifier import DipoleChargeModifier
-from deepmd.infer.deep_dipole import DeepDipole
-from deepmd.train.run_options import RunOptions
-from deepmd.train.trainer import DPTrainer
-from deepmd.utils.data_system import DeepmdDataSystem
+from deepmd.common import (
+    data_requirement,
+    j_must_have,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.infer.data_modifier import (
+    DipoleChargeModifier,
+)
+from deepmd.infer.deep_dipole import (
+    DeepDipole,
+)
+from deepmd.train.run_options import (
+    RunOptions,
+)
+from deepmd.train.trainer import (
+    DPTrainer,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.data_system import (
+    DeepmdDataSystem,
+)
 
 if GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION == np.float32:
     global_default_fv_hh = 1e-2
diff --git a/source/tests/test_data_requirement.py b/source/tests/test_data_requirement.py
index cc204cc818..c407e3d5bd 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_data_requirement.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_data_requirement.py
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 import unittest
 
-from deepmd.common import add_data_requirement
-from deepmd.common import data_requirement
+from deepmd.common import (
+    add_data_requirement,
+    data_requirement,
+)
 
 
 class TestDataRequirement(unittest.TestCase):
diff --git a/source/tests/test_deepdipole.py b/source/tests/test_deepdipole.py
index 7b41f1d244..ee96a74392 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_deepdipole.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_deepdipole.py
@@ -2,15 +2,23 @@
 import unittest
 
 import numpy as np
-from common import finite_difference
-from common import strerch_box
-from common import tests_path
-from common import tf
+from common import (
+    finite_difference,
+    strerch_box,
+    tests_path,
+    tf,
+)
 from packaging.version import parse as parse_version
 
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.infer import DeepDipole
-from deepmd.utils.convert import convert_pbtxt_to_pb
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+)
+from deepmd.infer import (
+    DeepDipole,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.convert import (
+    convert_pbtxt_to_pb,
+)
 
 if GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION == np.float32:
     default_places = 4
diff --git a/source/tests/test_deepdos.py b/source/tests/test_deepdos.py
index 2d405ee201..c8968c04d5 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_deepdos.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_deepdos.py
@@ -2,11 +2,19 @@
 import unittest
 
 import numpy as np
-from common import tests_path
+from common import (
+    tests_path,
+)
 
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.infer import DeepDOS
-from deepmd.utils.convert import convert_pbtxt_to_pb
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+)
+from deepmd.infer import (
+    DeepDOS,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.convert import (
+    convert_pbtxt_to_pb,
+)
 
 if GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION == np.float32:
     default_places = 4
diff --git a/source/tests/test_deepmd_data.py b/source/tests/test_deepmd_data.py
index 1166ab9950..3861b37312 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_deepmd_data.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_deepmd_data.py
@@ -4,10 +4,16 @@
 import unittest
 
 import numpy as np
-from common import tests_path
+from common import (
+    tests_path,
+)
 
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.utils.data import DeepmdData
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.data import (
+    DeepmdData,
+)
 
 if GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION == np.float32:
     places = 6
diff --git a/source/tests/test_deepmd_data_sys.py b/source/tests/test_deepmd_data_sys.py
index 4b1d6d9509..5ed9d3d3f6 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_deepmd_data_sys.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_deepmd_data_sys.py
@@ -4,9 +4,15 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.utils import random
-from deepmd.utils.data_system import DeepmdDataSystem
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+)
+from deepmd.utils import (
+    random,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.data_system import (
+    DeepmdDataSystem,
+)
 
 if GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION == np.float32:
     places = 6
diff --git a/source/tests/test_deeppolar.py b/source/tests/test_deeppolar.py
index 28530580e8..10c2fefb33 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_deeppolar.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_deeppolar.py
@@ -2,13 +2,21 @@
 import unittest
 
 import numpy as np
-from common import tests_path
-from common import tf
+from common import (
+    tests_path,
+    tf,
+)
 from packaging.version import parse as parse_version
 
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.infer import DeepPolar
-from deepmd.utils.convert import convert_pbtxt_to_pb
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+)
+from deepmd.infer import (
+    DeepPolar,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.convert import (
+    convert_pbtxt_to_pb,
+)
 
 if GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION == np.float32:
     default_places = 4
diff --git a/source/tests/test_deeppot_a.py b/source/tests/test_deeppot_a.py
index 57cf70beaf..a0a3bd0f33 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_deeppot_a.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_deeppot_a.py
@@ -3,19 +3,27 @@
 import unittest
 
 import numpy as np
-from common import run_dp
-from common import tests_path
+from common import (
+    run_dp,
+    tests_path,
+)
 
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import MODEL_VERSION
-from deepmd.infer import DeepPot
-from deepmd.utils.convert import convert_dp10_to_dp11
-from deepmd.utils.convert import convert_dp012_to_dp10
-from deepmd.utils.convert import convert_dp12_to_dp13
-from deepmd.utils.convert import convert_dp13_to_dp20
-from deepmd.utils.convert import convert_dp20_to_dp21
-from deepmd.utils.convert import convert_pbtxt_to_pb
-from deepmd.utils.convert import detect_model_version
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    MODEL_VERSION,
+)
+from deepmd.infer import (
+    DeepPot,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.convert import (
+    convert_dp10_to_dp11,
+    convert_dp012_to_dp10,
+    convert_dp12_to_dp13,
+    convert_dp13_to_dp20,
+    convert_dp20_to_dp21,
+    convert_pbtxt_to_pb,
+    detect_model_version,
+)
 
 if GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION == np.float32:
     default_places = 4
@@ -664,9 +672,13 @@ def test_1frame_atm(self):
         np.testing.assert_almost_equal(vv.ravel(), expected_sv.ravel(), default_places)
 
     def test_ase(self):
-        from ase import Atoms
+        from ase import (
+            Atoms,
+        )
 
-        from deepmd.calculator import DP
+        from deepmd.calculator import (
+            DP,
+        )
 
         water = Atoms(
             "OHHOHH",
diff --git a/source/tests/test_deeppot_r.py b/source/tests/test_deeppot_r.py
index acc11b8305..36d840b831 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_deeppot_r.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_deeppot_r.py
@@ -2,11 +2,19 @@
 import unittest
 
 import numpy as np
-from common import tests_path
+from common import (
+    tests_path,
+)
 
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.infer import DeepPot
-from deepmd.utils.convert import convert_pbtxt_to_pb
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+)
+from deepmd.infer import (
+    DeepPot,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.convert import (
+    convert_pbtxt_to_pb,
+)
 
 if GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION == np.float32:
     default_places = 4
diff --git a/source/tests/test_deeppot_spin.py b/source/tests/test_deeppot_spin.py
index 0d4db8fd57..516633b9e6 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_deeppot_spin.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_deeppot_spin.py
@@ -2,11 +2,19 @@
 import unittest
 
 import numpy as np
-from common import tests_path
+from common import (
+    tests_path,
+)
 
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.infer import DeepPot
-from deepmd.utils.convert import convert_pbtxt_to_pb
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+)
+from deepmd.infer import (
+    DeepPot,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.convert import (
+    convert_pbtxt_to_pb,
+)
 
 if GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION == np.float32:
     default_places = 4
diff --git a/source/tests/test_descrpt_nonsmth.py b/source/tests/test_descrpt_nonsmth.py
index 3e24465f84..a0e560c331 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_descrpt_nonsmth.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_descrpt_nonsmth.py
@@ -1,17 +1,21 @@
 import unittest
 
 import numpy as np
-from common import Data
-from common import force_dw_test
-from common import force_test
-from common import virial_dw_test
-from common import virial_test
+from common import (
+    Data,
+    force_dw_test,
+    force_test,
+    virial_dw_test,
+    virial_test,
+)
 
 # load grad of force module
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import op_module
-from deepmd.env import tf
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    op_module,
+    tf,
+)
 
 
 class Inter:
diff --git a/source/tests/test_descrpt_se_a_mask.py b/source/tests/test_descrpt_se_a_mask.py
index d5011f9c58..b5281b0ed4 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_descrpt_se_a_mask.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_descrpt_se_a_mask.py
@@ -2,14 +2,26 @@
 import pathlib
 
 import numpy as np
-from common import DataSystem
-from common import j_loader
+from common import (
+    DataSystem,
+    j_loader,
+)
 
-from deepmd.common import j_must_have
-from deepmd.descriptor import DescrptSeAMask
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.infer import DeepPot
-from deepmd.utils.convert import convert_pbtxt_to_pb
+from deepmd.common import (
+    j_must_have,
+)
+from deepmd.descriptor import (
+    DescrptSeAMask,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.infer import (
+    DeepPot,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.convert import (
+    convert_pbtxt_to_pb,
+)
 
 GLOBAL_ENER_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
 GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
diff --git a/source/tests/test_descrpt_se_a_type.py b/source/tests/test_descrpt_se_a_type.py
index 604a909b85..e143709b47 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_descrpt_se_a_type.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_descrpt_se_a_type.py
@@ -1,12 +1,22 @@
 import numpy as np
-from common import DataSystem
-from common import gen_data
-from common import j_loader
-
-from deepmd.common import j_must_have
-from deepmd.descriptor import DescrptSeA
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.utils.type_embed import TypeEmbedNet
+from common import (
+    DataSystem,
+    gen_data,
+    j_loader,
+)
+
+from deepmd.common import (
+    j_must_have,
+)
+from deepmd.descriptor import (
+    DescrptSeA,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.type_embed import (
+    TypeEmbedNet,
+)
 
 GLOBAL_ENER_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
 GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
diff --git a/source/tests/test_descrpt_se_atten.py b/source/tests/test_descrpt_se_atten.py
index 459190ac16..cfa2cdaae5 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_descrpt_se_atten.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_descrpt_se_atten.py
@@ -1,15 +1,25 @@
 import unittest
 
 import numpy as np
-from common import DataSystem
-from common import gen_data
-from common import j_loader
+from common import (
+    DataSystem,
+    gen_data,
+    j_loader,
+)
 from packaging.version import parse as parse_version
 
-from deepmd.common import j_must_have
-from deepmd.descriptor import DescrptSeAtten
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.utils.type_embed import TypeEmbedNet
+from deepmd.common import (
+    j_must_have,
+)
+from deepmd.descriptor import (
+    DescrptSeAtten,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.type_embed import (
+    TypeEmbedNet,
+)
 
 GLOBAL_ENER_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
 GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
diff --git a/source/tests/test_descrpt_se_r.py b/source/tests/test_descrpt_se_r.py
index 6778136b91..362d64f58d 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_descrpt_se_r.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_descrpt_se_r.py
@@ -1,17 +1,21 @@
 import unittest
 
 import numpy as np
-from common import Data
-from common import force_dw_test
-from common import force_test
-from common import virial_dw_test
-from common import virial_test
+from common import (
+    Data,
+    force_dw_test,
+    force_test,
+    virial_dw_test,
+    virial_test,
+)
 
 # load grad of force module
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import op_module
-from deepmd.env import tf
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    op_module,
+    tf,
+)
 
 
 class Inter:
diff --git a/source/tests/test_descrpt_sea_ef.py b/source/tests/test_descrpt_sea_ef.py
index 545920cd3e..ef0712c5ae 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_descrpt_sea_ef.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_descrpt_sea_ef.py
@@ -1,17 +1,21 @@
 import unittest
 
 import numpy as np
-from common import Data
-from common import force_dw_test
-from common import force_test
-from common import virial_dw_test
-from common import virial_test
+from common import (
+    Data,
+    force_dw_test,
+    force_test,
+    virial_dw_test,
+    virial_test,
+)
 
 # load grad of force module
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import op_module
-from deepmd.env import tf
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    op_module,
+    tf,
+)
 
 
 class Inter:
diff --git a/source/tests/test_descrpt_sea_ef_para.py b/source/tests/test_descrpt_sea_ef_para.py
index f7dff2151f..68696ac4f0 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_descrpt_sea_ef_para.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_descrpt_sea_ef_para.py
@@ -1,17 +1,21 @@
 import unittest
 
 import numpy as np
-from common import Data
-from common import force_dw_test
-from common import force_test
-from common import virial_dw_test
-from common import virial_test
+from common import (
+    Data,
+    force_dw_test,
+    force_test,
+    virial_dw_test,
+    virial_test,
+)
 
 # load grad of force module
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import op_module
-from deepmd.env import tf
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    op_module,
+    tf,
+)
 
 
 class Inter:
diff --git a/source/tests/test_descrpt_sea_ef_rot.py b/source/tests/test_descrpt_sea_ef_rot.py
index 9098422662..cdeb51350e 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_descrpt_sea_ef_rot.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_descrpt_sea_ef_rot.py
@@ -2,12 +2,16 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.descriptor import DescrptSeA
-from deepmd.descriptor import DescrptSeAEfLower
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import op_module
-from deepmd.env import tf
+from deepmd.descriptor import (
+    DescrptSeA,
+    DescrptSeAEfLower,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    op_module,
+    tf,
+)
 
 
 class TestEfRot(tf.test.TestCase):
diff --git a/source/tests/test_descrpt_sea_ef_vert.py b/source/tests/test_descrpt_sea_ef_vert.py
index e8b48583b5..67269cff77 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_descrpt_sea_ef_vert.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_descrpt_sea_ef_vert.py
@@ -1,17 +1,21 @@
 import unittest
 
 import numpy as np
-from common import Data
-from common import force_dw_test
-from common import force_test
-from common import virial_dw_test
-from common import virial_test
+from common import (
+    Data,
+    force_dw_test,
+    force_test,
+    virial_dw_test,
+    virial_test,
+)
 
 # load grad of force module
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import op_module
-from deepmd.env import tf
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    op_module,
+    tf,
+)
 
 
 class Inter:
diff --git a/source/tests/test_descrpt_smooth.py b/source/tests/test_descrpt_smooth.py
index 3092ffd8c8..a42bfa91dc 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_descrpt_smooth.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_descrpt_smooth.py
@@ -1,17 +1,21 @@
 import unittest
 
 import numpy as np
-from common import Data
-from common import force_dw_test
-from common import force_test
-from common import virial_dw_test
-from common import virial_test
+from common import (
+    Data,
+    force_dw_test,
+    force_test,
+    virial_dw_test,
+    virial_test,
+)
 
 # load grad of force module
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import op_module
-from deepmd.env import tf
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    op_module,
+    tf,
+)
 
 
 class Inter:
diff --git a/source/tests/test_dipole_se_a.py b/source/tests/test_dipole_se_a.py
index ca6bb968e3..6203338cf7 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_dipole_se_a.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_dipole_se_a.py
@@ -1,15 +1,27 @@
 import numpy as np
-from common import DataSystem
-from common import finite_difference
-from common import gen_data
-from common import j_loader
-from common import strerch_box
-
-from deepmd.common import j_must_have
-from deepmd.descriptor import DescrptSeA
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.fit import DipoleFittingSeA
-from deepmd.model import DipoleModel
+from common import (
+    DataSystem,
+    finite_difference,
+    gen_data,
+    j_loader,
+    strerch_box,
+)
+
+from deepmd.common import (
+    j_must_have,
+)
+from deepmd.descriptor import (
+    DescrptSeA,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.fit import (
+    DipoleFittingSeA,
+)
+from deepmd.model import (
+    DipoleModel,
+)
 
 GLOBAL_ENER_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
 GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
diff --git a/source/tests/test_dipole_se_a_tebd.py b/source/tests/test_dipole_se_a_tebd.py
index 2a8fb93e83..5eda943255 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_dipole_se_a_tebd.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_dipole_se_a_tebd.py
@@ -1,19 +1,33 @@
 import unittest
 
 import numpy as np
-from common import DataSystem
-from common import finite_difference
-from common import gen_data
-from common import j_loader
-from common import strerch_box
+from common import (
+    DataSystem,
+    finite_difference,
+    gen_data,
+    j_loader,
+    strerch_box,
+)
 from packaging.version import parse as parse_version
 
-from deepmd.common import j_must_have
-from deepmd.descriptor import DescrptSeA
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.fit import DipoleFittingSeA
-from deepmd.model import DipoleModel
-from deepmd.utils.type_embed import TypeEmbedNet
+from deepmd.common import (
+    j_must_have,
+)
+from deepmd.descriptor import (
+    DescrptSeA,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.fit import (
+    DipoleFittingSeA,
+)
+from deepmd.model import (
+    DipoleModel,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.type_embed import (
+    TypeEmbedNet,
+)
 
 GLOBAL_ENER_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
 GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
diff --git a/source/tests/test_dipolecharge.py b/source/tests/test_dipolecharge.py
index b3119f08eb..8fce3c2e12 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_dipolecharge.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_dipolecharge.py
@@ -2,11 +2,19 @@
 import unittest
 
 import numpy as np
-from common import tests_path
+from common import (
+    tests_path,
+)
 
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.infer import DipoleChargeModifier
-from deepmd.utils.convert import convert_pbtxt_to_pb
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+)
+from deepmd.infer import (
+    DipoleChargeModifier,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.convert import (
+    convert_pbtxt_to_pb,
+)
 
 if GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION == np.float32:
     default_places = 4
diff --git a/source/tests/test_embedding_net.py b/source/tests/test_embedding_net.py
index a50a071af3..7fb238e9e2 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_embedding_net.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_embedding_net.py
@@ -2,8 +2,12 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.utils.network import embedding_net
+from deepmd.env import (
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.network import (
+    embedding_net,
+)
 
 
 class Inter(tf.test.TestCase):
diff --git a/source/tests/test_env.py b/source/tests/test_env.py
index 25480f8056..e1864306c3 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_env.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_env.py
@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
 import unittest
-from unittest import mock
+from unittest import (
+    mock,
+)
 
-from deepmd import env
+from deepmd import (
+    env,
+)
 
 
 class TestTFThreadCount(unittest.TestCase):
diff --git a/source/tests/test_ewald.py b/source/tests/test_ewald.py
index b5b805ce74..0f6fb85228 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_ewald.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_ewald.py
@@ -1,10 +1,14 @@
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.infer.ewald_recp import EwaldRecp
-from deepmd.infer.ewald_recp import op_module
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.infer.ewald_recp import (
+    EwaldRecp,
+    op_module,
+)
 
 if GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION == np.float32:
     global_default_fv_hh = 1e-2
diff --git a/source/tests/test_examples.py b/source/tests/test_examples.py
index 13c0bc2758..138a7205b5 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_examples.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_examples.py
@@ -2,10 +2,16 @@
 could pass the argument checking.
 """
 import unittest
-from pathlib import Path
+from pathlib import (
+    Path,
+)
 
-from deepmd.common import j_loader
-from deepmd.utils.argcheck import normalize
+from deepmd.common import (
+    j_loader,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.argcheck import (
+    normalize,
+)
 
 p_examples = Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent / "examples"
 
diff --git a/source/tests/test_finetune_se_atten.py b/source/tests/test_finetune_se_atten.py
index d0e0601636..18c89f0153 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_finetune_se_atten.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_finetune_se_atten.py
@@ -4,18 +4,32 @@
 import unittest
 
 import numpy as np
-from common import j_loader
-from common import run_dp
-from common import tests_path
+from common import (
+    j_loader,
+    run_dp,
+    tests_path,
+)
 from packaging.version import parse as parse_version
 
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.infer import DeepPotential
-from deepmd.utils.argcheck import normalize
-from deepmd.utils.compat import update_deepmd_input
-from deepmd.utils.data_system import DeepmdDataSystem
-from deepmd.utils.graph import get_tensor_by_name
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.infer import (
+    DeepPotential,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.argcheck import (
+    normalize,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.compat import (
+    update_deepmd_input,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.data_system import (
+    DeepmdDataSystem,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.graph import (
+    get_tensor_by_name,
+)
 
 if GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION == np.float32:
     default_places = 4
diff --git a/source/tests/test_fitting_dos.py b/source/tests/test_fitting_dos.py
index c91bf6d3d7..7e4c5f4c07 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_fitting_dos.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_fitting_dos.py
@@ -1,12 +1,22 @@
 import numpy as np
-from common import DataSystem
-from common import gen_data
-from common import j_loader
-
-from deepmd.common import j_must_have
-from deepmd.descriptor import DescrptSeA
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.fit import DOSFitting
+from common import (
+    DataSystem,
+    gen_data,
+    j_loader,
+)
+
+from deepmd.common import (
+    j_must_have,
+)
+from deepmd.descriptor import (
+    DescrptSeA,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.fit import (
+    DOSFitting,
+)
 
 GLOBAL_ENER_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
 GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
diff --git a/source/tests/test_fitting_ener_type.py b/source/tests/test_fitting_ener_type.py
index fe4c452490..ca0c7afd79 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_fitting_ener_type.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_fitting_ener_type.py
@@ -1,12 +1,22 @@
 import numpy as np
-from common import DataSystem
-from common import gen_data
-from common import j_loader
-
-from deepmd.common import j_must_have
-from deepmd.descriptor import DescrptSeA
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.fit import EnerFitting
+from common import (
+    DataSystem,
+    gen_data,
+    j_loader,
+)
+
+from deepmd.common import (
+    j_must_have,
+)
+from deepmd.descriptor import (
+    DescrptSeA,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.fit import (
+    EnerFitting,
+)
 
 GLOBAL_ENER_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
 GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
diff --git a/source/tests/test_fitting_stat.py b/source/tests/test_fitting_stat.py
index 536f130d7a..8ea1ff8b68 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_fitting_stat.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_fitting_stat.py
@@ -1,11 +1,19 @@
 import unittest
-from collections import defaultdict
+from collections import (
+    defaultdict,
+)
 
 import numpy as np
-from common import j_loader
+from common import (
+    j_loader,
+)
 
-from deepmd.descriptor import DescrptSeA
-from deepmd.fit import EnerFitting
+from deepmd.descriptor import (
+    DescrptSeA,
+)
+from deepmd.fit import (
+    EnerFitting,
+)
 
 input_json = "water_se_a_afparam.json"
 
diff --git a/source/tests/test_gen_stat_data.py b/source/tests/test_gen_stat_data.py
index 48e7deeb6e..eac279a3a4 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_gen_stat_data.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_gen_stat_data.py
@@ -4,13 +4,21 @@
 import dpdata
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.descriptor import DescrptSeA
-from deepmd.fit import EnerFitting
-from deepmd.model.model_stat import _make_all_stat_ref
-from deepmd.model.model_stat import make_stat_input
-from deepmd.model.model_stat import merge_sys_stat
+from deepmd.descriptor import (
+    DescrptSeA,
+)
+from deepmd.fit import (
+    EnerFitting,
+)
+from deepmd.model.model_stat import (
+    _make_all_stat_ref,
+    make_stat_input,
+    merge_sys_stat,
+)
 from deepmd.utils import random as dp_random
-from deepmd.utils.data_system import DeepmdDataSystem
+from deepmd.utils.data_system import (
+    DeepmdDataSystem,
+)
 
 
 def gen_sys(nframes, atom_types):
diff --git a/source/tests/test_get_potential.py b/source/tests/test_get_potential.py
index 9d13c48074..869325e1c3 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_get_potential.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_get_potential.py
@@ -1,13 +1,19 @@
 """Test if `DeepPotential` facto function returns the right type of potential."""
 
 import unittest
-from pathlib import Path
-
-from deepmd.infer import DeepDipole
-from deepmd.infer import DeepPolar
-from deepmd.infer import DeepPot
-from deepmd.infer import DeepPotential
-from deepmd.utils.convert import convert_pbtxt_to_pb
+from pathlib import (
+    Path,
+)
+
+from deepmd.infer import (
+    DeepDipole,
+    DeepPolar,
+    DeepPot,
+    DeepPotential,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.convert import (
+    convert_pbtxt_to_pb,
+)
 
 
 class TestGetPotential(unittest.TestCase):
diff --git a/source/tests/test_init_frz_model_multi.py b/source/tests/test_init_frz_model_multi.py
index b4ea0d42c0..e7cf2a5f7f 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_init_frz_model_multi.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_init_frz_model_multi.py
@@ -3,18 +3,34 @@
 import unittest
 
 import numpy as np
-from common import j_loader
-from common import run_dp
-from common import tests_path
-
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.train.run_options import RunOptions
-from deepmd.train.trainer import DPTrainer
-from deepmd.utils.argcheck import normalize
-from deepmd.utils.compat import update_deepmd_input
-from deepmd.utils.data_system import DeepmdDataSystem
-from deepmd.utils.multi_init import replace_model_params_with_frz_multi_model
+from common import (
+    j_loader,
+    run_dp,
+    tests_path,
+)
+
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.train.run_options import (
+    RunOptions,
+)
+from deepmd.train.trainer import (
+    DPTrainer,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.argcheck import (
+    normalize,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.compat import (
+    update_deepmd_input,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.data_system import (
+    DeepmdDataSystem,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.multi_init import (
+    replace_model_params_with_frz_multi_model,
+)
 
 if GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION == np.float32:
     default_places = 4
diff --git a/source/tests/test_init_frz_model_se_a.py b/source/tests/test_init_frz_model_se_a.py
index 554a0f0054..2e73254e84 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_init_frz_model_se_a.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_init_frz_model_se_a.py
@@ -3,17 +3,31 @@
 import unittest
 
 import numpy as np
-from common import j_loader
-from common import run_dp
-from common import tests_path
-
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.train.run_options import RunOptions
-from deepmd.train.trainer import DPTrainer
-from deepmd.utils.argcheck import normalize
-from deepmd.utils.compat import update_deepmd_input
-from deepmd.utils.data_system import DeepmdDataSystem
+from common import (
+    j_loader,
+    run_dp,
+    tests_path,
+)
+
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.train.run_options import (
+    RunOptions,
+)
+from deepmd.train.trainer import (
+    DPTrainer,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.argcheck import (
+    normalize,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.compat import (
+    update_deepmd_input,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.data_system import (
+    DeepmdDataSystem,
+)
 
 if GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION == np.float32:
     default_places = 4
diff --git a/source/tests/test_init_frz_model_se_a_type.py b/source/tests/test_init_frz_model_se_a_type.py
index 11acc5a237..dd09f0d3c2 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_init_frz_model_se_a_type.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_init_frz_model_se_a_type.py
@@ -3,17 +3,31 @@
 import unittest
 
 import numpy as np
-from common import j_loader
-from common import run_dp
-from common import tests_path
-
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.train.run_options import RunOptions
-from deepmd.train.trainer import DPTrainer
-from deepmd.utils.argcheck import normalize
-from deepmd.utils.compat import update_deepmd_input
-from deepmd.utils.data_system import DeepmdDataSystem
+from common import (
+    j_loader,
+    run_dp,
+    tests_path,
+)
+
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.train.run_options import (
+    RunOptions,
+)
+from deepmd.train.trainer import (
+    DPTrainer,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.argcheck import (
+    normalize,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.compat import (
+    update_deepmd_input,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.data_system import (
+    DeepmdDataSystem,
+)
 
 if GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION == np.float32:
     default_places = 4
diff --git a/source/tests/test_init_frz_model_se_atten.py b/source/tests/test_init_frz_model_se_atten.py
index 3c5bb940b7..86a4fd86b9 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_init_frz_model_se_atten.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_init_frz_model_se_atten.py
@@ -3,18 +3,32 @@
 import unittest
 
 import numpy as np
-from common import j_loader
-from common import run_dp
-from common import tests_path
+from common import (
+    j_loader,
+    run_dp,
+    tests_path,
+)
 from packaging.version import parse as parse_version
 
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.train.run_options import RunOptions
-from deepmd.train.trainer import DPTrainer
-from deepmd.utils.argcheck import normalize
-from deepmd.utils.compat import update_deepmd_input
-from deepmd.utils.data_system import DeepmdDataSystem
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.train.run_options import (
+    RunOptions,
+)
+from deepmd.train.trainer import (
+    DPTrainer,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.argcheck import (
+    normalize,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.compat import (
+    update_deepmd_input,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.data_system import (
+    DeepmdDataSystem,
+)
 
 if GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION == np.float32:
     default_places = 4
diff --git a/source/tests/test_init_frz_model_se_r.py b/source/tests/test_init_frz_model_se_r.py
index 0c312e9ded..04fb62d45d 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_init_frz_model_se_r.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_init_frz_model_se_r.py
@@ -3,17 +3,31 @@
 import unittest
 
 import numpy as np
-from common import j_loader
-from common import run_dp
-from common import tests_path
-
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.train.run_options import RunOptions
-from deepmd.train.trainer import DPTrainer
-from deepmd.utils.argcheck import normalize
-from deepmd.utils.compat import update_deepmd_input
-from deepmd.utils.data_system import DeepmdDataSystem
+from common import (
+    j_loader,
+    run_dp,
+    tests_path,
+)
+
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.train.run_options import (
+    RunOptions,
+)
+from deepmd.train.trainer import (
+    DPTrainer,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.argcheck import (
+    normalize,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.compat import (
+    update_deepmd_input,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.data_system import (
+    DeepmdDataSystem,
+)
 
 if GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION == np.float32:
     default_places = 4
diff --git a/source/tests/test_init_frz_model_spin.py b/source/tests/test_init_frz_model_spin.py
index f17a1c3079..18fcb71773 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_init_frz_model_spin.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_init_frz_model_spin.py
@@ -3,17 +3,31 @@
 import unittest
 
 import numpy as np
-from common import j_loader
-from common import run_dp
-from common import tests_path
-
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.train.run_options import RunOptions
-from deepmd.train.trainer import DPTrainer
-from deepmd.utils.argcheck import normalize
-from deepmd.utils.compat import update_deepmd_input
-from deepmd.utils.data_system import DeepmdDataSystem
+from common import (
+    j_loader,
+    run_dp,
+    tests_path,
+)
+
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.train.run_options import (
+    RunOptions,
+)
+from deepmd.train.trainer import (
+    DPTrainer,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.argcheck import (
+    normalize,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.compat import (
+    update_deepmd_input,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.data_system import (
+    DeepmdDataSystem,
+)
 
 if GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION == np.float32:
     default_places = 4
diff --git a/source/tests/test_lammps.py b/source/tests/test_lammps.py
index 341b70fdfd..c1a8036a7f 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_lammps.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_lammps.py
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 import os
 import subprocess
 import unittest
-from pathlib import Path
+from pathlib import (
+    Path,
+)
 
-from deepmd.utils.convert import convert_pbtxt_to_pb
+from deepmd.utils.convert import (
+    convert_pbtxt_to_pb,
+)
 
 
 @unittest.skipIf(
diff --git a/source/tests/test_layer_name.py b/source/tests/test_layer_name.py
index 9f3d412ffa..db7bb18d2a 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_layer_name.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_layer_name.py
@@ -1,15 +1,27 @@
 import numpy as np
-from common import DataSystem
-from common import del_data
-from common import gen_data
-from common import j_loader
-
-from deepmd.common import j_must_have
-from deepmd.descriptor import DescrptSeA
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.fit import DipoleFittingSeA
-from deepmd.fit import EnerFitting
-from deepmd.model import MultiModel
+from common import (
+    DataSystem,
+    del_data,
+    gen_data,
+    j_loader,
+)
+
+from deepmd.common import (
+    j_must_have,
+)
+from deepmd.descriptor import (
+    DescrptSeA,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.fit import (
+    DipoleFittingSeA,
+    EnerFitting,
+)
+from deepmd.model import (
+    MultiModel,
+)
 
 GLOBAL_ENER_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
 GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
diff --git a/source/tests/test_mixed_prec_training.py b/source/tests/test_mixed_prec_training.py
index f710f793f4..4becf9464b 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_mixed_prec_training.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_mixed_prec_training.py
@@ -6,12 +6,18 @@
 import numpy as np
 
 # from deepmd.entrypoints.compress import compress
-from common import j_loader
-from common import run_dp
-from common import tests_path
-from packaging.version import Version
+from common import (
+    j_loader,
+    run_dp,
+    tests_path,
+)
+from packaging.version import (
+    Version,
+)
 
-from deepmd.env import TF_VERSION
+from deepmd.env import (
+    TF_VERSION,
+)
 
 
 def _file_delete(file):
diff --git a/source/tests/test_model_compression_se_a.py b/source/tests/test_model_compression_se_a.py
index 9e66f419ff..dcd42184ca 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_model_compression_se_a.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_model_compression_se_a.py
@@ -6,12 +6,18 @@
 import numpy as np
 
 # from deepmd.entrypoints.compress import compress
-from common import j_loader
-from common import run_dp
-from common import tests_path
-
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.infer import DeepPot
+from common import (
+    j_loader,
+    run_dp,
+    tests_path,
+)
+
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+)
+from deepmd.infer import (
+    DeepPot,
+)
 
 if GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION == np.float32:
     default_places = 4
@@ -371,9 +377,13 @@ def test_1frame_atm(self):
         np.testing.assert_almost_equal(vv0, vv1, default_places)
 
     def test_ase(self):
-        from ase import Atoms
+        from ase import (
+            Atoms,
+        )
 
-        from deepmd.calculator import DP
+        from deepmd.calculator import (
+            DP,
+        )
 
         water0 = Atoms(
             "OHHOHH",
diff --git a/source/tests/test_model_compression_se_a_type_one_side_exclude_types.py b/source/tests/test_model_compression_se_a_type_one_side_exclude_types.py
index 6cf332f42d..c39c6470ed 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_model_compression_se_a_type_one_side_exclude_types.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_model_compression_se_a_type_one_side_exclude_types.py
@@ -6,12 +6,18 @@
 import numpy as np
 
 # from deepmd.entrypoints.compress import compress
-from common import j_loader
-from common import run_dp
-from common import tests_path
-
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.infer import DeepPot
+from common import (
+    j_loader,
+    run_dp,
+    tests_path,
+)
+
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+)
+from deepmd.infer import (
+    DeepPot,
+)
 
 if GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION == np.float32:
     default_places = 4
diff --git a/source/tests/test_model_compression_se_r.py b/source/tests/test_model_compression_se_r.py
index 3751ff09d2..f85546b7ee 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_model_compression_se_r.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_model_compression_se_r.py
@@ -6,12 +6,18 @@
 import numpy as np
 
 # from deepmd.entrypoints.compress import compress
-from common import j_loader
-from common import run_dp
-from common import tests_path
-
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.infer import DeepPot
+from common import (
+    j_loader,
+    run_dp,
+    tests_path,
+)
+
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+)
+from deepmd.infer import (
+    DeepPot,
+)
 
 if GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION == np.float32:
     default_places = 4
@@ -379,9 +385,13 @@ def test_1frame_atm(self):
         np.testing.assert_almost_equal(vv0, vv1, default_places)
 
     def test_ase(self):
-        from ase import Atoms
+        from ase import (
+            Atoms,
+        )
 
-        from deepmd.calculator import DP
+        from deepmd.calculator import (
+            DP,
+        )
 
         water0 = Atoms(
             "OHHOHH",
diff --git a/source/tests/test_model_compression_se_t.py b/source/tests/test_model_compression_se_t.py
index fc6b0e3f18..0e33430158 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_model_compression_se_t.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_model_compression_se_t.py
@@ -6,12 +6,18 @@
 import numpy as np
 
 # from deepmd.entrypoints.compress import compress
-from common import j_loader
-from common import run_dp
-from common import tests_path
-
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.infer import DeepPot
+from common import (
+    j_loader,
+    run_dp,
+    tests_path,
+)
+
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+)
+from deepmd.infer import (
+    DeepPot,
+)
 
 if GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION == np.float32:
     default_places = 4
@@ -401,9 +407,13 @@ def test_1frame_atm(self):
         np.testing.assert_almost_equal(vv0, vv1, default_places)
 
     def test_ase(self):
-        from ase import Atoms
+        from ase import (
+            Atoms,
+        )
 
-        from deepmd.calculator import DP
+        from deepmd.calculator import (
+            DP,
+        )
 
         water0 = Atoms(
             "OHHOHH",
diff --git a/source/tests/test_model_devi.py b/source/tests/test_model_devi.py
index 5091648d6c..20dd57386b 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_model_devi.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_model_devi.py
@@ -4,16 +4,24 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.infer import DeepPotential
-from deepmd.infer import calc_model_devi
-from deepmd.infer.model_devi import make_model_devi
+from deepmd.infer import (
+    DeepPotential,
+    calc_model_devi,
+)
+from deepmd.infer.model_devi import (
+    make_model_devi,
+)
 
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__)))
-from common import del_data
-from common import gen_data
-from common import tests_path
+from common import (
+    del_data,
+    gen_data,
+    tests_path,
+)
 
-from deepmd.utils.convert import convert_pbtxt_to_pb
+from deepmd.utils.convert import (
+    convert_pbtxt_to_pb,
+)
 
 
 class TestMakeModelDevi(unittest.TestCase):
diff --git a/source/tests/test_model_devi_mix.py b/source/tests/test_model_devi_mix.py
index d3c166c935..4dcb34bd48 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_model_devi_mix.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_model_devi_mix.py
@@ -4,18 +4,28 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.infer import DeepPotential
-from deepmd.infer import calc_model_devi
-from deepmd.infer.model_devi import make_model_devi
+from deepmd.infer import (
+    DeepPotential,
+    calc_model_devi,
+)
+from deepmd.infer.model_devi import (
+    make_model_devi,
+)
 
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__)))
-from common import del_data
-from common import gen_data
-from common import tests_path
+from common import (
+    del_data,
+    gen_data,
+    tests_path,
+)
 from packaging.version import parse as parse_version
 
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.utils.convert import convert_pbtxt_to_pb
+from deepmd.env import (
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.convert import (
+    convert_pbtxt_to_pb,
+)
 
 
 @unittest.skipIf(
diff --git a/source/tests/test_model_dos.py b/source/tests/test_model_dos.py
index f267e3d5a3..a6c880046e 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_model_dos.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_model_dos.py
@@ -1,14 +1,26 @@
 import numpy as np
-from common import DataSystem
-from common import del_data
-from common import gen_data
-from common import j_loader
+from common import (
+    DataSystem,
+    del_data,
+    gen_data,
+    j_loader,
+)
 
-from deepmd.common import j_must_have
-from deepmd.descriptor import DescrptSeA
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.fit import DOSFitting
-from deepmd.model import DOSModel
+from deepmd.common import (
+    j_must_have,
+)
+from deepmd.descriptor import (
+    DescrptSeA,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.fit import (
+    DOSFitting,
+)
+from deepmd.model import (
+    DOSModel,
+)
 
 GLOBAL_ENER_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
 GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
diff --git a/source/tests/test_model_loc_frame.py b/source/tests/test_model_loc_frame.py
index 68d53badaa..f33c571ed3 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_model_loc_frame.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_model_loc_frame.py
@@ -1,13 +1,25 @@
 import numpy as np
-from common import DataSystem
-from common import gen_data
-from common import j_loader
+from common import (
+    DataSystem,
+    gen_data,
+    j_loader,
+)
 
-from deepmd.common import j_must_have
-from deepmd.descriptor import DescrptLocFrame
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.fit import EnerFitting
-from deepmd.model import EnerModel
+from deepmd.common import (
+    j_must_have,
+)
+from deepmd.descriptor import (
+    DescrptLocFrame,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.fit import (
+    EnerFitting,
+)
+from deepmd.model import (
+    EnerModel,
+)
 
 GLOBAL_ENER_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
 GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
diff --git a/source/tests/test_model_multi.py b/source/tests/test_model_multi.py
index bdd21c28e2..faa682c3a1 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_model_multi.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_model_multi.py
@@ -1,17 +1,29 @@
 import numpy as np
-from common import DataSystem
-from common import del_data
-from common import finite_difference
-from common import gen_data
-from common import j_loader
-from common import strerch_box
-
-from deepmd.common import j_must_have
-from deepmd.descriptor import DescrptSeA
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.fit import DipoleFittingSeA
-from deepmd.fit import EnerFitting
-from deepmd.model import MultiModel
+from common import (
+    DataSystem,
+    del_data,
+    finite_difference,
+    gen_data,
+    j_loader,
+    strerch_box,
+)
+
+from deepmd.common import (
+    j_must_have,
+)
+from deepmd.descriptor import (
+    DescrptSeA,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.fit import (
+    DipoleFittingSeA,
+    EnerFitting,
+)
+from deepmd.model import (
+    MultiModel,
+)
 
 GLOBAL_ENER_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
 GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
diff --git a/source/tests/test_model_se_a.py b/source/tests/test_model_se_a.py
index 0ac359c00f..ec88aceac2 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_model_se_a.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_model_se_a.py
@@ -1,16 +1,30 @@
 import dpdata
 import numpy as np
-from common import DataSystem
-from common import del_data
-from common import gen_data
-from common import j_loader
-
-from deepmd.common import j_must_have
-from deepmd.descriptor import DescrptSeA
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.fit import EnerFitting
-from deepmd.model import EnerModel
-from deepmd.utils.type_embed import TypeEmbedNet
+from common import (
+    DataSystem,
+    del_data,
+    gen_data,
+    j_loader,
+)
+
+from deepmd.common import (
+    j_must_have,
+)
+from deepmd.descriptor import (
+    DescrptSeA,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.fit import (
+    EnerFitting,
+)
+from deepmd.model import (
+    EnerModel,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.type_embed import (
+    TypeEmbedNet,
+)
 
 GLOBAL_ENER_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
 GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
diff --git a/source/tests/test_model_se_a_aparam.py b/source/tests/test_model_se_a_aparam.py
index b183e2593f..1745ffb642 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_model_se_a_aparam.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_model_se_a_aparam.py
@@ -1,13 +1,25 @@
 import numpy as np
-from common import DataSystem
-from common import gen_data
-from common import j_loader
+from common import (
+    DataSystem,
+    gen_data,
+    j_loader,
+)
 
-from deepmd.common import j_must_have
-from deepmd.descriptor import DescrptSeA
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.fit import EnerFitting
-from deepmd.model import EnerModel
+from deepmd.common import (
+    j_must_have,
+)
+from deepmd.descriptor import (
+    DescrptSeA,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.fit import (
+    EnerFitting,
+)
+from deepmd.model import (
+    EnerModel,
+)
 
 GLOBAL_ENER_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
 GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
diff --git a/source/tests/test_model_se_a_ebd.py b/source/tests/test_model_se_a_ebd.py
index 52b67135f4..34832e2b5b 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_model_se_a_ebd.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_model_se_a_ebd.py
@@ -1,13 +1,25 @@
 import numpy as np
-from common import DataSystem
-from common import gen_data
-from common import j_loader
-
-from deepmd.common import j_must_have
-from deepmd.descriptor.se_a_ebd import DescrptSeAEbd
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.fit import EnerFitting
-from deepmd.model import EnerModel
+from common import (
+    DataSystem,
+    gen_data,
+    j_loader,
+)
+
+from deepmd.common import (
+    j_must_have,
+)
+from deepmd.descriptor.se_a_ebd import (
+    DescrptSeAEbd,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.fit import (
+    EnerFitting,
+)
+from deepmd.model import (
+    EnerModel,
+)
 
 GLOBAL_ENER_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
 GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
diff --git a/source/tests/test_model_se_a_fparam.py b/source/tests/test_model_se_a_fparam.py
index e553f07045..bd3e3c0c20 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_model_se_a_fparam.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_model_se_a_fparam.py
@@ -1,13 +1,25 @@
 import numpy as np
-from common import DataSystem
-from common import gen_data
-from common import j_loader
-
-from deepmd.common import j_must_have
-from deepmd.descriptor import DescrptSeA
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.fit import EnerFitting
-from deepmd.model import EnerModel
+from common import (
+    DataSystem,
+    gen_data,
+    j_loader,
+)
+
+from deepmd.common import (
+    j_must_have,
+)
+from deepmd.descriptor import (
+    DescrptSeA,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.fit import (
+    EnerFitting,
+)
+from deepmd.model import (
+    EnerModel,
+)
 
 GLOBAL_ENER_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
 GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
diff --git a/source/tests/test_model_se_a_srtab.py b/source/tests/test_model_se_a_srtab.py
index af3c0c96b6..36bc955f0a 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_model_se_a_srtab.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_model_se_a_srtab.py
@@ -1,15 +1,27 @@
 import os
 
 import numpy as np
-from common import DataSystem
-from common import gen_data
-from common import j_loader
-
-from deepmd.common import j_must_have
-from deepmd.descriptor import DescrptSeA
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.fit import EnerFitting
-from deepmd.model import EnerModel
+from common import (
+    DataSystem,
+    gen_data,
+    j_loader,
+)
+
+from deepmd.common import (
+    j_must_have,
+)
+from deepmd.descriptor import (
+    DescrptSeA,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.fit import (
+    EnerFitting,
+)
+from deepmd.model import (
+    EnerModel,
+)
 
 GLOBAL_ENER_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
 GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
diff --git a/source/tests/test_model_se_a_type.py b/source/tests/test_model_se_a_type.py
index 4a3f6b6c02..b7e72eb3aa 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_model_se_a_type.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_model_se_a_type.py
@@ -1,14 +1,28 @@
 import numpy as np
-from common import DataSystem
-from common import gen_data
-from common import j_loader
-
-from deepmd.common import j_must_have
-from deepmd.descriptor import DescrptSeA
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.fit import EnerFitting
-from deepmd.model import EnerModel
-from deepmd.utils.type_embed import TypeEmbedNet
+from common import (
+    DataSystem,
+    gen_data,
+    j_loader,
+)
+
+from deepmd.common import (
+    j_must_have,
+)
+from deepmd.descriptor import (
+    DescrptSeA,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.fit import (
+    EnerFitting,
+)
+from deepmd.model import (
+    EnerModel,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.type_embed import (
+    TypeEmbedNet,
+)
 
 GLOBAL_ENER_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
 GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
diff --git a/source/tests/test_model_se_atten.py b/source/tests/test_model_se_atten.py
index ce44acc886..b473c43c10 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_model_se_atten.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_model_se_atten.py
@@ -1,17 +1,31 @@
 import unittest
 
 import numpy as np
-from common import DataSystem
-from common import gen_data
-from common import j_loader
+from common import (
+    DataSystem,
+    gen_data,
+    j_loader,
+)
 from packaging.version import parse as parse_version
 
-from deepmd.common import j_must_have
-from deepmd.descriptor import DescrptSeAtten
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.fit import EnerFitting
-from deepmd.model import EnerModel
-from deepmd.utils.type_embed import TypeEmbedNet
+from deepmd.common import (
+    j_must_have,
+)
+from deepmd.descriptor import (
+    DescrptSeAtten,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.fit import (
+    EnerFitting,
+)
+from deepmd.model import (
+    EnerModel,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.type_embed import (
+    TypeEmbedNet,
+)
 
 GLOBAL_ENER_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
 GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
diff --git a/source/tests/test_model_se_r.py b/source/tests/test_model_se_r.py
index bab92b8ac5..15771c9ec8 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_model_se_r.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_model_se_r.py
@@ -1,13 +1,25 @@
 import numpy as np
-from common import DataSystem
-from common import gen_data
-from common import j_loader
-
-from deepmd.common import j_must_have
-from deepmd.descriptor import DescrptSeR
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.fit import EnerFitting
-from deepmd.model import EnerModel
+from common import (
+    DataSystem,
+    gen_data,
+    j_loader,
+)
+
+from deepmd.common import (
+    j_must_have,
+)
+from deepmd.descriptor import (
+    DescrptSeR,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.fit import (
+    EnerFitting,
+)
+from deepmd.model import (
+    EnerModel,
+)
 
 GLOBAL_ENER_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
 GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
diff --git a/source/tests/test_model_se_t.py b/source/tests/test_model_se_t.py
index 8bd331e2c5..108baea3fc 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_model_se_t.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_model_se_t.py
@@ -1,13 +1,25 @@
 import numpy as np
-from common import DataSystem
-from common import gen_data
-from common import j_loader
-
-from deepmd.common import j_must_have
-from deepmd.descriptor import DescrptSeT
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.fit import EnerFitting
-from deepmd.model import EnerModel
+from common import (
+    DataSystem,
+    gen_data,
+    j_loader,
+)
+
+from deepmd.common import (
+    j_must_have,
+)
+from deepmd.descriptor import (
+    DescrptSeT,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.fit import (
+    EnerFitting,
+)
+from deepmd.model import (
+    EnerModel,
+)
 
 GLOBAL_ENER_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
 GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
diff --git a/source/tests/test_model_spin.py b/source/tests/test_model_spin.py
index ba1e13b0f2..0bd2856552 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_model_spin.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_model_spin.py
@@ -1,17 +1,31 @@
 import unittest
 
 import numpy as np
-from common import DataSystem
-from common import del_data
-from common import gen_data
-from common import j_loader
+from common import (
+    DataSystem,
+    del_data,
+    gen_data,
+    j_loader,
+)
 
-from deepmd.common import j_must_have
-from deepmd.descriptor import DescrptSeA
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.fit import EnerFitting
-from deepmd.model import EnerModel
-from deepmd.utils.spin import Spin
+from deepmd.common import (
+    j_must_have,
+)
+from deepmd.descriptor import (
+    DescrptSeA,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.fit import (
+    EnerFitting,
+)
+from deepmd.model import (
+    EnerModel,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.spin import (
+    Spin,
+)
 
 GLOBAL_ENER_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
 GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
diff --git a/source/tests/test_neighbor_stat.py b/source/tests/test_neighbor_stat.py
index 7cba930c57..64f314759f 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_neighbor_stat.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_neighbor_stat.py
@@ -4,7 +4,9 @@
 import dpdata
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.entrypoints.neighbor_stat import neighbor_stat
+from deepmd.entrypoints.neighbor_stat import (
+    neighbor_stat,
+)
 
 
 def gen_sys(nframes):
diff --git a/source/tests/test_nvnmd_entrypoints.py b/source/tests/test_nvnmd_entrypoints.py
index 752aef452b..9070cad478 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_nvnmd_entrypoints.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_nvnmd_entrypoints.py
@@ -2,19 +2,37 @@
 import unittest
 
 import numpy as np
-from common import tests_path
+from common import (
+    tests_path,
+)
 
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.nvnmd.data.data import jdata_deepmd_input
-from deepmd.nvnmd.entrypoints.freeze import save_weight
-from deepmd.nvnmd.entrypoints.mapt import mapt
-from deepmd.nvnmd.entrypoints.train import normalized_input
-from deepmd.nvnmd.entrypoints.train import normalized_input_qnn
-from deepmd.nvnmd.entrypoints.wrap import wrap
-from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.config import nvnmd_cfg
-from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.fio import FioBin
-from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.fio import FioJsonDic
-from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.fio import FioNpyDic
+from deepmd.env import (
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.nvnmd.data.data import (
+    jdata_deepmd_input,
+)
+from deepmd.nvnmd.entrypoints.freeze import (
+    save_weight,
+)
+from deepmd.nvnmd.entrypoints.mapt import (
+    mapt,
+)
+from deepmd.nvnmd.entrypoints.train import (
+    normalized_input,
+    normalized_input_qnn,
+)
+from deepmd.nvnmd.entrypoints.wrap import (
+    wrap,
+)
+from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.config import (
+    nvnmd_cfg,
+)
+from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.fio import (
+    FioBin,
+    FioJsonDic,
+    FioNpyDic,
+)
 
 
 class TestNvnmdFreeze(tf.test.TestCase):
diff --git a/source/tests/test_nvnmd_op.py b/source/tests/test_nvnmd_op.py
index b99fb64a37..1f54da29c5 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_nvnmd_op.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_nvnmd_op.py
@@ -2,11 +2,15 @@
 import unittest
 
 import numpy as np
-from common import tests_path
-
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import op_module
-from deepmd.env import tf
+from common import (
+    tests_path,
+)
+
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    op_module,
+    tf,
+)
 
 
 class TestOpAddFltNvnmd(tf.test.TestCase):
diff --git a/source/tests/test_nvnmd_se_a.py b/source/tests/test_nvnmd_se_a.py
index 351cb91c36..fcc96ad811 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_nvnmd_se_a.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_nvnmd_se_a.py
@@ -2,20 +2,32 @@
 import unittest
 
 import numpy as np
-from common import j_loader
+from common import (
+    j_loader,
+)
 
-from deepmd.descriptor import DescrptSeA
-from deepmd.env import tf
+from deepmd.descriptor import (
+    DescrptSeA,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    tf,
+)
 
 GLOBAL_ENER_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
 GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
 GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION = np.float64
 
 #
-from common import tests_path
+from common import (
+    tests_path,
+)
 
-from deepmd.nvnmd.data.data import jdata_deepmd_input
-from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.config import nvnmd_cfg
+from deepmd.nvnmd.data.data import (
+    jdata_deepmd_input,
+)
+from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.config import (
+    nvnmd_cfg,
+)
 
 
 class TestModel(tf.test.TestCase):
diff --git a/source/tests/test_nvnmd_utils.py b/source/tests/test_nvnmd_utils.py
index 629a1cc8c8..eafd1b4d6c 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_nvnmd_utils.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_nvnmd_utils.py
@@ -3,10 +3,18 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.nvnmd.data.data import jdata_deepmd_input
-from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.config import nvnmd_cfg
-from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.network import one_layer
+from deepmd.env import (
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.nvnmd.data.data import (
+    jdata_deepmd_input,
+)
+from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.config import (
+    nvnmd_cfg,
+)
+from deepmd.nvnmd.utils.network import (
+    one_layer,
+)
 
 
 class TestNvnmdNetwork(tf.test.TestCase):
diff --git a/source/tests/test_parallel_training.py b/source/tests/test_parallel_training.py
index 72dcfb6be9..e2e78bde99 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_parallel_training.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_parallel_training.py
@@ -2,9 +2,13 @@
 import subprocess as sp
 import unittest
 
-from common import tests_path
+from common import (
+    tests_path,
+)
 
-from deepmd.cluster.local import get_gpus
+from deepmd.cluster.local import (
+    get_gpus,
+)
 
 
 class TestSingleMachine(unittest.TestCase):
diff --git a/source/tests/test_polar_se_a.py b/source/tests/test_polar_se_a.py
index 22950d610e..30834431c1 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_polar_se_a.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_polar_se_a.py
@@ -1,15 +1,27 @@
 import numpy as np
-from common import DataSystem
-from common import finite_difference
-from common import gen_data
-from common import j_loader
-from common import strerch_box
-
-from deepmd.common import j_must_have
-from deepmd.descriptor import DescrptSeA
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.fit import PolarFittingSeA
-from deepmd.model import PolarModel
+from common import (
+    DataSystem,
+    finite_difference,
+    gen_data,
+    j_loader,
+    strerch_box,
+)
+
+from deepmd.common import (
+    j_must_have,
+)
+from deepmd.descriptor import (
+    DescrptSeA,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.fit import (
+    PolarFittingSeA,
+)
+from deepmd.model import (
+    PolarModel,
+)
 
 GLOBAL_ENER_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
 GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
diff --git a/source/tests/test_polar_se_a_tebd.py b/source/tests/test_polar_se_a_tebd.py
index c0f5a6a6fe..a60b86a5ea 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_polar_se_a_tebd.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_polar_se_a_tebd.py
@@ -1,19 +1,33 @@
 import unittest
 
 import numpy as np
-from common import DataSystem
-from common import finite_difference
-from common import gen_data
-from common import j_loader
-from common import strerch_box
+from common import (
+    DataSystem,
+    finite_difference,
+    gen_data,
+    j_loader,
+    strerch_box,
+)
 from packaging.version import parse as parse_version
 
-from deepmd.common import j_must_have
-from deepmd.descriptor import DescrptSeA
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.fit import PolarFittingSeA
-from deepmd.model import PolarModel
-from deepmd.utils.type_embed import TypeEmbedNet
+from deepmd.common import (
+    j_must_have,
+)
+from deepmd.descriptor import (
+    DescrptSeA,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.fit import (
+    PolarFittingSeA,
+)
+from deepmd.model import (
+    PolarModel,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.type_embed import (
+    TypeEmbedNet,
+)
 
 GLOBAL_ENER_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
 GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
diff --git a/source/tests/test_prod_env_mat.py b/source/tests/test_prod_env_mat.py
index 59db7881a1..4dd3b0e52e 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_prod_env_mat.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_prod_env_mat.py
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import op_module
-from deepmd.env import tf
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    op_module,
+    tf,
+)
 
 
 class TestProdEnvMat(tf.test.TestCase):
diff --git a/source/tests/test_prod_force.py b/source/tests/test_prod_force.py
index 9b1b7f9f20..880a849605 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_prod_force.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_prod_force.py
@@ -3,9 +3,11 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import op_module
-from deepmd.env import tf
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    op_module,
+    tf,
+)
 
 
 class TestProdForce(tf.test.TestCase):
diff --git a/source/tests/test_prod_force_grad.py b/source/tests/test_prod_force_grad.py
index 0c649440ab..bfe4f5d12c 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_prod_force_grad.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_prod_force_grad.py
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import op_grads_module
-from deepmd.env import tf
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    op_grads_module,
+    tf,
+)
 
 
 class TestProdForceGrad(tf.test.TestCase):
diff --git a/source/tests/test_prod_virial.py b/source/tests/test_prod_virial.py
index 8f8682ea68..d1f7431048 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_prod_virial.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_prod_virial.py
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import op_module
-from deepmd.env import tf
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    op_module,
+    tf,
+)
 
 
 class TestProdVirial(tf.test.TestCase):
diff --git a/source/tests/test_prod_virial_grad.py b/source/tests/test_prod_virial_grad.py
index 5adfff0ea2..ebf019b620 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_prod_virial_grad.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_prod_virial_grad.py
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.env import op_grads_module
-from deepmd.env import tf
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+    op_grads_module,
+    tf,
+)
 
 
 class TestProdVirialGrad(tf.test.TestCase):
diff --git a/source/tests/test_sel_idx.py b/source/tests/test_sel_idx.py
index 300f19b689..303897d3b9 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_sel_idx.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_sel_idx.py
@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.common import select_idx_map
+from deepmd.common import (
+    select_idx_map,
+)
 
 
 class TestSelIdx(unittest.TestCase):
diff --git a/source/tests/test_tab_nonsmth.py b/source/tests/test_tab_nonsmth.py
index 9394420604..5e042f7225 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_tab_nonsmth.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_tab_nonsmth.py
@@ -2,18 +2,26 @@
 import unittest
 
 import numpy as np
-from common import Data
-from common import force_dw_test
-from common import force_test
-from common import virial_dw_test
-from common import virial_test
-from test_descrpt_nonsmth import Inter
+from common import (
+    Data,
+    force_dw_test,
+    force_test,
+    virial_dw_test,
+    virial_test,
+)
+from test_descrpt_nonsmth import (
+    Inter,
+)
 
 # load grad of force module
 import deepmd.op  # noqa: F401
-from deepmd.env import op_module
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.utils.pair_tab import PairTab
+from deepmd.env import (
+    op_module,
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.pair_tab import (
+    PairTab,
+)
 
 
 def _make_tab(ntype):
diff --git a/source/tests/test_tab_smooth.py b/source/tests/test_tab_smooth.py
index 32e5c1464b..56b0f269c4 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_tab_smooth.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_tab_smooth.py
@@ -2,17 +2,25 @@
 import unittest
 
 import numpy as np
-from common import Data
-from common import force_dw_test
-from common import force_test
-from common import virial_dw_test
-from common import virial_test
-from test_descrpt_smooth import Inter
+from common import (
+    Data,
+    force_dw_test,
+    force_test,
+    virial_dw_test,
+    virial_test,
+)
+from test_descrpt_smooth import (
+    Inter,
+)
 
 # load grad of force module
-from deepmd.env import op_module
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.utils.pair_tab import PairTab
+from deepmd.env import (
+    op_module,
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.pair_tab import (
+    PairTab,
+)
 
 
 def _make_tab(ntype):
diff --git a/source/tests/test_tabulate.py b/source/tests/test_tabulate.py
index d689c9828c..845fb1031e 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_tabulate.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_tabulate.py
@@ -2,9 +2,13 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.common import gelu
-from deepmd.env import op_module
-from deepmd.env import tf
+from deepmd.common import (
+    gelu,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    op_module,
+    tf,
+)
 
 # Now just test some OPs utilized by DPTabulate sourced in /opt/deepmd-kit/source/op/unaggregated_grad.cc
 
diff --git a/source/tests/test_train.py b/source/tests/test_train.py
index 4ef724afb8..7f6617a5f1 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_train.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_train.py
@@ -1,11 +1,15 @@
 import unittest
-from unittest.mock import patch
+from unittest.mock import (
+    patch,
+)
 
-from deepmd.entrypoints.train import parse_auto_sel
-from deepmd.entrypoints.train import parse_auto_sel_ratio
-from deepmd.entrypoints.train import update_one_sel
-from deepmd.entrypoints.train import update_sel
-from deepmd.entrypoints.train import wrap_up_4
+from deepmd.entrypoints.train import (
+    parse_auto_sel,
+    parse_auto_sel_ratio,
+    update_one_sel,
+    update_sel,
+    wrap_up_4,
+)
 
 
 class TestTrain(unittest.TestCase):
diff --git a/source/tests/test_transfer.py b/source/tests/test_transfer.py
index b2e879e9da..14f88c17dc 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_transfer.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_transfer.py
@@ -3,12 +3,20 @@
 import unittest
 
 import numpy as np
-from common import run_dp
-from common import tests_path
+from common import (
+    run_dp,
+    tests_path,
+)
 
-from deepmd.env import GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION
-from deepmd.infer import DeepPot
-from deepmd.utils.convert import convert_pbtxt_to_pb
+from deepmd.env import (
+    GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION,
+)
+from deepmd.infer import (
+    DeepPot,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.convert import (
+    convert_pbtxt_to_pb,
+)
 
 if GLOBAL_NP_FLOAT_PRECISION == np.float32:
     default_places = 4
diff --git a/source/tests/test_type_embed.py b/source/tests/test_type_embed.py
index a18881bc2f..87718c1280 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_type_embed.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_type_embed.py
@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.env import tf
-from deepmd.utils.type_embed import TypeEmbedNet
-from deepmd.utils.type_embed import embed_atom_type
+from deepmd.env import (
+    tf,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.type_embed import (
+    TypeEmbedNet,
+    embed_atom_type,
+)
 
 
 class TestTypeEbd(tf.test.TestCase):
diff --git a/source/tests/test_type_one_side.py b/source/tests/test_type_one_side.py
index ff4bd2d031..2f6ff81e76 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_type_one_side.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_type_one_side.py
@@ -1,11 +1,19 @@
 import numpy as np
-from common import DataSystem
-from common import gen_data
-from common import j_loader
-
-from deepmd.common import j_must_have
-from deepmd.descriptor import Descriptor
-from deepmd.env import tf
+from common import (
+    DataSystem,
+    gen_data,
+    j_loader,
+)
+
+from deepmd.common import (
+    j_must_have,
+)
+from deepmd.descriptor import (
+    Descriptor,
+)
+from deepmd.env import (
+    tf,
+)
 
 GLOBAL_ENER_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
 GLOBAL_TF_FLOAT_PRECISION = tf.float64
diff --git a/source/tests/test_virtual_type.py b/source/tests/test_virtual_type.py
index 29b76da614..98ab84cf93 100644
--- a/source/tests/test_virtual_type.py
+++ b/source/tests/test_virtual_type.py
@@ -3,15 +3,27 @@
 import unittest
 
 import numpy as np
-from common import gen_data
-from common import j_loader
-from common import tests_path
+from common import (
+    gen_data,
+    j_loader,
+    tests_path,
+)
 
-from deepmd.common import j_must_have
-from deepmd.infer import DeepPot
-from deepmd.utils.convert import convert_pbtxt_to_pb
-from deepmd.utils.data_system import DeepmdDataSystem
-from deepmd.utils.neighbor_stat import NeighborStat
+from deepmd.common import (
+    j_must_have,
+)
+from deepmd.infer import (
+    DeepPot,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.convert import (
+    convert_pbtxt_to_pb,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.data_system import (
+    DeepmdDataSystem,
+)
+from deepmd.utils.neighbor_stat import (
+    NeighborStat,
+)
 
 
 class TestVirtualType(unittest.TestCase):