diff --git a/app.py b/app.py
index 4544455..9c897ee 100644
--- a/app.py
+++ b/app.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 from flask import Flask, Response, request
+from flask.typing import ResponseReturnValue
 from flask_cors import CORS
 from flask_cognito import CognitoAuth
 from flasgger import Swagger
@@ -10,7 +11,6 @@
 from config.env import COGNITO_REGION, COGNITO_USERPOOL_ID, COGNITO_APP_CLIENT_ID
 from managers import MeManager
 from http import HTTPStatus
-from utilities.types import FlaskResponseType
 import traceback
 
 app = Flask(__name__)
@@ -72,8 +72,8 @@ def after_request(response: Response) -> Response:
     return response
 
 
-# @app.errorhandler(Exception)  # type: ignore[type-var]
-def exceptions(e: Exception) -> FlaskResponseType:
+@app.errorhandler(Exception)
+def exceptions(e: Exception) -> ResponseReturnValue:
     tb = traceback.format_exc()
     timestamp = strftime('[%Y-%b-%d %H:%M]')
     logging.error('%s %s %s %s %s 5xx INTERNAL SERVER ERROR\n%s', timestamp, request.remote_addr, request.method, request.scheme, request.full_path, tb)
diff --git a/controllers/contract.py b/controllers/contract.py
index de61676..22b764d 100644
--- a/controllers/contract.py
+++ b/controllers/contract.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
+from flask.typing import ResponseReturnValue
 from flask_cognito import cognito_auth_required, current_cognito_jwt, current_user
 from managers import ContractManager
 from flasgger import swag_from
 from .base_controller import BaseController
-from utilities.types import FlaskResponseType
 from utilities import FlaskResponses, NoApproverException
 from .swagger.contract.post import contract_post_schema
 from utilities.types import JSONDict
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ class ContractController(BaseController):
 
     @cognito_auth_required
     @swag_from(contract_post_schema)
-    def post(self) -> FlaskResponseType:
+    def post(self) -> ResponseReturnValue:
         data = self.get_request_data(contract_post_schema, "ContractData")
 
         user_db: Optional[JSONDict] = current_cognito_jwt['database']
diff --git a/controllers/health.py b/controllers/health.py
index 81cae81..b3e2f03 100644
--- a/controllers/health.py
+++ b/controllers/health.py
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
+from flask.typing import ResponseReturnValue
 from flasgger import swag_from
 from .base_controller import BaseController
-from utilities.types import FlaskResponseType
 from utilities import FlaskResponses
 
 
 class HealthController(BaseController):
 
     @swag_from("swagger/health/get.yaml")
-    def get(self) -> FlaskResponseType:
+    def get(self) -> ResponseReturnValue:
         return FlaskResponses().success("ok")
diff --git a/controllers/me.py b/controllers/me.py
index 5b1e6d7..370363a 100644
--- a/controllers/me.py
+++ b/controllers/me.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
+from flask.typing import ResponseReturnValue
 from flask_cognito import cognito_auth_required, current_user, current_cognito_jwt
 from .base_controller import BaseController
-from utilities.types import FlaskResponseType
 from utilities.flask_responses import FlaskResponses
 from managers import MeManager
 from flasgger import swag_from
@@ -12,17 +12,17 @@ class MeController(BaseController):
 
     @cognito_auth_required
     @swag_from("swagger/me/get.yaml")
-    def get(self) -> FlaskResponseType:
+    def get(self) -> ResponseReturnValue:
         result = MeManager().get_user(current_user, current_cognito_jwt)
         return FlaskResponses().success(result)
 
     @cognito_auth_required
-    def patch(self) -> FlaskResponseType:
+    def patch(self) -> ResponseReturnValue:
         return FlaskResponses().not_implemented_yet()  # TODO
 
     @cognito_auth_required
     @swag_from(ME_POST_SCHEMA)
-    def post(self) -> FlaskResponseType:
+    def post(self) -> ResponseReturnValue:
         data = self.get_request_data(self.ME_POST_SCHEMA, "NewUserData")
         ret = MeManager().create_user(current_cognito_jwt['sub'], data['vendorType'])
         if not ret:
diff --git a/utilities/flask_responses.py b/utilities/flask_responses.py
index d0448a7..f343580 100644
--- a/utilities/flask_responses.py
+++ b/utilities/flask_responses.py
@@ -1,25 +1,27 @@
 from http import HTTPStatus
-from utilities.types import FlaskResponseType, JSONType
+from flask.typing import ResponseReturnValue
+from utilities.types import JSONType
+import json
 
 
 class FlaskResponses():
 
     @classmethod
-    def not_implemented_yet(cls) -> FlaskResponseType:
+    def not_implemented_yet(cls) -> ResponseReturnValue:
         return {'error': "not implemented yet"}, HTTPStatus.NOT_IMPLEMENTED
 
     @classmethod
-    def success(cls, data: JSONType) -> FlaskResponseType:
-        return data, HTTPStatus.OK
+    def success(cls, data: JSONType) -> ResponseReturnValue:
+        return json.dumps(data), HTTPStatus.OK
 
     @classmethod
-    def created_resource(cls, data: JSONType) -> FlaskResponseType:
-        return data, HTTPStatus.CREATED
+    def created_resource(cls, data: JSONType) -> ResponseReturnValue:
+        return json.dumps(data), HTTPStatus.CREATED
 
     @classmethod
-    def conflict(cls, data: JSONType) -> FlaskResponseType:
-        return data, HTTPStatus.CONFLICT
+    def conflict(cls, data: JSONType) -> ResponseReturnValue:
+        return json.dumps(data), HTTPStatus.CONFLICT
 
     @classmethod
-    def bad_request(cls, msg: str) -> FlaskResponseType:
+    def bad_request(cls, msg: str) -> ResponseReturnValue:
         return {'error': msg}, HTTPStatus.BAD_REQUEST
diff --git a/utilities/types/flask_response_types.py b/utilities/types/flask_response_types.py
index fc301f7..2bcaca1 100644
--- a/utilities/types/flask_response_types.py
+++ b/utilities/types/flask_response_types.py
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-from typing import Dict, Any, Union, List, Tuple
-from http import HTTPStatus
+from typing import Dict, Any, Union, List
 
 
 # https://github.com/python/typing/issues/182
 JSONType = Union[str, int, float, bool, None, Dict[str, Any], List[Any]]
 
 JSONDict = Dict[str, Any]
-FlaskResponseType = Tuple[JSONType, HTTPStatus]