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NULL_SAFETY_README.md

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Null Safety

Dart's new null safety type system allows method parameter types and method return types to be non-nullable. For example:

class HttpServer {
  Uri start(int port)  {
    // ...
  }
}

The method, start, takes a non-nullable int argument, and returns a non-nullable Uri. Under the null safety type system, it is illegal to pass null to start, and it is illegal for start (or any overriding methods in any sub-classes) to return null. This plays havoc with the mechanisms that Mockito uses to stub methods.

Here is the standard way of defining a mock for the HttpServer class:

class MockHttpServer extends Mock implements HttpServer {}

And here is the standard way of stubbing the start method.

var server = MockHttpServer();
var uri = Uri.parse('http://localhost:8080');
when(server.start(any)).thenReturn(uri);

This code is, unfortunately, illegal under null safety in two ways. For details, see the section at the bottom, Problems with typical mocking and stubbing.

There are two ways to write a mock class that supports non-nullable types: we can use the build_runner package to generate a mock class, or we can manually implement it, overriding specific methods to handle non-nullability.

Solution 1: code generation

Mockito provides a "one size fits all" code-generating solution for packages that use null safety which can generate a mock for any class. To direct Mockito to generate mock classes, use the new @GenerateNiceMocks annotation, and import the generated mocks library. Let's continue with the HTTP server example:

// http_server.dart:
class HttpServer {
  Uri start(int port)  {
    // ...
  }
}
// http_server_test.dart:
import 'package:test/test.dart';
import 'http_server.dart';

void main() {
  test('test', () {
    var httpServer = MockHttpServer();
    // We want to stub the `start` method.
  });
}

In order to generate a mock for the HttpServer class, we edit http_server_test.dart:

  1. import mockito's annotations library,
  2. import the generated mocks library,
  3. annotate the import with @GenerateNiceMocks,
  4. change httpServer from an HttpServer to the generated class, MockHttpServer.
// http_server_test.dart:
import 'package:mockito/annotations.dart';
import 'package:test/test.dart';
import 'http_server.dart';

@GenerateNiceMocks([MockSpec<HttpServer>()])
import 'http_server_test.mocks.dart';

void main() {
  test('test', () {
    var httpServer = MockHttpServer();
    // We want to stub the `start` method.
  });
}

We need to depend on build_runner. Add a dependency in the pubspec.yaml file, under dev_dependencies: something like build_runner: ^1.10.0.

The final step is to run build_runner in order to generate the new library:

flutter pub run build_runner build
# OR
dart run build_runner build

build_runner will generate the http_server_test.mocks.dart file which we import in http_server_test.dart. The path is taken directly from the file in which @GenerateNiceMocks was found, changing the .dart suffix to .mocks.dart. If we previously had a shared mocks file which declared mocks to be used by multiple tests, for example named shared_mocks.dart, we can edit that file to generate mocks, and then import shared_mocks.mocks.dart in the tests which previously imported shared_mocks.dart.

Custom generated mocks

Mockito might need some additional input in order to generate the right mock for certain use cases. We can generate custom mock classes by passing MockSpec objects to the customMocks list argument in @GenerateNiceMocks.

Mock with a custom name

Use MockSpec's constructor's as named parameter to use a non-standard name for the mock class. For example:

@GenerateNiceMocks([MockSpec<Foo>(as: #BaseMockFoo)])

Mockito will generate a mock class called BaseMockFoo, instead of the default, MockFoo. This can help to work around name collisions or to give a more specific name to a mock with type arguments (See below).

Non-generic mock of a generic class

To generate a mock class which extends a class with type arguments, specify them on MockSpec's type argument:

@GenerateNiceMocks([MockSpec<Foo<int>>(as: #MockFooOfInt)])

Mockito will generate class MockFooOfInt extends Mock implements Foo<int>.

Classic "throw an exception" missing stub behavior

When a mock class generated with @GenerateNiceMocks receives a method call which does not match any method stub created with the when API, a simple, legal default value is returned. This is the default and recommended "missing stub" behavior.

There is a "classic" "missing stub" behavior, which is to throw an exception when such a method call is received. To generate a mock class with this behavior, use @GenerateMocks:

@GenerateMocks([Foo])

Mocking members with non-nullable type variable return types

If a class has a member with a type variable as a return type (for example, T get<T>();), mockito cannot generate code which will internally return a valid value. For example, given this class and test:

@GenerateNiceMocks([MockSpec<Foo>(as: #MockFoo)])
import 'foo_test.mocks.dart';

abstract class Foo {
  T m<T>(T a, int b);
}

void testFoo(Foo foo) {
  when(foo.m(7)).thenReturn(42);
}

Mockito needs a valid value which the above call, foo.m(7), will return.

Overriding unsupported members

One way to generate a mock class with such members is to use unsupportedMembers:

@GenerateNiceMocks([
  MockSpec<Foo>(unsupportedMembers: {#method}),
])

Mockito uses this instruction to generate an override, which simply throws an UnsupportedError, for each specified unsupported member. Such overrides are not useful at runtime, but their presence makes the mock class a valid implementation of the class-to-mock.

Fallback generators

In order to generate a mock class with a more useful implementation of a member which returns a non-nullable type variable, use MockSpec's fallbackGenerators parameter. Specify a mapping from the member to a top level function with almost the same signature as the member. The function must have the same return type as the member, and it must have the same positional and named parameters as the member, except that each parameter must be made nullable:

@GenerateNiceMocks([
  MockSpec<Foo>(as: #MockFoo, fallbackGenerators: {#m: mShim})
])
import 'foo_test.mocks.dart';

abstract class Foo {
  T m<T>(T a, int b);
}

T mShim<T>(T a, int? b) {
  if (a is int) return 1;
  throw 'unknown';
}

The fallback values will never be returned from a real member call; these are not stub return values. They are only used internally by mockito as valid return values.

Solution 2: manual mock implementation

In the general case, we strongly recommend generating mocks with the above method. However, there may be cases where a manual mock implementation is more desirable.

Perhaps code generation with build_runner is not a good route for our package. Perhaps we wish to mock just one class which has mostly nullable parameter types and return types. In this case, it may not be too onerous to implement the mock class manually.

The general process

Only public methods (including getters, setters, and operators) which either have a non-nullable return type, or a parameter with a non-nullable type, need to be overridden. For each such method:

  1. Override the method with a new declaration inside the mock class.
  2. For each non-nullable parameter, expand its type to be nullable.
  3. Call super.noSuchMethod, passing in an Invocation object which includes all of the values passed to the override.
  4. If the return type is non-nullable, pass a second argument to super.noSuchMethod, a value which can function as a return value.

Let's look at an example HttpServer class again:

class HttpServer {
  void start(int port) { ... }

  Uri get uri { ... }
}

Before null safety, implementing a mock class was a simple one-liner:

class MockHttpServer extends Mock implements HttpServer {}

This class implements each of the methods in HttpServer's public interface via the noSuchMethod method found in the Mock class. Under null safety, we need to override that implementation for every method which has one or more non-nullable parameters, or which has a non-nullable return type.

Manually override a method with a non-nullable parameter type.

First let's override start with an implementation that expands the single parameter's type to be nullable, and call super.noSuchMethod to handle the stubbing and verifying:

class MockHttpServer extends Mock implements HttpServer {
  @override
  void start(int? port) =>
      super.noSuchMethod(Invocation.method(#start, [port]));
}

There is a lot going on in this snippet. Let's examine it carefully:

  1. We expand every non-nullable parameter to be nullable. HttpServer.start's port parameter is a non-nullable int, so our override expands this to parameter to be a nullable int. This is done by adding a ? after the parameter type.
  2. We just write a simple arrow function which calls super.noSuchMethod, passing in the contents of the current call to MockHttpServer.start. In this case, the single argument is an Invocation.
  3. Since start is a method, we use the Invocation.method constructor.
  4. The first argument to Invocation.method is the name of the method, as a Symbol: #start.
  5. The second argument to Invocation.method is the exact list of positional arguments, unchanged, which was passed to MockHttpServer.start: [port].

That's it! The override implementation is all boilerplate. See the API for Invocation.method to see how named parameters are passed. See the other Invocation constructors to see how to implement an override for an operator or a setter.

Manually override a method with a non-nullable return type.

Next let's override get uri. It would be illegal to override a getter which returns a non-nullable Uri with a getter which returns a nullable Uri. Instead, the override must use an actual Uri object to satisfy the type contract; this getter will also just call super.noSuchMethod, but will pass an additional argument:

class MockHttpServer extends Mock implements HttpServer {
  @override
  Uri get uri =>
      super.noSuchMethod(
          Invocation.getter(#uri), returnValue: Uri.http('example.org', '/'));
}

This looks quite similar to the override which expands non-nullable parameters. The key difference is the second argument passed to super.noSuchMethod: the real Uri object. During stubbing and verification, Mock.noSuchMethod will return this value from its own implementation of get uri, to avoid any runtime error.

This return value is specified for exactly one purpose: to satisfy the non-nullable return type. This return value must not be confused with the stub return values used in thenReturn or thenAnswer. Let's look at some examples:

var httpServer = MockHttpServer();
when(httpServer.uri).thenReturn(Uri.http('dart.dev', '/'));
httpServer.uri;
verify(httpServer.uri).called(1);

During stubbing (when) and verification (verify), the value returned by httpServer.uri is immediately dropped and never used. In a real call, like the middle line, Mock.noSuchMethod searches for a matching stubbed call and returns the associated return value. Our override of get uri then returns that value as well.

Problems with typical mocking and stubbing

Why does mocking have to change under null safety? What about mockito's regular mocking depends so much on null?

Argument matchers

Mockito's helpful argument matchers like any, argThat, captureAny, etc. all return null. In the code above, null is being passed to start. null is used because, before null safety, it is the only value that is legally assignable to any type. Under null safety, however, it is illegal to pass null where a non-nullable int is expected.

Return types

MockHttpServer's implementation of start is inherited from mockito's Mock. Mock implements start by declaring a noSuchMethod override. During a when call, or a verify call, the noSuchMethod implementation always returns null. Again, prior to null safety, null is the only value that fits any return type, but under null safety, the start method must not return null.