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In this section, we will take $deepmd_source_dir/examples/water/se_e2_a/input.json as an example of the input file.

Learning rate

Theory

The learning rate $\gamma$ decays exponentially:

$$\gamma(\tau) = \gamma^0 r ^ {\lfloor \tau/s \rfloor},$$

where $\tau \in \mathbb{N}$ is the index of the training step, $\gamma^0 \in \mathbb{R}$ is the learning rate at the first step, and the decay rate $r$ is given by

$$r = {\left(\frac{\gamma^{\text{stop}}}{\gamma^0}\right )} ^{\frac{s}{\tau^{\text{stop}}}},$$

where $\tau^{\text{stop}} \in \mathbb{N}$, $\gamma^{\text{stop}} \in \mathbb{R}$, and $s \in \mathbb{N}$ are the stopping step, the stopping learning rate, and the decay steps, respectively, all of which are hyperparameters provided in advance. 1

Instructions

The {ref}learning_rate <learning_rate> section in input.json is given as follows

    "learning_rate" :{
	"type":		"exp",
	"start_lr":	0.001,
	"stop_lr":	3.51e-8,
	"decay_steps":	5000,
	"_comment":	"that's all"
    }

  • {ref}start_lr <learning_rate[exp]/start_lr> gives the learning rate at the beginning of the training.

  • {ref}stop_lr <learning_rate[exp]/stop_lr> gives the learning rate at the end of the training. It should be small enough to ensure that the network parameters satisfactorily converge.

  • During the training, the learning rate decays exponentially from {ref}start_lr <learning_rate[exp]/start_lr> to {ref}stop_lr <learning_rate[exp]/stop_lr> following the formula:

    lr(t) = start_lr * decay_rate ^ ( t / decay_steps )

Training parameters

Other training parameters are given in the {ref}training <training> section.

    "training": {
 	"training_data": {
	    "systems":		["../data_water/data_0/", "../data_water/data_1/", "../data_water/data_2/"],
	    "batch_size":	"auto"
	},
	"validation_data":{
	    "systems":		["../data_water/data_3"],
	    "batch_size":	1,
	    "numb_btch":	3
	},
	"mixed_precision": {
	    "output_prec":      "float32",
	    "compute_prec":     "float16"
	},

	"numb_steps":	1000000,
	"seed":		1,
	"disp_file":	"lcurve.out",
	"disp_freq":	100,
	"save_freq":	1000
    }

The sections {ref}training_data <training/training_data> and {ref}validation_data <training/validation_data> give the training dataset and validation dataset, respectively. Taking the training dataset for example, the keys are explained below:

  • {ref}systems <training/training_data/systems> provide paths of the training data systems. DeePMD-kit allows you to provide multiple systems with different numbers of atoms. This key can be a list or a str.
    • list: {ref}systems <training/training_data/systems> gives the training data systems.
    • str: {ref}systems <training/training_data/systems> should be a valid path. DeePMD-kit will recursively search all data systems in this path.
  • At each training step, DeePMD-kit randomly picks {ref}batch_size <training/training_data/batch_size> frame(s) from one of the systems. The probability of using a system is by default in proportion to the number of batches in the system. More options are available for automatically determining the probability of using systems. One can set the key {ref}auto_prob <training/training_data/auto_prob> to
    • "prob_uniform" all systems are used with the same probability.
    • "prob_sys_size" the probability of using a system is proportional to its size (number of frames).
    • "prob_sys_size; sidx_0:eidx_0:w_0; sidx_1:eidx_1:w_1;..." the list of systems is divided into blocks. Block i has systems ranging from sidx_i to eidx_i. The probability of using a system from block i is proportional to w_i. Within one block, the probability of using a system is proportional to its size.
  • An example of using "auto_prob" is given below. The probability of using systems[2] is 0.4, and the sum of the probabilities of using systems[0] and systems[1] is 0.6. If the number of frames in systems[1] is twice of system[0], then the probability of using system[1] is 0.4 and that of system[0] is 0.2.
 	"training_data": {
	    "systems":		["../data_water/data_0/", "../data_water/data_1/", "../data_water/data_2/"],
	    "auto_prob":	"prob_sys_size; 0:2:0.6; 2:3:0.4",
	    "batch_size":	"auto"
	}
  • The probability of using systems can also be specified explicitly with key {ref}sys_probs <training/training_data/sys_probs> which is a list having the length of the number of systems. For example
 	"training_data": {
	    "systems":		["../data_water/data_0/", "../data_water/data_1/", "../data_water/data_2/"],
	    "sys_probs":	[0.5, 0.3, 0.2],
	    "batch_size":	"auto:32"
	}
  • The key {ref}batch_size <training/training_data/batch_size> specifies the number of frames used to train or validate the model in a training step. It can be set to
    • list: the length of which is the same as the {ref}systems. The batch size of each system is given by the elements of the list.
    • int: all systems use the same batch size.
    • "auto": the same as "auto:32", see "auto:N"
    • "auto:N": automatically determines the batch size so that the {ref}batch_size <training/training_data/batch_size> times the number of atoms in the system is no less than N.
  • The key {ref}numb_batch <training/validation_data/numb_btch> in {ref}validate_data <training/validation_data> gives the number of batches of model validation. Note that the batches may not be from the same system

The section {ref}mixed_precision <training/mixed_precision> specifies the mixed precision settings, which will enable the mixed precision training workflow for DeePMD-kit. The keys are explained below:

  • {ref}output_prec <training/mixed_precision/output_prec> precision used in the output tensors, only float32 is supported currently.
  • {ref}compute_prec <training/mixed_precision/compute_prec> precision used in the computing tensors, only float16 is supported currently. Note there are several limitations about mixed precision training:
  • Only {ref}se_e2_a <model/descriptor[se_e2_a]> type descriptor is supported by the mixed precision training workflow.
  • The precision of the embedding net and the fitting net are forced to be set to float32.

Other keys in the {ref}training <training> section are explained below:

  • {ref}numb_steps <training/numb_steps> The number of training steps.
  • {ref}seed <training/seed> The random seed for getting frames from the training data set.
  • {ref}disp_file <training/disp_file> The file for printing learning curve.
  • {ref}disp_freq <training/disp_freq> The frequency of printing learning curve. Set in the unit of training steps
  • {ref}save_freq <training/save_freq> The frequency of saving checkpoint.

Options and environment variables

Several command line options can be passed to dp train, which can be checked with

$ dp train --help

An explanation will be provided

positional arguments:
  INPUT                 the input json database

optional arguments:
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit

  --init-model INIT_MODEL
                        Initialize a model by the provided checkpoint

  --restart RESTART     Restart the training from the provided checkpoint

  --init-frz-model INIT_FRZ_MODEL
                        Initialize the training from the frozen model.
  --skip-neighbor-stat  Skip calculating neighbor statistics. Sel checking, automatic sel, and model compression will be disabled. (default: False)

--init-model model.ckpt, initializes the model training with an existing model that is stored in the path prefix of checkpoint files model.ckpt, the network architectures should match.

--restart model.ckpt, continues the training from the checkpoint model.ckpt.

--init-frz-model frozen_model.pb, initializes the training with an existing model that is stored in frozen_model.pb.

--skip-neighbor-stat will skip calculating neighbor statistics if one is concerned about performance. Some features will be disabled.

To maximize the performance, one should follow FAQ: How to control the parallelism of a job to control the number of threads.

One can set other environmental variables:

Environment variables Allowed value Default value Usage
DP_INTERFACE_PREC high, low high Control high (double) or low (float) precision of training.
DP_AUTO_PARALLELIZATION 0, 1 0 Enable auto parallelization for CPU operators.
DP_JIT 0, 1 0 Enable JIT. Note that this option may either improve or decrease the performance. Requires TensorFlow supports JIT.

Adjust sel of a frozen model

One can use --init-frz-model features to adjust (increase or decrease) sel of a existing model. Firstly, one needs to adjust sel in input.json. For example, adjust from [46, 92] to [23, 46].

"model": {
	"descriptor": {
		"sel": [23, 46]
	}
}

To obtain the new model at once, numb_steps should be set to zero:

"training": {
	"numb_steps": 0
}

Then, one can initialize the training from the frozen model and freeze the new model at once:

dp train input.json --init-frz-model frozen_model.pb
dp freeze -o frozen_model_adjusted_sel.pb

Two models should give the same result when the input satisfies both constraints.

Note: At this time, this feature is only supported by se_e2_a descriptor with set_davg_true enabled, or hybrid composed of the above descriptors.

Footnotes

  1. This section is built upon Jinzhe Zeng, Duo Zhang, Denghui Lu, Pinghui Mo, Zeyu Li, Yixiao Chen, Marián Rynik, Li'ang Huang, Ziyao Li, Shaochen Shi, Yingze Wang, Haotian Ye, Ping Tuo, Jiabin Yang, Ye Ding, Yifan Li, Davide Tisi, Qiyu Zeng, Han Bao, Yu Xia, Jiameng Huang, Koki Muraoka, Yibo Wang, Junhan Chang, Fengbo Yuan, Sigbjørn Løland Bore, Chun Cai, Yinnian Lin, Bo Wang, Jiayan Xu, Jia-Xin Zhu, Chenxing Luo, Yuzhi Zhang, Rhys E. A. Goodall, Wenshuo Liang, Anurag Kumar Singh, Sikai Yao, Jingchao Zhang, Renata Wentzcovitch, Jiequn Han, Jie Liu, Weile Jia, Darrin M. York, Weinan E, Roberto Car, Linfeng Zhang, Han Wang, J. Chem. Phys. 159, 054801 (2023) licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license. ↩