diff --git a/.buildinfo b/.buildinfo new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0c088f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/.buildinfo @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +# Sphinx build info version 1 +# This file hashes the configuration used when building these files. When it is not found, a full rebuild will be done. +config: 06e61cda1f3049a80646cc8001f049be +tags: 645f666f9bcd5a90fca523b33c5a78b7 diff --git a/.nojekyll b/.nojekyll new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e69de29 diff --git a/_images/logo.png b/_images/logo.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..46ed5d3 Binary files /dev/null and b/_images/logo.png differ diff --git a/_sources/context.rst.txt b/_sources/context.rst.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e6600cb --- /dev/null +++ b/_sources/context.rst.txt @@ -0,0 +1,136 @@ +.. _qus:context: + +Context: containers and QEMU +############################ + + > *Docker is a computer program that performs operating-system-level virtualization, also known as "containerization". + (...) Containers are (software packages) isolated from each other and bundle their own application, tools, libraries + and configuration files; + (...) All containers are run by a single operating-system kernel and are thus more lightweight than virtual machines.* + + > *Docker (...) uses the resource isolation features of the Linux kernel such as cgroups and kernel namespaces, and a + union-capable file system such as OverlayFS and others to allow independent "containers" to run within a single Linux + instance, avoiding the overhead of starting and maintaining virtual machines (VMs). + The Linux kernel's support for namespaces mostly isolates an application's view of the operating environment, + including process trees, network, user IDs and mounted file systems, while the kernel's cgroups provide resource + limiting for memory and CPU.* + + -- Wikipedia: Docker_(software) :cite:p:`w:docker` + + > *QEMU (short for Quick Emulator) is a free and open-source emulator that performs hardware virtualization. + (...) it emulates the machine's processor through dynamic binary translation and provides a set of different hardware + and device models for the machine, enabling it to run a variety of guest operating systems. + It also can be used with KVM to run virtual machines at near-native speed (by taking advantage of hardware extensions + such as Intel VT-x). + QEMU can also do emulation for user-level processes, allowing applications compiled for one architecture to run on + another.* + + -- Wikipedia: QEMU :cite:p:`w:qemu` + +QEMU modes +========== + +The main issue to underline is that QEMU provides multiple operating modes: +`full-system emulation `__, +`user-mode emulation `__ and +`virtualization `__. +Some of them allow dynamic binary translation of the instruction set, endianness and 32/64 bit mismatches. +Besides, some focus on isolation between the host and the guest, and/or on performance. + +Virtualization and full-system emulation (when the guest architecture is the same as the host's) are similar to docker +containers, but each machine runs it's own kernel while containers use/share the kernel of the host. +This has been addressed from different perspectives. +For example, the content of a docker image can extracted and used in a QEMU machine :cite:p:`rottenkolber15`. +Conversely, a QEMU image in QCOW2 format can be converted to a docker image :cite:p:`golfayi`. +Furthermore, approaches such as Kata Containers :cite:p:`katacontainers` provide alternative runtimes for docker to +seamlessly bring the best of both: execute containers on top of QEMU virtualization. + +Unfortunately, virtualization of foreign architectures is not supported [#f1]_, so it is out of the scope of Kata +Containers for now [#f2]_. +As a result, execution of docker containers on a qemu-system VM requires the user to learn how to handle images, launch +options and communication between the host and the VM. +For example, in :cite:p:`taylor16`, an image for RPi is created. +On the one hand, the process requires manual steps (although it can be probably automated as in +`rouault/gdal_coverage: .travis.yml `__ from +:cite:p:`rouault16`). +On the other hand, the execution command is not friendly for new users: +``qemu-system-arm -kernel raspberry-qemu/kernel-qemu -cpu arm1176 -m 256 -M versatilepb -no-reboot -serial stdio -append "root=/dev/sda2 panic=1 rootfstype=ext4 rw" -net user,hostfwd=tcp::10022-:22 -net nic -display none -hda 2015-11-21-raspbian-jessie-lite.img``. +Moreover, that example does not consider the execution of docker, which is the target of this project. + +.. TIP:: + Contributions of example scripts to automatically provision QEMU images for some known SBC + (such as `PYNQ `__, + `Raspberry Pi `__, + `Pine64 `__, etc.) allowing running docker images are welcome! + Please `open a pull request `__. + +Alternatively, in user-mode emulation, QEMU runs a program for another Linux/BSD on any supported architecture. +System calls are thunked for endianness and for 32/64 bit mismatches, so that the program is executed as any other +application on the host. + +It is to be noted that user-mode emulation has three main caveats. +First, user-mode emulation seems to be less polished than full-system emulation, so it might crash if non-supported +features are used :cite:p:`voipio17`. +Second, because the underlying machine is the host, there is no emulated kernel and hardware resources specific to the +target device/system are not available (unlike in a fully-featured VM). +Third, there is no isolation between the program and the host, so malicious programs can gain privileges. + +Nevertheless, within its contraints, it is a very valuable solution for cross-building and executing foreign docker +images. +This is specially so in free/public CI environments, because most provides do not support native architectures others +than x86-64. +Hence, QEMU allows to build, for instance, docker images for Raspberry Pi in GitHub Actions. +Precisely, *qus* is used in dbhi/containers :cite:p:`dbhi-containers` to build multiarch images (for ``arm32v7``, ``arm64v8`` +and ``amd64``). +Moreover, since 2017, QEMU is installed and enabled by default with Docker Desktop [#f3]_; thus, features equivalent to +a subset of what *qus* provides are available off the shelf on Windows and macOS. +Regarding isolation, the fact that programs are executed inside docker containers does allow to partially restrict them +[#f4]_. + +Summarizing, this repository is focused on alternatives to configure and use QEMU in user-mode emulation mode. +Nonetheless, we are open to contributions of examples with system-mode emulation. + +Installing QEMU +=============== + +As explained at `qemu.org/download `__, QEMU is packaged by most Linux distributions, +so either of ``qemu-user`` or ``qemu-user-static`` can be installed through package managers. +Furthermore, since ``qemu-user-static`` packages contain statically built binaries :cite:p:`w:static-build`, it is +possible to extract them directly. +That is, to retrieve pre-built packages, extract the desired binary, and copy it to the development workstation. +Alternatively, QEMU can be built from sources. + +Either of the installation procedures allows to execute a binary for a foreign architecture by prepending the +corresponding QEMU executable. E.g.: + +.. code-block:: bash + + qemu-[-static] + +This procedure is straightforward for explicitly executing a few binaries. +However, it is not practical in the context of docker images, because it would require dockerfiles and scripts to be +modified ad-hoc. +Fortunately, the Linux kernel has a capability named ``binfmt_misc`` :cite:p:`w:binfmt_misc` which allows arbitrary +executable file formats to be transparently recognized and passed to certain applications :cite:p:`bottomley16` +:cite:p:`corbet16`. +This is configured either by directly sending special sequences to the register file in a special purpose file system +interface (usually mounted under part of ``/proc``), or using a wrapper (like Debian-based distributions) or systemd's +``systemd-binfmt.service``. + +Moreover, in version 4.8 of the kernel a new flag was added to the ``binfmt`` handlers :cite:p:`kernelnewbies`. +It allows to open the emulation binary when it is registered, so in future it is cloned from the open file. +This is specially useful because it allows to work with foreign architecture containers without contaminating the +container image. + +.. [#f1] + See `wiki.qemu.org: Features/KVM `__. + +.. [#f2] + See `kata-containers/runtime#1280 `__. + +.. [#f3] + See :ref:`qus:related:linuxkit` below. + +.. [#f4] + See `docs.docker.com: Docker security `__ and + `mviereck/x11docker: Security `__. diff --git a/_sources/development.rst.txt b/_sources/development.rst.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6310622 --- /dev/null +++ b/_sources/development.rst.txt @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +.. _qus:development: + +Development +########### + +Continuous Integration/Delivery +=============================== + +A GitHub Actions workflow is triggered after each push. +Container images and manifests are built and pushed to the *docker.io* registry. +Moreover, :ref:`qus:tests` are executed. +On tagged commits, deb packages are extracted and artifacts are pushed to GitHub Releases. + +Roadmap +======= + +* This project uses a modified ``qemu-binfmt-conf.sh`` script from `umarcor/qemu `__, + which includes some enhancements. + These patches have already been submitted upstream and will be hopefully included in future releases. + +* *CLI*: apart from checking whether a new version is available upstream, the Python CLI tool (see :qussrc:`cli`) + can provide tables showing the available assets/packages. + It would be interesting to add that info to the web site. + On the other hand, builds and tests are currently written in :qussrc:`run.sh`. + Ideally, those would be migrated/merged into the CLI tool. + +* *Dropping the kernel dependency*: ``sudo`` privileges, which are required in order to register ``binfmt`` formats, are + not available in all contexts [#f1]_. + In :cite:p:`angelatos15`, an alternative to ``binfmt`` is proposed. + However, that approach has not been implemented in this repo yet. + +.. [#f1] + See, for example, `play-with-docker/play-with-docker#276 `__. diff --git a/_sources/faq.rst.txt b/_sources/faq.rst.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..10cc1a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/_sources/faq.rst.txt @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +.. _qus:faq: + +Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) +################################ + +Does `qus` work for building images? +==================================== + +Yes, once the QEMU binary is configured/loaded, both building images and running containers is supported. + +Do I need to install ``qemu-*-static`` on the host, even though it is only needed by the containers? +==================================================================================================== + +You can use static binaries at any location. +So, you don't need to install all the ``qemu-*-static`` on the host. +You just download the ones you want/need to a temporal folder. +See cases ``c``, ``C``, ``v`` or ``V`` in :ref:`qus:tests`. + +It is still a downside that any other process in the host will use these binaries. +However, the advantage is that you don't need to copy anything in the docker images. +You can use them directly. +Furthermore, you can run multiple foreign containers with a single binary, instead of copying it to all the images. + +If the container depends on a given minimum QEMU version, do I need to ensure that the host provides this version? +================================================================================================================== + +You can put the ``qemu-*-static`` binaries of the version you want in a temporary folder on the host (and only for the +foreign architectures you need). +Then, temporarily use those binaries system-wide, as commented above. +When you are done, just reset the registered formats. +See ``QEMU_BIN_DIR`` in the register script. + +How can I use ``qemu-*-static`` binaries without registering them with the *persistent* flag and without installing them in the container image? +================================================================================================================================================ + +If you don't use ``-p``, you can still share the binary/ies from the host with the containers. +The advantages of this approach are that you can use a single binary for multiple containers, you can use the version of +qemu that you want, and other processes on the host can use different versions of QEMU. +The downside is that we don't know how to make it work with ``docker build`` yet. +See cases ``v`` or ``V`` in ref:`qus:tests`. + +Moreover, the ``qemu-*-static`` binaries can be saved in a docker volume. +This allows to avoid saving them on the host and to run multiple containers with ``--volumes-from``. + +How can the scripts in aptman/qus be customized? +================================================ + +For testing purposes, it is possible to customize scripts ``register.sh`` or ``qemu-binfmt-conf.sh``, which are the +default entrypoint in image aptman/qus. +In order to do so, get a copy of any or both of them, and modify them locally. +Then: + +* Test that you can overwrite the copy inside the container with it: + + .. code-block:: sh + + $ docker run --rm --privileged -itv $(pwd)/qemu-binfmt-conf.sh:/qus/qemu-binfmt-conf.sh --entrypoint=sh aptman/qus + # cat /qus/qemu-binfmt-conf.sh + +* If successful, use it to run *regular* commands: + + .. code-block:: sh + + docker run --rm --privileged -v $(pwd)/qemu-binfmt-conf.sh:/qus/qemu-binfmt-conf.sh aptman/qus -s -- -p + +For instance, this is used in :qussharp:`4`, to work around an upstream bug that prevents 32-bit ARM +interpreters from being registered on 64-bit only ARM hosts. diff --git a/_sources/images.rst.txt b/_sources/images.rst.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f81f7e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/_sources/images.rst.txt @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +.. _qus:images: + +Provided container images +######################### + +When QEMU is installed from distribution package managers, it is normally set up along with ``binfmt_misc``. +Nonetheless, in the context of this project we want to configure it with custom options, instead of relying on the +defaults. +A script provided by QEMU, `qemu-binfmt-conf.sh `__, +can be used to do so. +Among other options, the flag that tells ``binfmt`` to hold interpreters in memory is supported in ``qemu-binfmt-conf.sh``, +as ``-p``. + +This project uses a modified version of ``qemu-binfmt-conf.sh`` [#f1]_, which includes the following enhancements: + +* Optionally, the list of QEMU interpreters to be registered on the host can be limited. +* Add option ``--clear``. +* Add option ``--test``. + +In fact, the entrypoint to the following docker images is a wrapper [#f2]_ around ``qemu-binfmt-conf.sh`` to provide +some synctactic sugar. + +Manifests +========= + +Manifests are provided for the following hosts: ``amd64``, ``arm64v8``, ``arm32v7``, ``arm32v6``, ``i386``, ``s390x`` or +``ppc64le``. +That is, any of the target architectures provided by QEMU can be used on any of those hosts. + +The procedure to generate each image involves extracting pre-built binaries and packaging them in container images, +along with helper scripts. +Hence, multiple images are generated in the process: + +* ``aptman/qus:pkg``: + all the ``qemu-*-static`` binaries from `packages.debian.org/sid/qemu-user-static `__ + extracted on a ``scratch`` image. + +* ``aptman/qus:register``: + a ``busybox`` image with :qussrc:`register.sh` and `qemu-binfmt-conf.sh `__. + The entrypoint is set to ``register.sh``. + +* ``aptman/qus``: + union of the two previous images. + +.. TIP:: + Find usage instructions in the :qussrc:`README `. + +Debian +====== + +For each ``HOST_ARCH``, an image named ``${HOST_ARCH}-d${VERSION}${TAG}`` is published; where ``TAG`` is +``-pkg|-register|""``. +Moreover, three manifests are available: +``aptman/qus:d${VERSION}-pkg``, +``aptman/qus:d${VERSION}-register`` +and ``aptman/qus:d${VERSION}``. + +.. TIP:: + ``latest``/default versions above correspond to these Debian variants. Therefore, running ``aptman/qus`` on an + ``amd64`` host is equivalent to running ``aptman/qus:d6.2`` or ``aptman/qus:amd64-d6.2``. + +Apart from those, ``aptman/qus:mips-pkg`` and ``aptman/qus:mips64el-pkg`` are also available. + +Fedora +====== + +For each ``HOST_ARCH`` (except ``arm32v6``), an image named ``${HOST_ARCH}-f${VERSION}${TAG}`` is published; where +``TAG`` is ``-pkg|-register|""``. +Moreover, three manifests are available: +``aptman/qus:f${VERSION}-pkg``, +``aptman/qus:f${VERSION}-register`` +and ``aptman/qus:f${VERSION}``. + +.. [#f1] + See `umarcor/qemu: series-qemu-binfmt-conf/scripts/qemu-binfmt-conf.sh `__. + +.. [#f2] + See :qussrc:`register.sh `. diff --git a/_sources/index.rst.txt b/_sources/index.rst.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dbaa31b --- /dev/null +++ b/_sources/index.rst.txt @@ -0,0 +1,92 @@ +.. |SHIELD:WorkflowTest| image:: https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/dbhi/qus/Test?longCache=true&style=flat-square&logo=github&label=Test + :alt: 'Test' workflow Status + :height: 22 + :target: https://github.com/dbhi/qus/actions?query=workflow%3ATest + +.. |SHIELD:GitHubRepo| image:: https://img.shields.io/github/stars/dbhi/qus?longCache=true&style=flat-square&label=dbhi%2Fqus&logo=github&color=d45500 + :alt: 'dbhi/qus' GitHub repository + :height: 22 + :target: https://github.com/dbhi/qus + +.. |SHIELD:ContainerRegistry| image:: https://img.shields.io/docker/pulls/aptman/qus.svg?longCache=true&style=flat-square&logo=docker&logoColor=fff&label=aptman%2Fqus + :alt: Docker Hub + :height: 22 + :target: https://hub.docker.com/r/aptman/qus/ + +.. |SHIELD:CommitsSince| image:: https://img.shields.io/github/commits-since/dbhi/qus/latest.svg?longCache=true&style=flat-square&logo=git&logoColor=fff + :alt: Releases + :height: 22 + :target: https://github.com/dbhi/qus/releases + +.. |SHIELD:Citation| image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/-View%20citation%20file-555555?longCache=true&style=flat-square&logo=LaTeX&logoColor=fff + :alt: Cite this project + :height: 22 + :target: https://github.com/dbhi/qus/blob/main/CITATION.cff + +.. |SHIELD:GitterRoom| image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/chat-on%20gitter-4db797.svg?longCache=true&style=flat-square&logo=gitter&logoColor=e8ecef + :alt: Join the chat at gitter.im/hdl/community + :height: 22 + :target: https://gitter.im/hdl/community + +.. _qus: + +qemu-user-static (qus) and containers +##################################### + +.. only:: html + + .. centered:: + |SHIELD:GitHubRepo| + |SHIELD:ContainerRegistry| + |SHIELD:CommitsSince| + |SHIELD:Citation| + |SHIELD:GitterRoom| + |SHIELD:WorkflowTest| + +.. image:: _static/logo/logo.png + :width: 500 px + :align: center + :target: https://github.com/dbhi/qus + +.. raw:: html + +
+ +Welcome to the Documentation of *qemu-user-static and containers (qus)*! +Build and execute `OCI `__ images for foreign architectures using `QEMU `__'s +user-mode emulation. + +*qus* is a compilation of utilities, examples and references to build and execute OCI images :cite:p:`opencontainers` :cite:p:`w:opencontainers` :cite:p:`gh:opencontainers` (aka +Docker :cite:p:`docker` :cite:p:`w:docker` :cite:p:`gh:docker` images) for foreign architectures, using QEMU's +:cite:p:`bellard05` :cite:p:`qemu` :cite:p:`w:qemu` user-mode emulation. + +Ready-to-use docker images are provided for each of seven host architectures officially supported by Docker, Inc. or +built by official images :cite:p:`docker-official-images`: + +* **amd64** +* **i386** +* **arm64v8** +* **arm32v7** +* **arm32v6** +* **s390x** +* **ppc64le** + +Multiple minimal working setups to build and execute ``arm64v8`` containers on ``amd64`` are configured and tested on +Continuous Integration (CI) :cite:p:`w:continuousintegration` services (GitHub Actions :cite:p:`gha` :cite:p:`w:github`). +The full flow is public, for other users to learn and adapt these resources to their needs. +See `github.com/dbhi/qus/actions `__. + +These resources are tested on GNU/Linux and Windows 10 (Docker Desktop). +Contributions to test them on other host OSs are welcome! + +.. toctree:: + :hidden: + + intro + context + images + tests + development + faq + related + references diff --git a/_sources/intro.rst.txt b/_sources/intro.rst.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0a88a57 --- /dev/null +++ b/_sources/intro.rst.txt @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +.. _qus:intro: + +Introduction +############ + +The widespread adoption of single-board computers (SBCs) :cite:p:`w:sbc`, along with the evolution of FPGAs into complex +system on chip (SoC) :cite:p:`w:soc` circuits with Linux-capable CPUs, has increased the demand of (cross-)compiling and +testing strategies for applications targeting architectures other than ``x86`` | ``x86-64`` | ``amd64``. +Apart from the most known `Raspberry Pi `__ :cite:p:`w:rpi` and other similar low-cost +devices, many actual SoCs with a programmable region [#f1]_ (PR) include multi-core ARM subsystems. +Nonetheless, since devices for embedded applications are typically less powerful than regular workstations, it is common +to develop applications on ``x86-64`` and then deploy/use them on the target devices. + +The traditional approach involves installing cross-compilation toolchains on the development workstations. +However, cross-platform packages pollute the development environment, and might need to be built from sources. +In order to reduce the burden of setting up and maintaining a development environment up to date, packaging solutions +are used. +The most known environment packaging solution are Virtual Machines (VMs), which effectively emulate full machines (from +hardware to system libraries, including the kernel). +Yet, using VMs might be overkill for developing user-space applications. +On the other hand, containers :cite:p:`opencontainers` :cite:p:`docker` are a mechanism to package system and user +libraries only, while using the hardware (including the kernel) of the host. +In behalf of containers reducing both the setup and startup burden, most used distributions (*busybox*, *ubuntu*, +*centos*, *debian*, *fedora*, *alpine*, *opensuse*, etc.) are already available :cite:p:`docker-official-images` as +Docker images for architectures such as ARM, s390x or PPC. + +.. TIP:: + Note that naming of ARM architectures is not consistent: ARM (Armv7, Armv8, AArch32, AArch64...), Docker (arm32v7, + arm64v8...), Debian (armel, armhf, aarch64...), Fedora (armv7hl, aarch64...). In this document, all of them are used + equally. See functions ``pkg_arch`` and ``guest_arch`` in :qussrc:`run.sh ` for details about equivalencies. + +Unfortunately, due to containers reusing the kernel of the host, images for foreign architectures cannot be executed on +a regular container runtime. +Trying to do so will likely produce the same error as executing any foreign binary directly on the host. +Thankfully, QEMU :cite:p:`qemu` can emulate foreign architectures through dynamic binary modification/translation (DBM) +:cite:p:`w:binary-translation`. +Thus, it can translate foreign instructions/signals for the kernel to understand them, and vice versa. +On that account, the purpose of this repository and this article is to document how to use OCI containers along with +QEMU. + +The remainder of the document is organized as follows. +In the next two sections, QEMU's different operating modes are explained, and the images generated and published by the +author are described. +Then, the test suite that allows to continuously check the whole set of images is explained. +Thereupon, development details are provided. +There is also a section about frequently asked questions. +Last, references to related blog posts and similar projects are listed. + +.. [#f1] + *Programmable Region* is a term used by `Xilinx `__ to refer to the reconfigurable part of + their SoCs. + The PR is commonly referred to as *FPGA* for historical reasons. diff --git a/_sources/references.rst.txt b/_sources/references.rst.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9af46c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/_sources/references.rst.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +.. _qus:references: + +References +########## + +.. bibliography:: + :labelprefix: R diff --git a/_sources/related.rst.txt b/_sources/related.rst.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6c47906 --- /dev/null +++ b/_sources/related.rst.txt @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ +.. _qus:related: + +Other related sources +##################### + +Some of these projects were developed in parallel to *qus*, and there has been feedback; so, some features and use cases +are equivalent. +Currently, the enhancements which might be unique to *qus* are +1) providing docker images for host architectures other than ``amd64``; and +2) optionally, limiting the list of QEMU binaries to be registered on the host. + +.. TIP:: + There is some info about QEMU and Docker at + `wiki.qemu.org/Testing/DockerBuild `__. + However, it is focused on building and testing QEMU itself, and details about how to set + ``binfmt`` interpreters are not explained. + +multiarch/qemu-user-static +========================== + +`multiarch/qemu-user-static `__ is the most similar to *qus*. +Script ``register.sh`` in *qus* was initially based on *multiarch*'s. +Later, *qus* was used as a reference by *multiarch*, in order to implement *persistent* loading. +The main difference is that *multiarch* does not provide images for host architectures other than ``amd64``. + +:cite:p:`aruga19` is a talk by one of the maintainers of `multiarch/qemu-user-static `__ +that provides an introduction to contexts where these projects are useful. +See also :cite:p:`pradipta17`. + +fkrull/docker-qemu-user-static +============================== + +In `fkrull/docker-qemu-user-static `__ QEMU binaries are also loaded +persistently. +However, *fkrull* uses some custom Python scripts, instead of relying on ``qemu-binfmt-conf.sh``. + +rmoriz/multiarch-test +===================== + +`rmoriz/multiarch-test `__ tries to fix `moby/moby#36552 `__ +in ``hooks/build``, but we have not found that issue in this project yet. + +.. _qus:related:linuxkit: + +linuxkit/binfmt | docker/binfmt +=============================== + +Although not well documented, since version 1.13.0 (2017-01-19), QEMU is installed by default with Docker Desktop and a +tool written in golang (named ``binfmt``) is used to register interpreters in the kernel. +The upstream project is `linuxkit/linuxkit `__. + +For further details about similarities/differences, see: + +* The project from docker (`docker/binfmt `__) was deprecated in favour of + `github.com/linuxkit/linuxkit/tree/master/pkg/binfmt `__. + + * `docker/binfmt#17 `__ + +* `linuxkit/linuxkit#3401 `__ +* `moby/qemu `__ + +At DockerCon San Francisco 2019, a partnership with Arm was announced: +`Building Multi-Arch Images for Arm and x86 with Docker Desktop `__. + +Blog posts +========== + +* `ownyourbits.com `__ + + * `Running and building ARM Docker containers in x86 `__ + + * `Transparently running binaries from any architecture in Linux with QEMU and binfmt_misc `__ diff --git a/_sources/tests.rst.txt b/_sources/tests.rst.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..88ec16d --- /dev/null +++ b/_sources/tests.rst.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +.. _qus:tests: + +Tests +##### + +Multiple alternatives exist to install QEMU, to register the interpreter and/or to use OCI containers. +The table below summarizes all the combinations that are tested on CI services in this project: + +.. include:: TestsTable.inc + +.. TIP:: + ``n`` is about executing a binary on the host, not inside a container. + +where: + +* ``$file`` is the ``qemu-*-static`` binary corresponding to the target architecture. + In these tests: ``file=qemu-aarch64-static``. + +* **-r|--clear**: clean any registered ``qemu-*`` interpreter. + +* **-s|--static**: add ``--suffix -static`` to the args for ``qemu-binfmt-conf.sh``. + +* **-p|--persistent**: if yes, the interpreter is loaded when ``binfmt`` is configured and remains in memory. + All future uses are cloned from the open file. + +* **vol**: whether the QEMU binary must be bind between the host and the container where target binaries are located. + None of the methods with ``vol=y`` can be used for ``docker build``. diff --git a/_static/basic.css b/_static/basic.css new file mode 100644 index 0000000..30fee9d --- /dev/null +++ b/_static/basic.css @@ -0,0 +1,925 @@ +/* + * basic.css + * ~~~~~~~~~ + * + * Sphinx stylesheet -- basic theme. + * + * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2023 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS. + * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details. + * + */ + +/* -- main layout ----------------------------------------------------------- */ + +div.clearer { + clear: both; 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// [C]VC[V] is m=1 + var mgr1 = "^(" + C + ")?" + V + C + V + C; // [C]VCVC... is m>1 + var s_v = "^(" + C + ")?" + v; // vowel in stem + + this.stemWord = function (w) { + var stem; + var suffix; + var firstch; + var origword = w; + + if (w.length < 3) + return w; + + var re; + var re2; + var re3; + var re4; + + firstch = w.substr(0,1); + if (firstch == "y") + w = firstch.toUpperCase() + w.substr(1); + + // Step 1a + re = /^(.+?)(ss|i)es$/; + re2 = /^(.+?)([^s])s$/; + + if (re.test(w)) + w = w.replace(re,"$1$2"); + else if (re2.test(w)) + w = w.replace(re2,"$1$2"); + + // Step 1b + re = /^(.+?)eed$/; + re2 = /^(.+?)(ed|ing)$/; + if (re.test(w)) { + var fp = re.exec(w); + re = new RegExp(mgr0); + if (re.test(fp[1])) { + re = /.$/; + w = w.replace(re,""); + } + } + else if (re2.test(w)) { + var fp = re2.exec(w); + stem = fp[1]; + re2 = new RegExp(s_v); + if (re2.test(stem)) { + w = stem; + re2 = /(at|bl|iz)$/; + re3 = new RegExp("([^aeiouylsz])\\1$"); + re4 = new RegExp("^" + C + v + "[^aeiouwxy]$"); + if (re2.test(w)) + w = w + "e"; + else if (re3.test(w)) { + re = /.$/; + w = w.replace(re,""); + } + else if (re4.test(w)) + w = w + "e"; + } + } + + // Step 1c + re = /^(.+?)y$/; + if (re.test(w)) { + var fp = re.exec(w); + stem = fp[1]; + re = new RegExp(s_v); + if (re.test(stem)) + w = stem + "i"; + } + + // Step 2 + re = /^(.+?)(ational|tional|enci|anci|izer|bli|alli|entli|eli|ousli|ization|ation|ator|alism|iveness|fulness|ousness|aliti|iviti|biliti|logi)$/; + if (re.test(w)) { + var fp = re.exec(w); + stem = fp[1]; + suffix = fp[2]; + re = new RegExp(mgr0); + if (re.test(stem)) + w = stem + step2list[suffix]; + } + + // Step 3 + re = /^(.+?)(icate|ative|alize|iciti|ical|ful|ness)$/; + if (re.test(w)) { + var fp = re.exec(w); + stem = fp[1]; + suffix = fp[2]; + re = new RegExp(mgr0); + if (re.test(stem)) + w = stem + step3list[suffix]; + } + + // Step 4 + re = /^(.+?)(al|ance|ence|er|ic|able|ible|ant|ement|ment|ent|ou|ism|ate|iti|ous|ive|ize)$/; + re2 = /^(.+?)(s|t)(ion)$/; + if (re.test(w)) { + var fp = re.exec(w); + stem = fp[1]; + re = new RegExp(mgr1); + if (re.test(stem)) + w = stem; + } + else if (re2.test(w)) { + var fp = re2.exec(w); + stem = fp[1] + fp[2]; + re2 = new RegExp(mgr1); + if (re2.test(stem)) + w = stem; + } + + // Step 5 + re = /^(.+?)e$/; + if (re.test(w)) { + var fp = re.exec(w); + stem = fp[1]; + re = new RegExp(mgr1); + re2 = new RegExp(meq1); + re3 = new RegExp("^" + C + v + "[^aeiouwxy]$"); + if (re.test(stem) || (re2.test(stem) && !(re3.test(stem)))) + w = stem; + } + re = /ll$/; + re2 = new RegExp(mgr1); + if (re.test(w) && re2.test(w)) { + re = /.$/; + w = w.replace(re,""); + } + + // and turn initial Y back to y + if (firstch == "y") + w = firstch.toLowerCase() + w.substr(1); + return w; + } +} + diff --git a/_static/logo/dark.svg b/_static/logo/dark.svg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..20363e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/_static/logo/dark.svg @@ -0,0 +1,198 @@ + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/_static/logo/docs_dark.svg b/_static/logo/docs_dark.svg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eb3c882 --- /dev/null +++ b/_static/logo/docs_dark.svg @@ -0,0 +1,130 @@ + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/_static/logo/docs_light.svg b/_static/logo/docs_light.svg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ae8064d --- /dev/null +++ b/_static/logo/docs_light.svg @@ -0,0 +1,130 @@ + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/_static/logo/favicon.svg b/_static/logo/favicon.svg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f9dbb45 --- /dev/null +++ b/_static/logo/favicon.svg @@ -0,0 +1,163 @@ + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/_static/logo/light.svg b/_static/logo/light.svg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7586849 --- /dev/null +++ b/_static/logo/light.svg @@ -0,0 +1,258 @@ + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/_static/logo/logo.png b/_static/logo/logo.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..46ed5d3 Binary files /dev/null and b/_static/logo/logo.png differ diff --git a/_static/logo/logo_blur.png b/_static/logo/logo_blur.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fc58c69 Binary files /dev/null and b/_static/logo/logo_blur.png differ diff --git a/_static/logo_blur.png b/_static/logo_blur.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fc58c69 Binary files /dev/null and b/_static/logo_blur.png differ diff --git a/_static/minus.png b/_static/minus.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d96755f Binary files /dev/null and b/_static/minus.png differ diff --git a/_static/plus.png b/_static/plus.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7107cec Binary files /dev/null and b/_static/plus.png differ diff --git a/_static/pygments.css b/_static/pygments.css new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6bae782 --- /dev/null +++ b/_static/pygments.css @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +pre { line-height: 125%; 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+} + +const _removeChildren = (element) => { + while (element && element.lastChild) element.removeChild(element.lastChild); +}; + +/** + * See https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Guide/Regular_Expressions#escaping + */ +const _escapeRegExp = (string) => + string.replace(/[.*+\-?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, "\\$&"); // $& means the whole matched string + +const _displayItem = (item, searchTerms, highlightTerms) => { + const docBuilder = DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.BUILDER; + const docFileSuffix = DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.FILE_SUFFIX; + const docLinkSuffix = DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.LINK_SUFFIX; + const showSearchSummary = DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.SHOW_SEARCH_SUMMARY; + const contentRoot = document.documentElement.dataset.content_root; + + const [docName, title, anchor, descr, score, _filename] = item; + + let listItem = document.createElement("li"); + let requestUrl; + let linkUrl; + if (docBuilder === "dirhtml") { + // dirhtml builder + let dirname = docName + "/"; + if (dirname.match(/\/index\/$/)) + dirname = dirname.substring(0, dirname.length - 6); + else if (dirname === "index/") dirname = ""; + requestUrl = contentRoot + dirname; + linkUrl = requestUrl; + } else { + // normal html builders + requestUrl = contentRoot + docName + docFileSuffix; + linkUrl = docName + docLinkSuffix; + } + let linkEl = listItem.appendChild(document.createElement("a")); + linkEl.href = linkUrl + anchor; + linkEl.dataset.score = score; + linkEl.innerHTML = title; + if (descr) { + listItem.appendChild(document.createElement("span")).innerHTML = + " (" + descr + ")"; + // highlight search terms in the description + if (SPHINX_HIGHLIGHT_ENABLED) // set in sphinx_highlight.js + highlightTerms.forEach((term) => _highlightText(listItem, term, "highlighted")); + } + else if (showSearchSummary) + fetch(requestUrl) + .then((responseData) => responseData.text()) + .then((data) => { + if (data) + listItem.appendChild( + Search.makeSearchSummary(data, searchTerms) + ); + // highlight search terms in the summary + if (SPHINX_HIGHLIGHT_ENABLED) // set in sphinx_highlight.js + highlightTerms.forEach((term) => _highlightText(listItem, term, "highlighted")); + }); + Search.output.appendChild(listItem); +}; +const _finishSearch = (resultCount) => { + Search.stopPulse(); + Search.title.innerText = _("Search Results"); + if (!resultCount) + Search.status.innerText = Documentation.gettext( + "Your search did not match any documents. Please make sure that all words are spelled correctly and that you've selected enough categories." + ); + else + Search.status.innerText = _( + `Search finished, found ${resultCount} page(s) matching the search query.` + ); +}; +const _displayNextItem = ( + results, + resultCount, + searchTerms, + highlightTerms, +) => { + // results left, load the summary and display it + // this is intended to be dynamic (don't sub resultsCount) + if (results.length) { + _displayItem(results.pop(), searchTerms, highlightTerms); + setTimeout( + () => _displayNextItem(results, resultCount, searchTerms, highlightTerms), + 5 + ); + } + // search finished, update title and status message + else _finishSearch(resultCount); +}; + +/** + * Default splitQuery function. Can be overridden in ``sphinx.search`` with a + * custom function per language. + * + * The regular expression works by splitting the string on consecutive characters + * that are not Unicode letters, numbers, underscores, or emoji characters. + * This is the same as ``\W+`` in Python, preserving the surrogate pair area. + */ +if (typeof splitQuery === "undefined") { + var splitQuery = (query) => query + .split(/[^\p{Letter}\p{Number}_\p{Emoji_Presentation}]+/gu) + .filter(term => term) // remove remaining empty strings +} + +/** + * Search Module + */ +const Search = { + _index: null, + _queued_query: null, + _pulse_status: -1, + + htmlToText: (htmlString) => { + const htmlElement = new DOMParser().parseFromString(htmlString, 'text/html'); + htmlElement.querySelectorAll(".headerlink").forEach((el) => { el.remove() }); + const docContent = htmlElement.querySelector('[role="main"]'); + if (docContent !== undefined) return docContent.textContent; + console.warn( + "Content block not found. Sphinx search tries to obtain it via '[role=main]'. Could you check your theme or template." + ); + return ""; + }, + + init: () => { + const query = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).get("q"); + document + .querySelectorAll('input[name="q"]') + .forEach((el) => (el.value = query)); + if (query) Search.performSearch(query); + }, + + loadIndex: (url) => + (document.body.appendChild(document.createElement("script")).src = url), + + setIndex: (index) => { + Search._index = index; + if (Search._queued_query !== null) { + const query = Search._queued_query; + Search._queued_query = null; + Search.query(query); + } + }, + + hasIndex: () => Search._index !== null, + + deferQuery: (query) => (Search._queued_query = query), + + stopPulse: () => (Search._pulse_status = -1), + + startPulse: () => { + if (Search._pulse_status >= 0) return; + + const pulse = () => { + Search._pulse_status = (Search._pulse_status + 1) % 4; + Search.dots.innerText = ".".repeat(Search._pulse_status); + if (Search._pulse_status >= 0) window.setTimeout(pulse, 500); + }; + pulse(); + }, + + /** + * perform a search for something (or wait until index is loaded) + */ + performSearch: (query) => { + // create the required interface elements + const searchText = document.createElement("h2"); + searchText.textContent = _("Searching"); + const searchSummary = document.createElement("p"); + searchSummary.classList.add("search-summary"); + searchSummary.innerText = ""; + const searchList = document.createElement("ul"); + searchList.classList.add("search"); + + const out = document.getElementById("search-results"); + Search.title = out.appendChild(searchText); + Search.dots = Search.title.appendChild(document.createElement("span")); + Search.status = out.appendChild(searchSummary); + Search.output = out.appendChild(searchList); + + const searchProgress = document.getElementById("search-progress"); + // Some themes don't use the search progress node + if (searchProgress) { + searchProgress.innerText = _("Preparing search..."); + } + Search.startPulse(); + + // index already loaded, the browser was quick! + if (Search.hasIndex()) Search.query(query); + else Search.deferQuery(query); + }, + + /** + * execute search (requires search index to be loaded) + */ + query: (query) => { + const filenames = Search._index.filenames; + const docNames = Search._index.docnames; + const titles = Search._index.titles; + const allTitles = Search._index.alltitles; + const indexEntries = Search._index.indexentries; + + // stem the search terms and add them to the correct list + const stemmer = new Stemmer(); + const searchTerms = new Set(); + const excludedTerms = new Set(); + const highlightTerms = new Set(); + const objectTerms = new Set(splitQuery(query.toLowerCase().trim())); + splitQuery(query.trim()).forEach((queryTerm) => { + const queryTermLower = queryTerm.toLowerCase(); + + // maybe skip this "word" + // stopwords array is from language_data.js + if ( + stopwords.indexOf(queryTermLower) !== -1 || + queryTerm.match(/^\d+$/) + ) + return; + + // stem the word + let word = stemmer.stemWord(queryTermLower); + // select the correct list + if (word[0] === "-") excludedTerms.add(word.substr(1)); + else { + searchTerms.add(word); + highlightTerms.add(queryTermLower); + } + }); + + if (SPHINX_HIGHLIGHT_ENABLED) { // set in sphinx_highlight.js + localStorage.setItem("sphinx_highlight_terms", [...highlightTerms].join(" ")) + } + + // console.debug("SEARCH: searching for:"); + // console.info("required: ", [...searchTerms]); + // console.info("excluded: ", [...excludedTerms]); + + // array of [docname, title, anchor, descr, score, filename] + let results = []; + _removeChildren(document.getElementById("search-progress")); + + const queryLower = query.toLowerCase(); + for (const [title, foundTitles] of Object.entries(allTitles)) { + if (title.toLowerCase().includes(queryLower) && (queryLower.length >= title.length/2)) { + for (const [file, id] of foundTitles) { + let score = Math.round(100 * queryLower.length / title.length) + results.push([ + docNames[file], + titles[file] !== title ? `${titles[file]} > ${title}` : title, + id !== null ? "#" + id : "", + null, + score, + filenames[file], + ]); + } + } + } + + // search for explicit entries in index directives + for (const [entry, foundEntries] of Object.entries(indexEntries)) { + if (entry.includes(queryLower) && (queryLower.length >= entry.length/2)) { + for (const [file, id] of foundEntries) { + let score = Math.round(100 * queryLower.length / entry.length) + results.push([ + docNames[file], + titles[file], + id ? "#" + id : "", + null, + score, + filenames[file], + ]); + } + } + } + + // lookup as object + objectTerms.forEach((term) => + results.push(...Search.performObjectSearch(term, objectTerms)) + ); + + // lookup as search terms in fulltext + results.push(...Search.performTermsSearch(searchTerms, excludedTerms)); + + // let the scorer override scores with a custom scoring function + if (Scorer.score) results.forEach((item) => (item[4] = Scorer.score(item))); + + // now sort the results by score (in opposite order of appearance, since the + // display function below uses pop() to retrieve items) and then + // alphabetically + results.sort((a, b) => { + const leftScore = a[4]; + const rightScore = b[4]; + if (leftScore === rightScore) { + // same score: sort alphabetically + const leftTitle = a[1].toLowerCase(); + const rightTitle = b[1].toLowerCase(); + if (leftTitle === rightTitle) return 0; + return leftTitle > rightTitle ? -1 : 1; // inverted is intentional + } + return leftScore > rightScore ? 1 : -1; + }); + + // remove duplicate search results + // note the reversing of results, so that in the case of duplicates, the highest-scoring entry is kept + let seen = new Set(); + results = results.reverse().reduce((acc, result) => { + let resultStr = result.slice(0, 4).concat([result[5]]).map(v => String(v)).join(','); + if (!seen.has(resultStr)) { + acc.push(result); + seen.add(resultStr); + } + return acc; + }, []); + + results = results.reverse(); + + // for debugging + //Search.lastresults = results.slice(); // a copy + // console.info("search results:", Search.lastresults); + + // print the results + _displayNextItem(results, results.length, searchTerms, highlightTerms); + }, + + /** + * search for object names + */ + performObjectSearch: (object, objectTerms) => { + const filenames = Search._index.filenames; + const docNames = Search._index.docnames; + const objects = Search._index.objects; + const objNames = Search._index.objnames; + const titles = Search._index.titles; + + const results = []; + + const objectSearchCallback = (prefix, match) => { + const name = match[4] + const fullname = (prefix ? prefix + "." : "") + name; + const fullnameLower = fullname.toLowerCase(); + if (fullnameLower.indexOf(object) < 0) return; + + let score = 0; + const parts = fullnameLower.split("."); + + // check for different match types: exact matches of full name or + // "last name" (i.e. last dotted part) + if (fullnameLower === object || parts.slice(-1)[0] === object) + score += Scorer.objNameMatch; + else if (parts.slice(-1)[0].indexOf(object) > -1) + score += Scorer.objPartialMatch; // matches in last name + + const objName = objNames[match[1]][2]; + const title = titles[match[0]]; + + // If more than one term searched for, we require other words to be + // found in the name/title/description + const otherTerms = new Set(objectTerms); + otherTerms.delete(object); + if (otherTerms.size > 0) { + const haystack = `${prefix} ${name} ${objName} ${title}`.toLowerCase(); + if ( + [...otherTerms].some((otherTerm) => haystack.indexOf(otherTerm) < 0) + ) + return; + } + + let anchor = match[3]; + if (anchor === "") anchor = fullname; + else if (anchor === "-") anchor = objNames[match[1]][1] + "-" + fullname; + + const descr = objName + _(", in ") + title; + + // add custom score for some objects according to scorer + if (Scorer.objPrio.hasOwnProperty(match[2])) + score += Scorer.objPrio[match[2]]; + else score += Scorer.objPrioDefault; + + results.push([ + docNames[match[0]], + fullname, + "#" + anchor, + descr, + score, + filenames[match[0]], + ]); + }; + Object.keys(objects).forEach((prefix) => + objects[prefix].forEach((array) => + objectSearchCallback(prefix, array) + ) + ); + return results; + }, + + /** + * search for full-text terms in the index + */ + performTermsSearch: (searchTerms, excludedTerms) => { + // prepare search + const terms = Search._index.terms; + const titleTerms = Search._index.titleterms; + const filenames = Search._index.filenames; + const docNames = Search._index.docnames; + const titles = Search._index.titles; + + const scoreMap = new Map(); + const fileMap = new Map(); + + // perform the search on the required terms + searchTerms.forEach((word) => { + const files = []; + const arr = [ + { files: terms[word], score: Scorer.term }, + { files: titleTerms[word], score: Scorer.title }, + ]; + // add support for partial matches + if (word.length > 2) { + const escapedWord = _escapeRegExp(word); + Object.keys(terms).forEach((term) => { + if (term.match(escapedWord) && !terms[word]) + arr.push({ files: terms[term], score: Scorer.partialTerm }); + }); + Object.keys(titleTerms).forEach((term) => { + if (term.match(escapedWord) && !titleTerms[word]) + arr.push({ files: titleTerms[word], score: Scorer.partialTitle }); + }); + } + + // no match but word was a required one + if (arr.every((record) => record.files === undefined)) return; + + // found search word in contents + arr.forEach((record) => { + if (record.files === undefined) return; + + let recordFiles = record.files; + if (recordFiles.length === undefined) recordFiles = [recordFiles]; + files.push(...recordFiles); + + // set score for the word in each file + recordFiles.forEach((file) => { + if (!scoreMap.has(file)) scoreMap.set(file, {}); + scoreMap.get(file)[word] = record.score; + }); + }); + + // create the mapping + files.forEach((file) => { + if (fileMap.has(file) && fileMap.get(file).indexOf(word) === -1) + fileMap.get(file).push(word); + else fileMap.set(file, [word]); + }); + }); + + // now check if the files don't contain excluded terms + const results = []; + for (const [file, wordList] of fileMap) { + // check if all requirements are matched + + // as search terms with length < 3 are discarded + const filteredTermCount = [...searchTerms].filter( + (term) => term.length > 2 + ).length; + if ( + wordList.length !== searchTerms.size && + wordList.length !== filteredTermCount + ) + continue; + + // ensure that none of the excluded terms is in the search result + if ( + [...excludedTerms].some( + (term) => + terms[term] === file || + titleTerms[term] === file || + (terms[term] || []).includes(file) || + (titleTerms[term] || []).includes(file) + ) + ) + break; + + // select one (max) score for the file. + const score = Math.max(...wordList.map((w) => scoreMap.get(file)[w])); + // add result to the result list + results.push([ + docNames[file], + titles[file], + "", + null, + score, + filenames[file], + ]); + } + return results; + }, + + /** + * helper function to return a node containing the + * search summary for a given text. keywords is a list + * of stemmed words. + */ + makeSearchSummary: (htmlText, keywords) => { + const text = Search.htmlToText(htmlText); + if (text === "") return null; + + const textLower = text.toLowerCase(); + const actualStartPosition = [...keywords] + .map((k) => textLower.indexOf(k.toLowerCase())) + .filter((i) => i > -1) + .slice(-1)[0]; + const startWithContext = Math.max(actualStartPosition - 120, 0); + + const top = startWithContext === 0 ? "" : "..."; + const tail = startWithContext + 240 < text.length ? "..." : ""; + + let summary = document.createElement("p"); + summary.classList.add("context"); + summary.textContent = top + text.substr(startWithContext, 240).trim() + tail; + + return summary; + }, +}; + +_ready(Search.init); diff --git a/_static/sphinx_highlight.js b/_static/sphinx_highlight.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8a96c69 --- /dev/null +++ b/_static/sphinx_highlight.js @@ -0,0 +1,154 @@ +/* Highlighting utilities for Sphinx HTML documentation. */ +"use strict"; + +const SPHINX_HIGHLIGHT_ENABLED = true + +/** + * highlight a given string on a node by wrapping it in + * span elements with the given class name. + */ +const _highlight = (node, addItems, text, className) => { + if (node.nodeType === Node.TEXT_NODE) { + const val = node.nodeValue; + const parent = node.parentNode; + const pos = val.toLowerCase().indexOf(text); + if ( + pos >= 0 && + !parent.classList.contains(className) && + !parent.classList.contains("nohighlight") + ) { + let span; + + const closestNode = parent.closest("body, svg, foreignObject"); + const isInSVG = closestNode && closestNode.matches("svg"); + if (isInSVG) { + span = document.createElementNS("http://www.w3.org/2000/svg", "tspan"); + } else { + span = document.createElement("span"); + span.classList.add(className); + } + + span.appendChild(document.createTextNode(val.substr(pos, text.length))); + const rest = document.createTextNode(val.substr(pos + text.length)); + parent.insertBefore( + span, + parent.insertBefore( + rest, + node.nextSibling + ) + ); + node.nodeValue = val.substr(0, pos); + /* There may be more occurrences of search term in this node. So call this + * function recursively on the remaining fragment. + */ + _highlight(rest, addItems, text, className); + + if (isInSVG) { + const rect = document.createElementNS( + "http://www.w3.org/2000/svg", + "rect" + ); + const bbox = parent.getBBox(); + rect.x.baseVal.value = bbox.x; + rect.y.baseVal.value = bbox.y; + rect.width.baseVal.value = bbox.width; + rect.height.baseVal.value = bbox.height; + rect.setAttribute("class", className); + addItems.push({ parent: parent, target: rect }); + } + } + } else if (node.matches && !node.matches("button, select, textarea")) { + node.childNodes.forEach((el) => _highlight(el, addItems, text, className)); + } +}; +const _highlightText = (thisNode, text, className) => { + let addItems = []; + _highlight(thisNode, addItems, text, className); + addItems.forEach((obj) => + obj.parent.insertAdjacentElement("beforebegin", obj.target) + ); +}; + +/** + * Small JavaScript module for the documentation. + */ +const SphinxHighlight = { + + /** + * highlight the search words provided in localstorage in the text + */ + highlightSearchWords: () => { + if (!SPHINX_HIGHLIGHT_ENABLED) return; // bail if no highlight + + // get and clear terms from localstorage + const url = new URL(window.location); + const highlight = + localStorage.getItem("sphinx_highlight_terms") + || url.searchParams.get("highlight") + || ""; + localStorage.removeItem("sphinx_highlight_terms") + url.searchParams.delete("highlight"); + window.history.replaceState({}, "", url); + + // get individual terms from highlight string + const terms = highlight.toLowerCase().split(/\s+/).filter(x => x); + if (terms.length === 0) return; // nothing to do + + // There should never be more than one element matching "div.body" + const divBody = document.querySelectorAll("div.body"); + const body = divBody.length ? divBody[0] : document.querySelector("body"); + window.setTimeout(() => { + terms.forEach((term) => _highlightText(body, term, "highlighted")); + }, 10); + + const searchBox = document.getElementById("searchbox"); + if (searchBox === null) return; + searchBox.appendChild( + document + .createRange() + .createContextualFragment( + '" + ) + ); + }, + + /** + * helper function to hide the search marks again + */ + hideSearchWords: () => { + document + .querySelectorAll("#searchbox .highlight-link") + .forEach((el) => el.remove()); + document + .querySelectorAll("span.highlighted") + .forEach((el) => el.classList.remove("highlighted")); + localStorage.removeItem("sphinx_highlight_terms") + }, + + initEscapeListener: () => { + // only install a listener if it is really needed + if (!DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.ENABLE_SEARCH_SHORTCUTS) return; + + document.addEventListener("keydown", (event) => { + // bail for input elements + if (BLACKLISTED_KEY_CONTROL_ELEMENTS.has(document.activeElement.tagName)) return; + // bail with special keys + if (event.shiftKey || event.altKey || event.ctrlKey || event.metaKey) return; + if (DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.ENABLE_SEARCH_SHORTCUTS && (event.key === "Escape")) { + SphinxHighlight.hideSearchWords(); + event.preventDefault(); + } + }); + }, +}; + +_ready(() => { + /* Do not call highlightSearchWords() when we are on the search page. + * It will highlight words from the *previous* search query. + */ + if (typeof Search === "undefined") SphinxHighlight.highlightSearchWords(); + SphinxHighlight.initEscapeListener(); +}); diff --git a/context.html b/context.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..50d8923 --- /dev/null +++ b/context.html @@ -0,0 +1,243 @@ + + + + + + + Context: containers and QEMU — qemu-user-static (qus) and containers latest documentation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+
+ + +
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
+

Context: containers and QEMU

+
+

> Docker is a computer program that performs operating-system-level virtualization, also known as “containerization”. +(…) Containers are (software packages) isolated from each other and bundle their own application, tools, libraries +and configuration files; +(…) All containers are run by a single operating-system kernel and are thus more lightweight than virtual machines.

+

> Docker (…) uses the resource isolation features of the Linux kernel such as cgroups and kernel namespaces, and a +union-capable file system such as OverlayFS and others to allow independent “containers” to run within a single Linux +instance, avoiding the overhead of starting and maintaining virtual machines (VMs). +The Linux kernel’s support for namespaces mostly isolates an application’s view of the operating environment, +including process trees, network, user IDs and mounted file systems, while the kernel’s cgroups provide resource +limiting for memory and CPU.

+

—Wikipedia: Docker_(software) [R25]

+
+
+

> QEMU (short for Quick Emulator) is a free and open-source emulator that performs hardware virtualization. +(…) it emulates the machine’s processor through dynamic binary translation and provides a set of different hardware +and device models for the machine, enabling it to run a variety of guest operating systems. +It also can be used with KVM to run virtual machines at near-native speed (by taking advantage of hardware extensions +such as Intel VT-x). +QEMU can also do emulation for user-level processes, allowing applications compiled for one architecture to run on +another.

+

—Wikipedia: QEMU [R28]

+
+
+

QEMU modes

+

The main issue to underline is that QEMU provides multiple operating modes: +full-system emulation, +user-mode emulation and +virtualization. +Some of them allow dynamic binary translation of the instruction set, endianness and 32/64 bit mismatches. +Besides, some focus on isolation between the host and the guest, and/or on performance.

+

Virtualization and full-system emulation (when the guest architecture is the same as the host’s) are similar to docker +containers, but each machine runs it’s own kernel while containers use/share the kernel of the host. +This has been addressed from different perspectives. +For example, the content of a docker image can extracted and used in a QEMU machine [R10]. +Conversely, a QEMU image in QCOW2 format can be converted to a docker image [R17]. +Furthermore, approaches such as Kata Containers [R21] provide alternative runtimes for docker to +seamlessly bring the best of both: execute containers on top of QEMU virtualization.

+

Unfortunately, virtualization of foreign architectures is not supported [1], so it is out of the scope of Kata +Containers for now [2]. +As a result, execution of docker containers on a qemu-system VM requires the user to learn how to handle images, launch +options and communication between the host and the VM. +For example, in [R12], an image for RPi is created. +On the one hand, the process requires manual steps (although it can be probably automated as in +rouault/gdal_coverage: .travis.yml from +[R11]). +On the other hand, the execution command is not friendly for new users: +qemu-system-arm -kernel raspberry-qemu/kernel-qemu -cpu arm1176 -m 256 -M versatilepb -no-reboot -serial stdio -append "root=/dev/sda2 panic=1 rootfstype=ext4 rw" -net user,hostfwd=tcp::10022-:22 -net nic -display none -hda 2015-11-21-raspbian-jessie-lite.img. +Moreover, that example does not consider the execution of docker, which is the target of this project.

+
+

Tip

+

Contributions of example scripts to automatically provision QEMU images for some known SBC +(such as PYNQ, +Raspberry Pi, +Pine64, etc.) allowing running docker images are welcome! +Please open a pull request.

+
+

Alternatively, in user-mode emulation, QEMU runs a program for another Linux/BSD on any supported architecture. +System calls are thunked for endianness and for 32/64 bit mismatches, so that the program is executed as any other +application on the host.

+

It is to be noted that user-mode emulation has three main caveats. +First, user-mode emulation seems to be less polished than full-system emulation, so it might crash if non-supported +features are used [R13]. +Second, because the underlying machine is the host, there is no emulated kernel and hardware resources specific to the +target device/system are not available (unlike in a fully-featured VM). +Third, there is no isolation between the program and the host, so malicious programs can gain privileges.

+

Nevertheless, within its contraints, it is a very valuable solution for cross-building and executing foreign docker +images. +This is specially so in free/public CI environments, because most provides do not support native architectures others +than x86-64. +Hence, QEMU allows to build, for instance, docker images for Raspberry Pi in GitHub Actions. +Precisely, qus is used in dbhi/containers [R9] to build multiarch images (for arm32v7, arm64v8 +and amd64). +Moreover, since 2017, QEMU is installed and enabled by default with Docker Desktop [3]; thus, features equivalent to +a subset of what qus provides are available off the shelf on Windows and macOS. +Regarding isolation, the fact that programs are executed inside docker containers does allow to partially restrict them +[4].

+

Summarizing, this repository is focused on alternatives to configure and use QEMU in user-mode emulation mode. +Nonetheless, we are open to contributions of examples with system-mode emulation.

+
+
+

Installing QEMU

+

As explained at qemu.org/download, QEMU is packaged by most Linux distributions, +so either of qemu-user or qemu-user-static can be installed through package managers. +Furthermore, since qemu-user-static packages contain statically built binaries [R31], it is +possible to extract them directly. +That is, to retrieve pre-built packages, extract the desired binary, and copy it to the development workstation. +Alternatively, QEMU can be built from sources.

+

Either of the installation procedures allows to execute a binary for a foreign architecture by prepending the +corresponding QEMU executable. E.g.:

+
qemu-<arch>[-static] <binary>
+
+
+

This procedure is straightforward for explicitly executing a few binaries. +However, it is not practical in the context of docker images, because it would require dockerfiles and scripts to be +modified ad-hoc. +Fortunately, the Linux kernel has a capability named binfmt_misc [R23] which allows arbitrary +executable file formats to be transparently recognized and passed to certain applications [R5] +[R6]. +This is configured either by directly sending special sequences to the register file in a special purpose file system +interface (usually mounted under part of /proc), or using a wrapper (like Debian-based distributions) or systemd’s +systemd-binfmt.service.

+

Moreover, in version 4.8 of the kernel a new flag was added to the binfmt handlers [R18]. +It allows to open the emulation binary when it is registered, so in future it is cloned from the open file. +This is specially useful because it allows to work with foreign architecture containers without contaminating the +container image.

+ +
+
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/development.html b/development.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fd6858c --- /dev/null +++ b/development.html @@ -0,0 +1,147 @@ + + + + + + + Development — qemu-user-static (qus) and containers latest documentation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+
+ + +
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
+

Development

+
+

Continuous Integration/Delivery

+

A GitHub Actions workflow is triggered after each push. +Container images and manifests are built and pushed to the docker.io registry. +Moreover, Tests are executed. +On tagged commits, deb packages are extracted and artifacts are pushed to GitHub Releases.

+
+
+

Roadmap

+
    +
  • This project uses a modified qemu-binfmt-conf.sh script from umarcor/qemu, +which includes some enhancements. +These patches have already been submitted upstream and will be hopefully included in future releases.

  • +
  • CLI: apart from checking whether a new version is available upstream, the Python CLI tool (see cli) +can provide tables showing the available assets/packages. +It would be interesting to add that info to the web site. +On the other hand, builds and tests are currently written in run.sh. +Ideally, those would be migrated/merged into the CLI tool.

  • +
  • Dropping the kernel dependency: sudo privileges, which are required in order to register binfmt formats, are +not available in all contexts [1]. +In [R1], an alternative to binfmt is proposed. +However, that approach has not been implemented in this repo yet.

  • +
+ +
+
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/faq.html b/faq.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b438d42 --- /dev/null +++ b/faq.html @@ -0,0 +1,176 @@ + + + + + + + Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) — qemu-user-static (qus) and containers latest documentation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+
+ + +
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
+

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

+
+

Does qus work for building images?

+

Yes, once the QEMU binary is configured/loaded, both building images and running containers is supported.

+
+
+

Do I need to install qemu-*-static on the host, even though it is only needed by the containers?

+

You can use static binaries at any location. +So, you don’t need to install all the qemu-*-static on the host. +You just download the ones you want/need to a temporal folder. +See cases c, C, v or V in Tests.

+

It is still a downside that any other process in the host will use these binaries. +However, the advantage is that you don’t need to copy anything in the docker images. +You can use them directly. +Furthermore, you can run multiple foreign containers with a single binary, instead of copying it to all the images.

+
+
+

If the container depends on a given minimum QEMU version, do I need to ensure that the host provides this version?

+

You can put the qemu-*-static binaries of the version you want in a temporary folder on the host (and only for the +foreign architectures you need). +Then, temporarily use those binaries system-wide, as commented above. +When you are done, just reset the registered formats. +See QEMU_BIN_DIR in the register script.

+
+
+

How can I use qemu-*-static binaries without registering them with the persistent flag and without installing them in the container image?

+

If you don’t use -p, you can still share the binary/ies from the host with the containers. +The advantages of this approach are that you can use a single binary for multiple containers, you can use the version of +qemu that you want, and other processes on the host can use different versions of QEMU. +The downside is that we don’t know how to make it work with docker build yet. +See cases v or V in ref:qus:tests.

+

Moreover, the qemu-*-static binaries can be saved in a docker volume. +This allows to avoid saving them on the host and to run multiple containers with --volumes-from.

+
+
+

How can the scripts in aptman/qus be customized?

+

For testing purposes, it is possible to customize scripts register.sh or qemu-binfmt-conf.sh, which are the +default entrypoint in image aptman/qus. +In order to do so, get a copy of any or both of them, and modify them locally. +Then:

+
    +
  • Test that you can overwrite the copy inside the container with it:

    +
    $ docker run --rm --privileged -itv $(pwd)/qemu-binfmt-conf.sh:/qus/qemu-binfmt-conf.sh --entrypoint=sh aptman/qus
    +# cat /qus/qemu-binfmt-conf.sh
    +
    +
    +
  • +
  • If successful, use it to run regular commands:

  • +
+
+
docker run --rm --privileged -v $(pwd)/qemu-binfmt-conf.sh:/qus/qemu-binfmt-conf.sh aptman/qus -s -- -p
+
+
+
+

For instance, this is used in #4, to work around an upstream bug that prevents 32-bit ARM +interpreters from being registered on 64-bit only ARM hosts.

+
+
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/genindex.html b/genindex.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..33f1e31 --- /dev/null +++ b/genindex.html @@ -0,0 +1,110 @@ + + + + + + Index — qemu-user-static (qus) and containers latest documentation + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+
+ + +
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ + +

Index

+ +
+ +
+ + +
+
+
+ +
+ +
+

© Copyright 2019-2022, Unai Martinez-Corral.

+
Built with Sphinx using a + theme + provided by Build the Docs. + + +
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+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/images.html b/images.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8c72af1 --- /dev/null +++ b/images.html @@ -0,0 +1,190 @@ + + + + + + + Provided container images — qemu-user-static (qus) and containers latest documentation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+
+ + +
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
+

Provided container images

+

When QEMU is installed from distribution package managers, it is normally set up along with binfmt_misc. +Nonetheless, in the context of this project we want to configure it with custom options, instead of relying on the +defaults. +A script provided by QEMU, qemu-binfmt-conf.sh, +can be used to do so. +Among other options, the flag that tells binfmt to hold interpreters in memory is supported in qemu-binfmt-conf.sh, +as -p.

+

This project uses a modified version of qemu-binfmt-conf.sh [1], which includes the following enhancements:

+
    +
  • Optionally, the list of QEMU interpreters to be registered on the host can be limited.

  • +
  • Add option --clear.

  • +
  • Add option --test.

  • +
+

In fact, the entrypoint to the following docker images is a wrapper [2] around qemu-binfmt-conf.sh to provide +some synctactic sugar.

+
+

Manifests

+

Manifests are provided for the following hosts: amd64, arm64v8, arm32v7, arm32v6, i386, s390x or +ppc64le. +That is, any of the target architectures provided by QEMU can be used on any of those hosts.

+

The procedure to generate each image involves extracting pre-built binaries and packaging them in container images, +along with helper scripts. +Hence, multiple images are generated in the process:

+ +
+

Tip

+

Find usage instructions in the README.

+
+
+
+

Debian

+

For each HOST_ARCH, an image named ${HOST_ARCH}-d${VERSION}${TAG} is published; where TAG is +-pkg|-register|"". +Moreover, three manifests are available: +aptman/qus:d${VERSION}-pkg, +aptman/qus:d${VERSION}-register +and aptman/qus:d${VERSION}.

+
+

Tip

+

latest/default versions above correspond to these Debian variants. Therefore, running aptman/qus on an +amd64 host is equivalent to running aptman/qus:d6.2 or aptman/qus:amd64-d6.2.

+
+

Apart from those, aptman/qus:mips-pkg and aptman/qus:mips64el-pkg are also available.

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Fedora

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For each HOST_ARCH (except arm32v6), an image named ${HOST_ARCH}-f${VERSION}${TAG} is published; where +TAG is -pkg|-register|"". +Moreover, three manifests are available: +aptman/qus:f${VERSION}-pkg, +aptman/qus:f${VERSION}-register +and aptman/qus:f${VERSION}.

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qemu-user-static (qus) and containers

+

+'dbhi/qus' GitHub repository +Docker Hub +Releases +Cite this project +Join the chat at gitter.im/hdl/community +'Test' workflow Status

_images/logo.png +

Welcome to the Documentation of qemu-user-static and containers (qus)! +Build and execute OCI images for foreign architectures using QEMU’s +user-mode emulation.

+

qus is a compilation of utilities, examples and references to build and execute OCI images [R19] [R27] [R20] (aka +Docker [R7] [R25] [R14] images) for foreign architectures, using QEMU’s +[R3] [R4] [R28] user-mode emulation.

+

Ready-to-use docker images are provided for each of seven host architectures officially supported by Docker, Inc. or +built by official images [R15]:

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    +
  • amd64

  • +
  • i386

  • +
  • arm64v8

  • +
  • arm32v7

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  • arm32v6

  • +
  • s390x

  • +
  • ppc64le

  • +
+

Multiple minimal working setups to build and execute arm64v8 containers on amd64 are configured and tested on +Continuous Integration (CI) [R24] services (GitHub Actions [R16] [R26]). +The full flow is public, for other users to learn and adapt these resources to their needs. +See github.com/dbhi/qus/actions.

+

These resources are tested on GNU/Linux and Windows 10 (Docker Desktop). +Contributions to test them on other host OSs are welcome!

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Introduction

+

The widespread adoption of single-board computers (SBCs) [R30], along with the evolution of FPGAs into complex +system on chip (SoC) [R32] circuits with Linux-capable CPUs, has increased the demand of (cross-)compiling and +testing strategies for applications targeting architectures other than x86 | x86-64 | amd64. +Apart from the most known Raspberry Pi [R29] and other similar low-cost +devices, many actual SoCs with a programmable region [1] (PR) include multi-core ARM subsystems. +Nonetheless, since devices for embedded applications are typically less powerful than regular workstations, it is common +to develop applications on x86-64 and then deploy/use them on the target devices.

+

The traditional approach involves installing cross-compilation toolchains on the development workstations. +However, cross-platform packages pollute the development environment, and might need to be built from sources. +In order to reduce the burden of setting up and maintaining a development environment up to date, packaging solutions +are used. +The most known environment packaging solution are Virtual Machines (VMs), which effectively emulate full machines (from +hardware to system libraries, including the kernel). +Yet, using VMs might be overkill for developing user-space applications. +On the other hand, containers [R19] [R7] are a mechanism to package system and user +libraries only, while using the hardware (including the kernel) of the host. +In behalf of containers reducing both the setup and startup burden, most used distributions (busybox, ubuntu, +centos, debian, fedora, alpine, opensuse, etc.) are already available [R15] as +Docker images for architectures such as ARM, s390x or PPC.

+
+

Tip

+

Note that naming of ARM architectures is not consistent: ARM (Armv7, Armv8, AArch32, AArch64…), Docker (arm32v7, +arm64v8…), Debian (armel, armhf, aarch64…), Fedora (armv7hl, aarch64…). In this document, all of them are used +equally. See functions pkg_arch and guest_arch in run.sh for details about equivalencies.

+
+

Unfortunately, due to containers reusing the kernel of the host, images for foreign architectures cannot be executed on +a regular container runtime. +Trying to do so will likely produce the same error as executing any foreign binary directly on the host. +Thankfully, QEMU [R4] can emulate foreign architectures through dynamic binary modification/translation (DBM) +[R22]. +Thus, it can translate foreign instructions/signals for the kernel to understand them, and vice versa. +On that account, the purpose of this repository and this article is to document how to use OCI containers along with +QEMU.

+

The remainder of the document is organized as follows. +In the next two sections, QEMU’s different operating modes are explained, and the images generated and published by the +author are described. +Then, the test suite that allows to continuously check the whole set of images is explained. +Thereupon, development details are provided. +There is also a section about frequently asked questions. +Last, references to related blog posts and similar projects are listed.

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+

References

+
+
+
+[R1] +

Petros Angelatos. Building arm containers on any x86 machine, even dockerhub. 2015. URL: https://www.balena.io/blog/building-arm-containers-on-any-x86-machine-even-dockerhub/.

+
+
+[R2] +

Jun Aruga. Let's add fedora multiarch containers to your ci. 2019. URL: https://github.com/junaruga/fedora-workshop-multiarch/blob/master/slides/Lets-add-Fedora-multiarch-to-CI.pdf.

+
+
+[R3] +

Fabrice Bellard. QEMU, a Fast and Portable Dynamic Translator. In Proceedings of the Annual Conference on USENIX Annual Technical Conference, ATEC '05, 41–41. Berkeley, CA, USA, 2005. USENIX Association. URL: https://www.qemu.org/.

+
+
+[R4] +

Fabrice Bellard and contributors. Qemu, the fast! processor emulator. 2005. URL: https://www.qemu.org/.

+
+
+[R5] +

James Bottomley. Binfmt_misc: add persistent opened binary handler for containers. 2016. URL: https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=948b701a607f123df92ed29084413e5dd8cda2ed.

+
+
+[R6] +

Jonathan Corbet. Architecture emulation containers with binfmt_misc. 2016. URL: https://lwn.net/Articles/679308/.

+
+
+[R7] +

Solomon Hykes, Docker, Inc., and contributors. Docker. 2013. URL: https://www.docker.com.

+
+
+[R8] +

Pradipta Kumar. Travis with docker and qemu for multi-architecture ci workflow. 2017. URL: https://developer.ibm.com/linuxonpower/2017/07/28/travis-multi-architecture-ci-workflow/.

+
+
+[R9] +

Unai Martinez-Corral. Dbhi/containers, containerized open and free development tools for dynamic binary hardware injection (dbhi). 2018. URL: https://github.com/dbhi/containers.

+
+
+[R10] +

Max Rottenkolber. Building vm images from docker containers. 2015. URL: https://mr.gy/blog/build-vm-image-with-docker.html.

+
+
+[R11] +

Even Rouault. Running freebsd in travis-ci. 2016. URL: http://erouault.blogspot.com/2016/09/running-freebsd-in-travis-ci.html.

+
+
+[R12] +

Louis Taylor. Raspbian on travis ci. 2016. URL: http://blog.kragniz.eu/raspbian-on-travis-ci/.

+
+
+[R13] +

Riku Voipio. Linux-user support in qemu. 2017. URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4MaGnMGPIq0.

+
+
+[R14] +

Docker contributors. GitHub: docker. URL: https://github.com/docker.

+
+
+[R15] +

Docker contributors. Docker-library/official-images: architectures other than amd64? 2015. URL: https://github.com/docker-library/official-images#architectures-other-than-amd64.

+
+
+[R16] +

GitHub. Github actions. 2019. URL: https://github.com/features/actions.

+
+
+[R17] +

golfayi. Convert qcow2 image to docker image. 2018. URL: https://github.com/golfayi/Convert-qcow2-image-to-docker-image.

+
+
+[R18] +

KernelNewbies contributors. Kernelnewbies: linux_4.8. 2016. URL: https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_4.8?highlight=%28binfmt%29.

+
+
+[R19] +

Linux Foundation. Open container initiative (oci). 2005. URL: https://opencontainers.org/.

+
+
+[R20] +

Open Container Initiative contributors. GitHub: opencontainers. URL: https://github.com/opencontainers.

+
+
+[R21] +

OpenStack Foundation. Kata containers, open source container runtime, building lightweight virtual machines that seamlessly plug into the containers ecosystem. 2017. URL: https://katacontainers.io.

+
+
+[R22] +

Wikipedia contributors. Wikipedia: Binary translation. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_translation.

+
+
+[R23] +

Wikipedia contributors. Wikipedia: Binfmt_misc. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binfmt_misc.

+
+
+[R24] +

Wikipedia contributors. Wikipedia: Continuous integration. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_integration.

+
+
+[R25] +

Wikipedia contributors. Wikipedia: Docker (software). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docker_%28software%29.

+
+
+[R26] +

Wikipedia contributors. Wikipedia: GitHub. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub#GitHub.com.

+
+
+[R27] +

Wikipedia contributors. Wikipedia: Open Container Initiative. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Container_Initiative.

+
+
+[R28] +

Wikipedia contributors. Wikipedia: QEMU. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QEMU.

+
+
+[R29] +

Wikipedia contributors. Wikipedia: Raspberry Pi. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi.

+
+
+[R30] +

Wikipedia contributors. Wikipedia: Single-board computer. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-board_computer.

+
+
+[R31] +

Wikipedia contributors. Wikipedia: Static build. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_build.

+
+
+[R32] +

Wikipedia contributors. Wikipedia: System on a chip. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_on_a_chip.

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{"context": 0, "contain": [0, 2, 3, 4], "qemu": [0, 2, 4, 7], "mode": 0, "instal": [0, 2], "develop": 1, "continu": 1, "integr": 1, "deliveri": 1, "roadmap": 1, "frequent": 2, "ask": 2, "question": 2, "faq": 2, "doe": 2, "qu": [2, 4], "work": 2, "build": 2, "imag": [2, 3], "do": 2, "i": 2, "need": 2, "static": [2, 4, 7], "host": 2, "even": 2, "though": 2, "onli": 2, "If": 2, "depend": 2, "given": 2, "minimum": 2, "version": 2, "ensur": 2, "provid": [2, 3], "thi": 2, "how": 2, "can": 2, "us": 2, "binari": 2, "without": 2, "regist": 2, "them": 2, "persist": 2, "flag": 2, "script": 2, "aptman": 2, "custom": 2, "manifest": 3, "debian": 3, "fedora": 3, "user": [4, 7], "introduct": 5, "refer": 6, "other": 7, "relat": 7, "sourc": 7, "multiarch": 7, "fkrull": 7, "docker": 7, "rmoriz": 7, "test": [7, 8], "linuxkit": 7, "binfmt": 7, "blog": 7, "post": 7}, "envversion": {"sphinx.domains.c": 3, "sphinx.domains.changeset": 1, "sphinx.domains.citation": 1, "sphinx.domains.cpp": 9, "sphinx.domains.index": 1, "sphinx.domains.javascript": 3, "sphinx.domains.math": 2, "sphinx.domains.python": 4, "sphinx.domains.rst": 2, "sphinx.domains.std": 2, "sphinx.ext.intersphinx": 1, "sphinxcontrib.bibtex": 9, "sphinx": 60}, "alltitles": {"Context: containers and QEMU": [[0, "context-containers-and-qemu"]], "QEMU modes": [[0, "qemu-modes"]], "Installing QEMU": [[0, "installing-qemu"]], "Development": [[1, "development"]], "Continuous Integration/Delivery": [[1, "continuous-integration-delivery"]], "Roadmap": [[1, "roadmap"]], "Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)": [[2, "frequently-asked-questions-faq"]], "Does qus work for building images?": [[2, "does-qus-work-for-building-images"]], "Do I need to install qemu-*-static on the host, even though it is only needed by the containers?": [[2, "do-i-need-to-install-qemu-static-on-the-host-even-though-it-is-only-needed-by-the-containers"]], "If the container depends on a given minimum QEMU version, do I need to ensure that the host provides this version?": [[2, "if-the-container-depends-on-a-given-minimum-qemu-version-do-i-need-to-ensure-that-the-host-provides-this-version"]], "How can I use qemu-*-static binaries without registering them with the persistent flag and without installing them in the container image?": [[2, "how-can-i-use-qemu-static-binaries-without-registering-them-with-the-persistent-flag-and-without-installing-them-in-the-container-image"]], "How can the scripts in aptman/qus be customized?": [[2, "how-can-the-scripts-in-aptman-qus-be-customized"]], "Provided container images": [[3, "provided-container-images"]], "Manifests": [[3, "manifests"]], "Debian": [[3, "debian"]], "Fedora": [[3, "fedora"]], "qemu-user-static (qus) and containers": [[4, "qemu-user-static-qus-and-containers"]], "Introduction": [[5, "introduction"]], "References": [[6, "references"]], "Other related sources": [[7, "other-related-sources"]], "multiarch/qemu-user-static": [[7, "multiarch-qemu-user-static"]], "fkrull/docker-qemu-user-static": [[7, "fkrull-docker-qemu-user-static"]], "rmoriz/multiarch-test": [[7, "rmoriz-multiarch-test"]], "linuxkit/binfmt | docker/binfmt": [[7, "linuxkit-binfmt-docker-binfmt"]], "Blog posts": [[7, "blog-posts"]], "Tests": [[8, "tests"]]}, "indexentries": {}}) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/tests.html b/tests.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fe5ed6f --- /dev/null +++ b/tests.html @@ -0,0 +1,316 @@ + + + + + + + Tests — qemu-user-static (qus) and containers latest documentation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+
+ + +
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
+

Tests

+

Multiple alternatives exist to install QEMU, to register the interpreter and/or to use OCI containers. +The table below summarizes all the combinations that are tested on CI services in this project:

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Job

Register method

-r

-s

-p

Dependency

Install method

vol

aptman/qus

n

y

y

-

n

f

register.sh

n

y

y

/usr/bin/$file

host

[curl]

n

F

aptman/qus:register

n

y

y*

/usr/bin/$file

host

[curl]

n

c

register.sh

n

y

y

$(pwd)/$file

host

[curl]

n

C

aptman/qus:register

n

y

y*

$(pwd)/$file

host

[curl]

n

v

register.sh

n

y

n

$(pwd)/$file

host

[curl]

y

V

aptman/qus:register

n

y

n

$(pwd)/$file

host

[curl]

y

i

register.sh

n

y

n

$file

image

[add/copy]

n

I

aptman/qus:register

n

y

n

$file

image

[add/copy]

n

d

register.sh

n

y

n

qemu-user

image

[apt]

n

D

aptman/qus:register

n

y

n

qemu-user

image

[apt]

n

r

register.sh

y

y

y

qemu-user-static

host

[apt]

n

R

aptman/qus:register

y

y

y*

qemu-user-static

host

[apt]

n

s

-

-

-

-

qemu-user-static

host

[apt]

y

n

-

-

-

-

qemu-user-binfmt

host

[apt]

-

h

register.sh

y

n

y

qemu-user

host

[apt]

n

H

aptman/qus:register

y

n

y*

qemu-user

host

[apt]

n

+
+

Tip

+

n is about executing a binary on the host, not inside a container.

+
+

where:

+
    +
  • $file is the qemu-*-static binary corresponding to the target architecture. +In these tests: file=qemu-aarch64-static.

  • +
  • -r|–clear: clean any registered qemu-* interpreter.

  • +
  • -s|–static: add --suffix -static to the args for qemu-binfmt-conf.sh.

  • +
  • -p|–persistent: if yes, the interpreter is loaded when binfmt is configured and remains in memory. +All future uses are cloned from the open file.

  • +
  • vol: whether the QEMU binary must be bind between the host and the container where target binaries are located. +None of the methods with vol=y can be used for docker build.

  • +
+
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file