diff --git a/deepmd/dpmodel/__init__.py b/deepmd/dpmodel/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5a83bb7bd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/deepmd/dpmodel/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-or-later
+from .common import (
+    DEFAULT_PRECISION,
+    PRECISION_DICT,
+    NativeOP,
+)
+from .model import (
+    DPAtomicModel,
+    DPModel,
+)
+from .output_def import (
+    FittingOutputDef,
+    ModelOutputDef,
+    OutputVariableDef,
+    fitting_check_output,
+    get_deriv_name,
+    get_reduce_name,
+    model_check_output,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DPModel",
+    "DPAtomicModel",
+    "PRECISION_DICT",
+    "DEFAULT_PRECISION",
+    "NativeOP",
+    "ModelOutputDef",
+    "FittingOutputDef",
+    "OutputVariableDef",
+    "model_check_output",
+    "fitting_check_output",
+    "get_reduce_name",
+    "get_deriv_name",
+]
diff --git a/deepmd/model_format/common.py b/deepmd/dpmodel/common.py
similarity index 92%
rename from deepmd/model_format/common.py
rename to deepmd/dpmodel/common.py
index 88478f7736..1e35bd4d49 100644
--- a/deepmd/model_format/common.py
+++ b/deepmd/dpmodel/common.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-or-later
 from abc import (
     ABC,
+    abstractmethod,
 )
 
 import numpy as np
@@ -21,9 +22,10 @@
 class NativeOP(ABC):
     """The unit operation of a native model."""
 
+    @abstractmethod
     def call(self, *args, **kwargs):
         """Forward pass in NumPy implementation."""
-        raise NotImplementedError
+        pass
 
     def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         """Forward pass in NumPy implementation."""
diff --git a/deepmd/dpmodel/descriptor/__init__.py b/deepmd/dpmodel/descriptor/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fdac48ed41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/deepmd/dpmodel/descriptor/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-or-later
+from .se_e2_a import (
+    DescrptSeA,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DescrptSeA",
+]
diff --git a/deepmd/model_format/se_e2_a.py b/deepmd/dpmodel/descriptor/se_e2_a.py
similarity index 99%
rename from deepmd/model_format/se_e2_a.py
rename to deepmd/dpmodel/descriptor/se_e2_a.py
index 9e61f2b115..82d3c66d54 100644
--- a/deepmd/model_format/se_e2_a.py
+++ b/deepmd/dpmodel/descriptor/se_e2_a.py
@@ -13,15 +13,13 @@
     Optional,
 )
 
-from .common import (
+from deepmd.dpmodel import (
     DEFAULT_PRECISION,
     NativeOP,
 )
-from .env_mat import (
-    EnvMat,
-)
-from .network import (
+from deepmd.dpmodel.utils import (
     EmbeddingNet,
+    EnvMat,
     NetworkCollection,
 )
 
diff --git a/deepmd/dpmodel/fitting/__init__.py b/deepmd/dpmodel/fitting/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..50a4e88e1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/deepmd/dpmodel/fitting/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-or-later
+from .fitting import (
+    InvarFitting,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "InvarFitting",
+]
diff --git a/deepmd/model_format/fitting.py b/deepmd/dpmodel/fitting/fitting.py
similarity index 99%
rename from deepmd/model_format/fitting.py
rename to deepmd/dpmodel/fitting/fitting.py
index 815f945816..399ea3ccff 100644
--- a/deepmd/model_format/fitting.py
+++ b/deepmd/dpmodel/fitting/fitting.py
@@ -8,19 +8,19 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from .common import (
+from deepmd.dpmodel import (
     DEFAULT_PRECISION,
     NativeOP,
 )
-from .network import (
-    FittingNet,
-    NetworkCollection,
-)
-from .output_def import (
+from deepmd.dpmodel.output_def import (
     FittingOutputDef,
     OutputVariableDef,
     fitting_check_output,
 )
+from deepmd.dpmodel.utils import (
+    FittingNet,
+    NetworkCollection,
+)
 
 
 @fitting_check_output
diff --git a/deepmd/dpmodel/model/__init__.py b/deepmd/dpmodel/model/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c21b29f13e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/deepmd/dpmodel/model/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-or-later
+from .dp_atomic_model import (
+    DPAtomicModel,
+)
+from .dp_model import (
+    DPModel,
+)
+from .make_atomic_model import (
+    make_base_atomic_model,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DPModel",
+    "DPAtomicModel",
+    "make_base_atomic_model",
+]
diff --git a/deepmd/model_format/base_atomic_model.py b/deepmd/dpmodel/model/base_atomic_model.py
similarity index 81%
rename from deepmd/model_format/base_atomic_model.py
rename to deepmd/dpmodel/model/base_atomic_model.py
index 27fb557887..64471e14c0 100644
--- a/deepmd/model_format/base_atomic_model.py
+++ b/deepmd/dpmodel/model/base_atomic_model.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-or-later
 import numpy as np
 
-from .atomic_model import (
+from .make_atomic_model import (
     make_base_atomic_model,
 )
 
diff --git a/deepmd/model_format/dp_atomic_model.py b/deepmd/dpmodel/model/dp_atomic_model.py
similarity index 93%
rename from deepmd/model_format/dp_atomic_model.py
rename to deepmd/dpmodel/model/dp_atomic_model.py
index dd9a09cd97..a52af1c9d6 100644
--- a/deepmd/model_format/dp_atomic_model.py
+++ b/deepmd/dpmodel/model/dp_atomic_model.py
@@ -9,14 +9,19 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from .base_atomic_model import (
-    BaseAtomicModel,
+from deepmd.dpmodel.descriptor import (  # noqa # TODO: should import all descriptors!
+    DescrptSeA,
 )
-from .fitting import InvarFitting  # noqa # TODO: should import all fittings!
-from .output_def import (
+from deepmd.dpmodel.fitting import (  # noqa # TODO: should import all fittings!
+    InvarFitting,
+)
+from deepmd.dpmodel.output_def import (
     FittingOutputDef,
 )
-from .se_e2_a import DescrptSeA  # noqa # TODO: should import all descriptors!
+
+from .base_atomic_model import (
+    BaseAtomicModel,
+)
 
 
 class DPAtomicModel(BaseAtomicModel):
diff --git a/deepmd/model_format/dp_model.py b/deepmd/dpmodel/model/dp_model.py
similarity index 100%
rename from deepmd/model_format/dp_model.py
rename to deepmd/dpmodel/model/dp_model.py
diff --git a/deepmd/model_format/atomic_model.py b/deepmd/dpmodel/model/make_atomic_model.py
similarity index 96%
rename from deepmd/model_format/atomic_model.py
rename to deepmd/dpmodel/model/make_atomic_model.py
index f1245d8bd4..306084398b 100644
--- a/deepmd/model_format/atomic_model.py
+++ b/deepmd/dpmodel/model/make_atomic_model.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
     Optional,
 )
 
-from .output_def import (
+from deepmd.dpmodel.output_def import (
     FittingOutputDef,
 )
 
diff --git a/deepmd/model_format/make_model.py b/deepmd/dpmodel/model/make_model.py
similarity index 99%
rename from deepmd/model_format/make_model.py
rename to deepmd/dpmodel/model/make_model.py
index 4e0996995c..825845002d 100644
--- a/deepmd/model_format/make_model.py
+++ b/deepmd/dpmodel/model/make_model.py
@@ -6,17 +6,16 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from .nlist import (
+from deepmd.dpmodel.output_def import (
+    ModelOutputDef,
+)
+from deepmd.dpmodel.utils import (
     build_neighbor_list,
     extend_coord_with_ghosts,
     nlist_distinguish_types,
-)
-from .output_def import (
-    ModelOutputDef,
-)
-from .region import (
     normalize_coord,
 )
+
 from .transform_output import (
     communicate_extended_output,
     fit_output_to_model_output,
diff --git a/deepmd/model_format/transform_output.py b/deepmd/dpmodel/model/transform_output.py
similarity index 98%
rename from deepmd/model_format/transform_output.py
rename to deepmd/dpmodel/model/transform_output.py
index c59480eb0d..3c7917d847 100644
--- a/deepmd/model_format/transform_output.py
+++ b/deepmd/dpmodel/model/transform_output.py
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from .output_def import (
+from deepmd.dpmodel.output_def import (
     FittingOutputDef,
     ModelOutputDef,
     get_deriv_name,
diff --git a/deepmd/model_format/output_def.py b/deepmd/dpmodel/output_def.py
similarity index 100%
rename from deepmd/model_format/output_def.py
rename to deepmd/dpmodel/output_def.py
diff --git a/deepmd/dpmodel/utils/__init__.py b/deepmd/dpmodel/utils/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d3c31ae246
--- /dev/null
+++ b/deepmd/dpmodel/utils/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-or-later
+from .env_mat import (
+    EnvMat,
+)
+from .network import (
+    EmbeddingNet,
+    FittingNet,
+    NativeLayer,
+    NativeNet,
+    NetworkCollection,
+    load_dp_model,
+    make_embedding_network,
+    make_fitting_network,
+    make_multilayer_network,
+    save_dp_model,
+    traverse_model_dict,
+)
+from .nlist import (
+    build_multiple_neighbor_list,
+    build_neighbor_list,
+    extend_coord_with_ghosts,
+    get_multiple_nlist_key,
+    nlist_distinguish_types,
+)
+from .region import (
+    inter2phys,
+    normalize_coord,
+    phys2inter,
+    to_face_distance,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "EnvMat",
+    "make_multilayer_network",
+    "make_embedding_network",
+    "make_fitting_network",
+    "EmbeddingNet",
+    "FittingNet",
+    "NativeLayer",
+    "NativeNet",
+    "NetworkCollection",
+    "load_dp_model",
+    "save_dp_model",
+    "traverse_model_dict",
+    "PRECISION_DICT",
+    "DEFAULT_PRECISION",
+    "build_neighbor_list",
+    "nlist_distinguish_types",
+    "get_multiple_nlist_key",
+    "build_multiple_neighbor_list",
+    "extend_coord_with_ghosts",
+    "normalize_coord",
+    "inter2phys",
+    "phys2inter",
+    "to_face_distance",
+]
diff --git a/deepmd/model_format/env_mat.py b/deepmd/dpmodel/utils/env_mat.py
similarity index 99%
rename from deepmd/model_format/env_mat.py
rename to deepmd/dpmodel/utils/env_mat.py
index 7822bd7d0c..739b06208c 100644
--- a/deepmd/model_format/env_mat.py
+++ b/deepmd/dpmodel/utils/env_mat.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from .common import (
+from deepmd.dpmodel import (
     NativeOP,
 )
 
diff --git a/deepmd/model_format/network.py b/deepmd/dpmodel/utils/network.py
similarity index 99%
rename from deepmd/model_format/network.py
rename to deepmd/dpmodel/utils/network.py
index f2056c0b95..17b3043612 100644
--- a/deepmd/model_format/network.py
+++ b/deepmd/dpmodel/utils/network.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 except ImportError:
     __version__ = "unknown"
 
-from .common import (
+from deepmd.dpmodel import (
     DEFAULT_PRECISION,
     PRECISION_DICT,
     NativeOP,
diff --git a/deepmd/model_format/nlist.py b/deepmd/dpmodel/utils/nlist.py
similarity index 100%
rename from deepmd/model_format/nlist.py
rename to deepmd/dpmodel/utils/nlist.py
diff --git a/deepmd/model_format/region.py b/deepmd/dpmodel/utils/region.py
similarity index 100%
rename from deepmd/model_format/region.py
rename to deepmd/dpmodel/utils/region.py
diff --git a/deepmd/model_format/__init__.py b/deepmd/model_format/__init__.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 38873469e8..0000000000
--- a/deepmd/model_format/__init__.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,72 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-or-later
-from .common import (
-    DEFAULT_PRECISION,
-    PRECISION_DICT,
-    NativeOP,
-)
-from .dp_atomic_model import (
-    DPAtomicModel,
-)
-from .dp_model import (
-    DPModel,
-)
-from .env_mat import (
-    EnvMat,
-)
-from .fitting import (
-    InvarFitting,
-)
-from .network import (
-    EmbeddingNet,
-    FittingNet,
-    NativeLayer,
-    NativeNet,
-    NetworkCollection,
-    load_dp_model,
-    make_embedding_network,
-    make_fitting_network,
-    make_multilayer_network,
-    save_dp_model,
-    traverse_model_dict,
-)
-from .output_def import (
-    FittingOutputDef,
-    ModelOutputDef,
-    OutputVariableDef,
-    fitting_check_output,
-    get_deriv_name,
-    get_reduce_name,
-    model_check_output,
-)
-from .se_e2_a import (
-    DescrptSeA,
-)
-
-__all__ = [
-    "DPModel",
-    "DPAtomicModel",
-    "InvarFitting",
-    "DescrptSeA",
-    "EnvMat",
-    "make_multilayer_network",
-    "make_embedding_network",
-    "make_fitting_network",
-    "EmbeddingNet",
-    "FittingNet",
-    "NativeLayer",
-    "NativeNet",
-    "NetworkCollection",
-    "NativeOP",
-    "load_dp_model",
-    "save_dp_model",
-    "traverse_model_dict",
-    "PRECISION_DICT",
-    "DEFAULT_PRECISION",
-    "ModelOutputDef",
-    "FittingOutputDef",
-    "OutputVariableDef",
-    "model_check_output",
-    "fitting_check_output",
-    "get_reduce_name",
-    "get_deriv_name",
-]
diff --git a/deepmd/pt/model/descriptor/se_a.py b/deepmd/pt/model/descriptor/se_a.py
index 28ce4a80a7..f2e6a30722 100644
--- a/deepmd/pt/model/descriptor/se_a.py
+++ b/deepmd/pt/model/descriptor/se_a.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
 except ImportError:
     from torch.jit import Final
 
-from deepmd.model_format import EnvMat as DPEnvMat
+from deepmd.dpmodel.utils import EnvMat as DPEnvMat
 from deepmd.pt.model.network.mlp import (
     EmbeddingNet,
     NetworkCollection,
diff --git a/deepmd/pt/model/model/atomic_model.py b/deepmd/pt/model/model/atomic_model.py
index 562f817568..db87324b3f 100644
--- a/deepmd/pt/model/model/atomic_model.py
+++ b/deepmd/pt/model/model/atomic_model.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 
 import torch
 
-from deepmd.model_format.atomic_model import (
+from deepmd.dpmodel.model import (
     make_base_atomic_model,
 )
 
diff --git a/deepmd/pt/model/model/dp_atomic_model.py b/deepmd/pt/model/model/dp_atomic_model.py
index 8461d3b7cb..02a3fdb20d 100644
--- a/deepmd/pt/model/model/dp_atomic_model.py
+++ b/deepmd/pt/model/model/dp_atomic_model.py
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 
 import torch
 
-from deepmd.model_format import (
+from deepmd.dpmodel import (
     FittingOutputDef,
 )
 from deepmd.pt.model.descriptor.se_a import (  # noqa # TODO: should import all descriptors!!!
diff --git a/deepmd/pt/model/model/make_model.py b/deepmd/pt/model/model/make_model.py
index 8b8e63214e..dc4f6d24ae 100644
--- a/deepmd/pt/model/model/make_model.py
+++ b/deepmd/pt/model/model/make_model.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 
 import torch
 
-from deepmd.model_format import (
+from deepmd.dpmodel import (
     ModelOutputDef,
 )
 from deepmd.pt.model.model.transform_output import (
diff --git a/deepmd/pt/model/model/pair_tab.py b/deepmd/pt/model/model/pair_tab.py
index 4701f26e04..7d341de041 100644
--- a/deepmd/pt/model/model/pair_tab.py
+++ b/deepmd/pt/model/model/pair_tab.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
     nn,
 )
 
-from deepmd.model_format import (
+from deepmd.dpmodel import (
     FittingOutputDef,
     OutputVariableDef,
 )
diff --git a/deepmd/pt/model/model/transform_output.py b/deepmd/pt/model/model/transform_output.py
index 0df2746871..d942ed3ae8 100644
--- a/deepmd/pt/model/model/transform_output.py
+++ b/deepmd/pt/model/model/transform_output.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 
 import torch
 
-from deepmd.model_format import (
+from deepmd.dpmodel import (
     FittingOutputDef,
     ModelOutputDef,
     OutputVariableDef,
diff --git a/deepmd/pt/model/network/mlp.py b/deepmd/pt/model/network/mlp.py
index d76abd82f9..251150f945 100644
--- a/deepmd/pt/model/network/mlp.py
+++ b/deepmd/pt/model/network/mlp.py
@@ -15,11 +15,11 @@
 
 device = env.DEVICE
 
-from deepmd.model_format import (
+from deepmd.dpmodel.utils import (
     NativeLayer,
 )
-from deepmd.model_format import NetworkCollection as DPNetworkCollection
-from deepmd.model_format import (
+from deepmd.dpmodel.utils import NetworkCollection as DPNetworkCollection
+from deepmd.dpmodel.utils import (
     make_embedding_network,
     make_fitting_network,
     make_multilayer_network,
diff --git a/deepmd/pt/model/task/denoise.py b/deepmd/pt/model/task/denoise.py
index 7e6b6dcdb6..cae6e45b0e 100644
--- a/deepmd/pt/model/task/denoise.py
+++ b/deepmd/pt/model/task/denoise.py
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
 import torch
 
-from deepmd.model_format import (
+from deepmd.dpmodel import (
     FittingOutputDef,
     OutputVariableDef,
     fitting_check_output,
diff --git a/deepmd/pt/model/task/ener.py b/deepmd/pt/model/task/ener.py
index d83fe90dbe..7dce789603 100644
--- a/deepmd/pt/model/task/ener.py
+++ b/deepmd/pt/model/task/ener.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 import numpy as np
 import torch
 
-from deepmd.model_format import (
+from deepmd.dpmodel import (
     FittingOutputDef,
     OutputVariableDef,
     fitting_check_output,
diff --git a/deepmd/pt/model/task/task.py b/deepmd/pt/model/task/task.py
index b2dc03e4bd..f4ad875cdc 100644
--- a/deepmd/pt/model/task/task.py
+++ b/deepmd/pt/model/task/task.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 
 import torch
 
-from deepmd.model_format import (
+from deepmd.dpmodel import (
     FittingOutputDef,
 )
 
diff --git a/deepmd/pt/utils/utils.py b/deepmd/pt/utils/utils.py
index e83e12f608..2b96925a51 100644
--- a/deepmd/pt/utils/utils.py
+++ b/deepmd/pt/utils/utils.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 import torch
 import torch.nn.functional as F
 
-from deepmd.model_format.common import PRECISION_DICT as NP_PRECISION_DICT
+from deepmd.dpmodel.common import PRECISION_DICT as NP_PRECISION_DICT
 
 from .env import (
     DEVICE,
diff --git a/source/tests/common/test_model_format_utils.py b/source/tests/common/test_model_format_utils.py
index 59423fb8da..22b6b24aa3 100644
--- a/source/tests/common/test_model_format_utils.py
+++ b/source/tests/common/test_model_format_utils.py
@@ -8,28 +8,30 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.model_format import (
+from deepmd.dpmodel.descriptor import (
     DescrptSeA,
+)
+from deepmd.dpmodel.fitting import (
+    InvarFitting,
+)
+from deepmd.dpmodel.model import (
     DPAtomicModel,
     DPModel,
+)
+from deepmd.dpmodel.utils import (
     EmbeddingNet,
     EnvMat,
     FittingNet,
-    InvarFitting,
     NativeLayer,
     NativeNet,
     NetworkCollection,
-    load_dp_model,
-    save_dp_model,
-)
-from deepmd.model_format.nlist import (
     build_multiple_neighbor_list,
     build_neighbor_list,
     extend_coord_with_ghosts,
     get_multiple_nlist_key,
-)
-from deepmd.model_format.region import (
     inter2phys,
+    load_dp_model,
+    save_dp_model,
     to_face_distance,
 )
 
@@ -297,7 +299,7 @@ def setUp(self) -> None:
                 },
             ],
         }
-        self.filename = "test_dp_model_format.dp"
+        self.filename = "test_dp_dpmodel.dp"
 
     def test_save_load_model(self):
         save_dp_model(self.filename, deepcopy(self.model_dict))
diff --git a/source/tests/common/test_output_def.py b/source/tests/common/test_output_def.py
index 4316fa5982..d0cf822247 100644
--- a/source/tests/common/test_output_def.py
+++ b/source/tests/common/test_output_def.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from deepmd.model_format import (
+from deepmd.dpmodel import (
     FittingOutputDef,
     ModelOutputDef,
     NativeOP,
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
     fitting_check_output,
     model_check_output,
 )
-from deepmd.model_format.output_def import (
+from deepmd.dpmodel.output_def import (
     check_var,
 )
 
diff --git a/source/tests/pt/test_dp_atomic_model.py b/source/tests/pt/test_dp_atomic_model.py
index a8b20f829d..2960cb97cc 100644
--- a/source/tests/pt/test_dp_atomic_model.py
+++ b/source/tests/pt/test_dp_atomic_model.py
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@
 import numpy as np
 import torch
 
-from deepmd.model_format import DescrptSeA as DPDescrptSeA
-from deepmd.model_format import DPAtomicModel as DPDPAtomicModel
-from deepmd.model_format import InvarFitting as DPInvarFitting
+from deepmd.dpmodel import DPAtomicModel as DPDPAtomicModel
+from deepmd.dpmodel.descriptor import DescrptSeA as DPDescrptSeA
+from deepmd.dpmodel.fitting import InvarFitting as DPInvarFitting
 from deepmd.pt.model.descriptor.se_a import (
     DescrptSeA,
 )
diff --git a/source/tests/pt/test_dp_mode.py b/source/tests/pt/test_dp_mode.py
index d9d5b0ba0d..79f65d26d6 100644
--- a/source/tests/pt/test_dp_mode.py
+++ b/source/tests/pt/test_dp_mode.py
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@
 import numpy as np
 import torch
 
-from deepmd.model_format import DescrptSeA as DPDescrptSeA
-from deepmd.model_format import DPModel as DPDPModel
-from deepmd.model_format import InvarFitting as DPInvarFitting
+from deepmd.dpmodel import DPModel as DPDPModel
+from deepmd.dpmodel.descriptor import DescrptSeA as DPDescrptSeA
+from deepmd.dpmodel.fitting import InvarFitting as DPInvarFitting
 from deepmd.pt.model.descriptor.se_a import (
     DescrptSeA,
 )
diff --git a/source/tests/pt/test_ener_fitting.py b/source/tests/pt/test_ener_fitting.py
index eece8447df..cbddf34dd6 100644
--- a/source/tests/pt/test_ener_fitting.py
+++ b/source/tests/pt/test_ener_fitting.py
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 import numpy as np
 import torch
 
-from deepmd.model_format import InvarFitting as DPInvarFitting
+from deepmd.dpmodel.fitting import InvarFitting as DPInvarFitting
 from deepmd.pt.model.descriptor.se_a import (
     DescrptSeA,
 )
diff --git a/source/tests/pt/test_env_mat.py b/source/tests/pt/test_env_mat.py
index d9f8d59b1c..b9f0ff1981 100644
--- a/source/tests/pt/test_env_mat.py
+++ b/source/tests/pt/test_env_mat.py
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 import torch
 
 try:
-    from deepmd.model_format import (
+    from deepmd.dpmodel import (
         EnvMat,
     )
 
diff --git a/source/tests/pt/test_mlp.py b/source/tests/pt/test_mlp.py
index 26f0041bf9..3a78b8294d 100644
--- a/source/tests/pt/test_mlp.py
+++ b/source/tests/pt/test_mlp.py
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
 
 
 try:
-    from deepmd.model_format import (
+    from deepmd.dpmodel import (
         NativeLayer,
         NativeNet,
     )
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
     support_native_net = False
 
 try:
-    from deepmd.model_format import EmbeddingNet as DPEmbeddingNet
+    from deepmd.dpmodel import EmbeddingNet as DPEmbeddingNet
 
     support_embedding_net = True
 except ModuleNotFoundError:
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
     support_embedding_net = False
 
 try:
-    from deepmd.model_format import FittingNet as DPFittingNet
+    from deepmd.dpmodel import FittingNet as DPFittingNet
 
     support_fitting_net = True
 except ModuleNotFoundError:
diff --git a/source/tests/pt/test_se_e2_a.py b/source/tests/pt/test_se_e2_a.py
index 0da80ea1ea..ec49725929 100644
--- a/source/tests/pt/test_se_e2_a.py
+++ b/source/tests/pt/test_se_e2_a.py
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@
 import torch
 
 try:
-    # from deepmd.model_format import PRECISION_DICT as DP_PRECISION_DICT
-    from deepmd.model_format import DescrptSeA as DPDescrptSeA
+    # from deepmd.dpmodel import PRECISION_DICT as DP_PRECISION_DICT
+    from deepmd.dpmodel import DescrptSeA as DPDescrptSeA
 
     support_se_e2_a = True
 except ModuleNotFoundError: