ℹ️ NOTE: This section has been recently added to the course and is an early draft that may still be awaiting review. Caveat reader.
Once upon a time, the Bitcoin heavens shook with the blocksize wars. Fees were skyrocketing, and users were worried about scaling. The Bitcoin Core developers were reluctant to simply increase the blocksize, but they came upon a compromise: SegWit, the Segregated Witness. Segregated Witness is a fancy way of saying "Separated Signature". It creates new sorts of transactions that remove signatures to the end of the transaction. By combining this with increased block sizes that only are visible to upgraded nodes, SegWit resolved the scaling problems for Bitcoin at the time (and also resolved a nasty malleability bug that had previously made even better scaling with layer-2 protocols like Lightning impractical).
The catch? SegWit uses different addresses, some of which are compatible with older nodes, and some of which are not.
⚠️ VERSION WARNING: SegWit was introduced in BitCoin 0.16.0 with what was described at the time as "full support". With that said, there were some flaws in its integration withbitcoin-cliat the time which prevented signing from working correctly on new P2SH-SegWit addresses. The non-backward-compatible Bech32 address was also introduced in Bitcoin 0.16.0 and was made the default addresstype in Bitcoin 0.19.0. All of this functionality should now fully work with regard tobitcoin-clifunctions (and thus this tutorial).
The catch comes in interacting with the wider world. Everyone should be able to send to a P2SH-SegWit address because it was purposefully built to support backward compatibility by wrapping the SegWit functionality in a Bitcoin Script. The same isn't true for Bech32 addresses: if someone tells you that they're unable to send to your Bech32 address, this is why, and you need to generate a
legacyor P2SH-SegWit address for their usage. (Many sites, particularly exchanges, can also not generate or receive on SegWit addresses, particularly Bech32 addresses, but that's a whole different issue and doesn't affect your usage of them.)
In classic transactions, signature (witness) information was stored toward the middle of the transaction, while in SegWit transactions, it's at the bottom. This goes hand-in-hand with the blocksize increases that were introduced in the SegWit upgrade. The blocksize was increased from 1M to a variable amount based on how many SegWit transactions are in a block, starting as low as 1M (no SegWit transactions) and going as high as 4M (all SegWit transactions). This variable size was created to accomodate classic nodes, so that everything remains backward compatible. If a classic node sees a SegWit transaction, it throws out the witness information (resulting in a smaller sized block, under the old 1M limit), while if a new node sees a SegWit transaction, it keeps the witness information (resulting in a larger sized block, up to the new 4M limit).
So that's the what and how of SegWit transactions. Not that you need to know any of it to use them. Most transactions on the Bitcoin network are now SegWit. They're what you're going to natively use for more transactions and receipts of money. The details are no more relevant at this point than the details of how most of Bitcoin works.
You create a SegWit address the same way as any other address, with the getnewaddress and the getrawchangeaddress commands.
If you need to create an address for someone who can't send to the newer Bech32 addresses, then use the p2sh-segwit addresstype:
$ bitcoin-cli -named getnewaddress address_type=p2sh-segwit
2N5h2r4karVqN7uFtpcn8xnA3t5cbpszgyN
Seeing an address with a "2" prefix means that you did it right.
🔗 TESTNET vs MAINNET: "3" for Mainnet.
However, if the person you're interacting with has a fully mature client, they'll be able to send to a Bech32 address, which you create using the commands in the default way:
$ bitcoin-cli getnewaddress
tb1q5gnwrh7ss5mmqt0qfan85jdagmumnatcscwpk6
As we've already seen, change addresses generated from within bitcoin-cli interact fine with Bech32 addresses, so there's no point in using the legacy flag there either:
$ bitcoin-cli getrawchangeaddress
tb1q05wx5tyadm8qe83exdqdyqvqqzjt3m38vfu8ff
Here, note that the unique "tb1" prefix denoted Bech32.
🔗 TESTNET vs MAINNET: "bc1" for mainnet.
Bitcoin-cli doesn't care which address type you're using. You can run a command like listaddressgroupings and it will freely mix addresses of the different types:
$ bitcoin-cli listaddressgroupings
[
[
[
"mfsiRhxbQxcD7HLS4PiAim99oeGyb9QY7m",
0.01000000,
""
]
],
[
[
"mi25UrzHnvn3bpEfFCNqJhPWJn5b77a5NE",
0.00000000,
""
],
[
"tb1q6dak4e9fz77vsulk89t5z92l2e0zm37yvre4gt",
0.00000000
]
],
[
[
"mjehC2KHzXcBDcwTd4LhZ2GzyzrZ3Kd3ff",
0.00022000,
""
]
],
[
[
"mk9ry5VVy8mrA8SygxSQQUDNSSXyGFot6h",
0.00000000
],
[
"mqjrdY5raxKzXQf5t2VvVvzhvFAgersu9B",
0.00000000
],
[
"mwJL7cRiW2bUnY81r1thSu3D4jtMmwyU6d",
0.00000000,
""
],
[
"tb1q57p0f3hpuad9kf8n6e6adugmt6lnkg2zzr592r",
0.00007800
]
],
[
[
"mpVLL7iqPr4d7BJkEG54mcdm7WmrAhaW6q",
0.01000000,
""
]
],
[
[
"tb1q5gnwrh7ss5mmqt0qfan85jdagmumnatcscwpk6",
0.01000000,
""
]
]
]
So how do you send a Segwit transaction? Exactly like any other transaction. It doesn't matter if the UTXO is SegWit, the address is SegWit, or some combination thereof. You can expect bitcoin-cli to do the right thing. Though you can tell the differences via the addresses, they don't matter for interacting with things at the bitcoin-cli or RPC level. (And this is one of the advantages of using the command line and the RPC interface, as suggested in this tutorial: experts have already done the hard work for you, including things like how to send to both legacy and Bech32 addresses. You just get to use that functionality to your own advantage.)
Here's an example of sending to a SegWit address, the easy way:
$ bitcoin-cli sendtoaddress tb1qw508d6qejxtdg4y5r3zarvary0c5xw7kxpjzsx 0.005
854a833b667049ac811b4cf1cad40fa7f8dce8b0f4c1018a58b84559b6e05f42
If you look at your transaction, you can see the use of the Bech32 address:
$ bitcoin-cli -named gettransaction txid="854a833b667049ac811b4cf1cad40fa7f8dce8b0f4c1018a58b84559b6e05f42" verbose=true
{
"amount": -0.00500000,
"fee": -0.00036600,
"confirmations": 0,
"trusted": true,
"txid": "854a833b667049ac811b4cf1cad40fa7f8dce8b0f4c1018a58b84559b6e05f42",
"walletconflicts": [
],
"time": 1592948795,
"timereceived": 1592948795,
"bip125-replaceable": "no",
"details": [
{
"address": "tb1qw508d6qejxtdg4y5r3zarvary0c5xw7kxpjzsx",
"category": "send",
"amount": -0.00500000,
"vout": 1,
"fee": -0.00036600,
"abandoned": false
}
],
"hex": "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",
"decoded": {
"txid": "854a833b667049ac811b4cf1cad40fa7f8dce8b0f4c1018a58b84559b6e05f42",
"hash": "854a833b667049ac811b4cf1cad40fa7f8dce8b0f4c1018a58b84559b6e05f42",
"version": 2,
"size": 366,
"vsize": 366,
"weight": 1464,
"locktime": 1773254,
"vin": [
{
"txid": "bad479eae0f9d53da4d40469aa74b8070612a76c16dcb296c77b843b4c5a4d11",
"vout": 1,
"scriptSig": {
"asm": "304402200a3cc08b9778e7b616340d4cf7841180321d2fa019e43f25e7f710d9a628b55c02200541fc200a07f2eb073ad8554357777d5f1364c5a96afe5e77c6185d66a40fa7[ALL] 03ee18c598bafc5fbea72d345329803a40ebfcf34014d0e96aac4f504d54e7042d",
"hex": "47304402200a3cc08b9778e7b616340d4cf7841180321d2fa019e43f25e7f710d9a628b55c02200541fc200a07f2eb073ad8554357777d5f1364c5a96afe5e77c6185d66a40fa7012103ee18c598bafc5fbea72d345329803a40ebfcf34014d0e96aac4f504d54e7042d"
},
"sequence": 4294967294
},
{
"txid": "33173618421804343e8f6cc21316d97a24f7439137510249af39f01ee82113a7",
"vout": 0,
"scriptSig": {
"asm": "304402200dd80206b57beb5fa38a3c3578f4b0e40d56d4079116fd2a6fe28e5b8ece72310220298a8c3a1193ea805b27608ff67a2d8b01e347e33a4222edfba499bb1b64a316[ALL] 0339c001b00dd607eeafd4c117cfcf86be8efbb0ca0a33700cffc0ae0c6ee69d7e",
"hex": "47304402200dd80206b57beb5fa38a3c3578f4b0e40d56d4079116fd2a6fe28e5b8ece72310220298a8c3a1193ea805b27608ff67a2d8b01e347e33a4222edfba499bb1b64a31601210339c001b00dd607eeafd4c117cfcf86be8efbb0ca0a33700cffc0ae0c6ee69d7e"
},
"sequence": 4294967294
}
],
"vout": [
{
"value": 0.01463400,
"n": 0,
"scriptPubKey": {
"asm": "0 d591091b8074a2375ed9985a9c4b18efecfd4165",
"hex": "0014d591091b8074a2375ed9985a9c4b18efecfd4165",
"reqSigs": 1,
"type": "witness_v0_keyhash",
"addresses": [
"tb1q6kgsjxuqwj3rwhkenpdfcjccalk06st9z0k0kh"
]
}
},
{
"value": 0.00500000,
"n": 1,
"scriptPubKey": {
"asm": "0 751e76e8199196d454941c45d1b3a323f1433bd6",
"hex": "0014751e76e8199196d454941c45d1b3a323f1433bd6",
"reqSigs": 1,
"type": "witness_v0_keyhash",
"addresses": [
"tb1qw508d6qejxtdg4y5r3zarvary0c5xw7kxpjzsx"
]
}
}
]
}
}
In fact, both of the vouts use Bech32 addresses: your recipient and the automatically generated change address.
But when we backtrack our vin, we discover that came from a legacy address. Because it doesn't matter:
$ bitcoin-cli -named gettransaction txid="33173618421804343e8f6cc21316d97a24f7439137510249af39f01ee82113a7"
{
"amount": 0.01000000,
"confirmations": 43,
"blockhash": "00000000000000e2365d2f814d1774b063d9a04356f482010cdfdd537b1a24bb",
"blockheight": 1773212,
"blockindex": 103,
"blocktime": 1592937103,
"txid": "33173618421804343e8f6cc21316d97a24f7439137510249af39f01ee82113a7",
"walletconflicts": [
],
"time": 1592936845,
"timereceived": 1592936845,
"bip125-replaceable": "no",
"details": [
{
"address": "mpVLL7iqPr4d7BJkEG54mcdm7WmrAhaW6q",
"category": "receive",
"amount": 0.01000000,
"label": "",
"vout": 0
}
],
"hex": "020000000001016a66efa334f06e2c54963e48d049a35d7a1bda44633b7464621cae302f35174a0100000017160014f17b16c6404e85165af6f123173e0705ba31ec25feffffff0240420f00000000001976a914626ab1ca41d98f597d18d1ff8151e31a40d4967288acd2125d000000000017a914d5e76abfe5362704ff6bbb000db9cdfa43cd2881870247304402203b3ba83f51c1895b5f639e9bfc40124715e2495ef2c79d4e49c0f8f70fbf2feb02203d50710abe3cf37df4d2a73680dadf3cecbe4f2b5d0b276dbe7711d0c2fa971a012102e64f83ee1c6548bcf44cb965ffdb803f30224459bd2e57a5df97cb41ba476b119b0e1b00"
}
You can similarly fund a transaction with a Bech32 address with no difference to the techniques you've learned so far. Here's an exactly of doing so with a complete raw transaction:
$ changeaddress=$(bitcoin-cli getrawchangeaddress)
$ echo $changeaddress
tb1q4xje3mx9xn7f8khv7p69ekfn0q72kfs8x3ay4j
$ bitcoin-cli listunspent
[
...
{
"txid": "003bfdca5578c0045a76768281f05d5e6f57774be399a76f387e2a0e99e4e452",
"vout": 0,
"address": "tb1q5gnwrh7ss5mmqt0qfan85jdagmumnatcscwpk6",
"label": "",
"scriptPubKey": "0014a226e1dfd08537b02de04f667a49bd46f9b9f578",
"amount": 0.01000000,
"confirmations": 5,
"spendable": true,
"solvable": true,
"desc": "wpkh([d6043800/0'/0'/5']0327dbe2d58d9ed2dbeca28cd26e18f48aa94c127fa6fb4b60e4188f6360317640)#hd66hknp",
"safe": true
}
]
$ recipient=tb1qw508d6qejxtdg4y5r3zarvary0c5xw7kxpjzsx
$ utxo_txid=$(bitcoin-cli listunspent | jq -r '.[2] | .txid')
$ utxo_vout=$(bitcoin-cli listunspent | jq -r '.[2] | .vout')
$ echo $utxo_txid $utxo_vout
003bfdca5578c0045a76768281f05d5e6f57774be399a76f387e2a0e99e4e452 0
$ rawtxhex=$(bitcoin-cli -named createrawtransaction inputs='''[ { "txid": "'$utxo_txid'", "vout": '$utxo_vout' } ]''' outputs='''{ "'$recipient'": 0.002, "'$changeaddress'": 0.007 }''')
$ signedtx=$(bitcoin-cli -named signrawtransactionwithwallet hexstring=$rawtxhex | jq -r '.hex')
$ bitcoin-cli -named sendrawtransaction hexstring=$signedtx
e02568b706b21bcb56fcf9c4bb7ba63fdbdec1cf2866168c4f50bc0ad693f26c
It all works exactly the same as other sorts of transactions!
If you look at the desc field, you'll note that the SegWit address has a different style descriptor than those encountered in §3.5: Understanding the Descriptor. A legacy descriptor described in that section looked like this: pkh([d6043800/0'/0'/18']03efdee34c0009fd175f3b20b5e5a5517fd5d16746f2e635b44617adafeaebc388)#4ahsl9pk. Our new SegWit descriptor instead looks like this: wpkh([d6043800/0'/0'/5']0327dbe2d58d9ed2dbeca28cd26e18f48aa94c127fa6fb4b60e4188f6360317640)#hd66hknp".
The big thing to note is that function has changed. It was previously pkh, which is a standard P2PKH hashed public-key address. The SegWit address is instead wpkh, which means that it's a P2WPKH native SegWit address. This underlines the 🔥 power of descriptors. They describe how to create an address from a key or other information, with the functions unambiguously defining how to make the address based on its type.
There's really no complexity to creating SegWit transactions. Internally, they're structured differently from legacy transactions, but from the command line there's no difference: you just use an address with a different prefix. The only thing to watch for is that some people may not be able to send to a Bech32 address if they're using obsolete software.
🔥 What the power of sending coins with SegWit?
The Advantages. SegWit transactions are smaller, and so will be cheaper to send than legacy transactions due to lower fees. Bech32 doubles down on this advantage, and also creates addresses that are harder to foul up when transcribing — and that's pretty important, given that user error is one of the most likely ways to lose your bitcoins.
The Disadvantages. SegWit addresses may not be supported by obsolete Bitcoin software. In particular, people may not be able to send to your Bech32 address.
Advance through "bitcoin-cli" with Chapter Five: Controlling Bitcoin Transactions.