diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 5047f75..0c7e8c5 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
   <link href="https://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/2021/cg-draft" rel="stylesheet">
   <meta content="Bikeshed version 82ce88815, updated Thu Sep 7 16:33:55 2023 -0700" name="generator">
   <link href="https://wicg.github.io/observable/" rel="canonical">
-  <meta content="c050f57d9f2b761ffd8da9231d733c2d9ab5b21b" name="document-revision">
+  <meta content="6843362badb2d3c85c0f74e7f0390e0a95f9636d" name="document-revision">
 <style>
 /* Put nice boxes around each algorithm. */
 [data-algorithm]:not(.heading) {
@@ -902,7 +902,7 @@
   <div class="head">
    <p data-fill-with="logo"><a class="logo" href="https://www.w3.org/"> <img alt="W3C" height="48" src="https://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/2021/logos/W3C" width="72"> </a> </p>
    <h1 class="p-name no-ref" id="title">Observable</h1>
-   <p id="w3c-state"><a href="https://www.w3.org/standards/types#CG-DRAFT">Draft Community Group Report</a>, <time class="dt-updated" datetime="2024-01-02">2 January 2024</time></p>
+   <p id="w3c-state"><a href="https://www.w3.org/standards/types#CG-DRAFT">Draft Community Group Report</a>, <time class="dt-updated" datetime="2024-01-04">4 January 2024</time></p>
    <div data-fill-with="spec-metadata">
     <dl>
      <dt>This version:
@@ -944,7 +944,11 @@ <h2 class="no-num no-toc no-ref" id="contents">Table of Contents</h2>
      <a href="#core-infrastructure"><span class="secno">2</span> <span class="content">Core infrastructure</span></a>
      <ol class="toc">
       <li><a href="#subscriber-api"><span class="secno">2.1</span> <span class="content">The <code class="idl"><span>Subscriber</span></code> interface</span></a>
-      <li><a href="#observable-api"><span class="secno">2.2</span> <span class="content">The <code class="idl"><span>Observable</span></code> interface</span></a>
+      <li>
+       <a href="#observable-api"><span class="secno">2.2</span> <span class="content">The <code class="idl"><span>Observable</span></code> interface</span></a>
+       <ol class="toc">
+        <li><a href="#observable-supporting-concepts"><span class="secno">2.2.1</span> <span class="content">Supporting concepts</span></a>
+       </ol>
       <li>
        <a href="#operators"><span class="secno">2.3</span> <span class="content">Operators</span></a>
        <ol class="toc">
@@ -991,10 +995,10 @@ <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="2.1" id="subscriber-api"><span class="se
   <c- b>readonly</c-> <c- b>attribute</c-> <a data-link-type="idl-name" href="https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#abortsignal" id="ref-for-abortsignal"><c- n>AbortSignal</c-></a> <a class="idl-code" data-link-type="attribute" data-readonly data-type="AbortSignal" href="#dom-subscriber-signal" id="ref-for-dom-subscriber-signal"><c- g>signal</c-></a>;
 };
 </pre>
-   <p>Each <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#subscriber" id="ref-for-subscriber①">Subscriber</a></code> has a <dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-for="Subscriber" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="subscriber-next-callback">next callback</dfn>, which is an <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#callbackdef-observercallback" id="ref-for-callbackdef-observercallback">ObserverCallback</a></code>-or-null.</p>
-   <p>Each <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#subscriber" id="ref-for-subscriber②">Subscriber</a></code> has a <dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-for="Subscriber" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="subscriber-error-callback">error callback</dfn>, which is an <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#callbackdef-observercallback" id="ref-for-callbackdef-observercallback①">ObserverCallback</a></code>-or-null.</p>
-   <p>Each <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#subscriber" id="ref-for-subscriber③">Subscriber</a></code> has a <dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-for="Subscriber" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="subscriber-complete-callback">complete callback</dfn>, which is a <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#VoidFunction" id="ref-for-VoidFunction①">VoidFunction</a></code>-or-null.</p>
-   <p>Each <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#subscriber" id="ref-for-subscriber④">Subscriber</a></code> has a <dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-for="Subscriber" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="subscriber-teardown-callbacks">teardown callbacks</dfn>, which is a <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://infra.spec.whatwg.org/#list" id="ref-for-list">list</a> of <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#VoidFunction" id="ref-for-VoidFunction②">VoidFunction</a></code>s, initially empty.</p>
+   <p>Each <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#subscriber" id="ref-for-subscriber①">Subscriber</a></code> has a <dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-for="Subscriber" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="subscriber-next-algorithm">next algorithm</dfn>, which is a <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#internal-observer-next-steps" id="ref-for-internal-observer-next-steps">next steps</a>-or-null.</p>
+   <p>Each <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#subscriber" id="ref-for-subscriber②">Subscriber</a></code> has a <dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-for="Subscriber" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="subscriber-error-algorithm">error algorithm</dfn>, which is an <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#internal-observer-error-steps" id="ref-for-internal-observer-error-steps">error steps</a>-or-null.</p>
+   <p>Each <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#subscriber" id="ref-for-subscriber③">Subscriber</a></code> has a <dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-for="Subscriber" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="subscriber-complete-algorithm">complete algorithm</dfn>, which is a <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#internal-observer-complete-steps" id="ref-for-internal-observer-complete-steps">complete steps</a>-or-null.</p>
+   <p>Each <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#subscriber" id="ref-for-subscriber④">Subscriber</a></code> has a <dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-for="Subscriber" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="subscriber-teardown-callbacks">teardown callbacks</dfn>, which is a <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://infra.spec.whatwg.org/#list" id="ref-for-list">list</a> of <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#VoidFunction" id="ref-for-VoidFunction①">VoidFunction</a></code>s, initially empty.</p>
    <p>Each <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#subscriber" id="ref-for-subscriber⑤">Subscriber</a></code> has a <dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-for="Subscriber" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="subscriber-complete-or-error-controller">complete or error controller</dfn>, which is an <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#abortcontroller" id="ref-for-abortcontroller">AbortController</a></code>.</p>
    <p>Each <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#subscriber" id="ref-for-subscriber⑥">Subscriber</a></code> has a <dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-for="Subscriber" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="subscriber-signal">signal</dfn>, which is an <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#abortsignal" id="ref-for-abortsignal①">AbortSignal</a></code>.</p>
    <p class="note" role="note"><span class="marker">Note:</span> This is a <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#create-a-dependent-abort-signal" id="ref-for-create-a-dependent-abort-signal">dependent signal</a>, derived from both <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#subscriber-complete-or-error-controller" id="ref-for-subscriber-complete-or-error-controller">complete or error controller</a>'s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#abortcontroller-signal" id="ref-for-abortcontroller-signal">signal</a>, and <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#dictdef-subscribeoptions" id="ref-for-dictdef-subscribeoptions">SubscribeOptions</a></code>'s <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#dom-subscribeoptions-signal" id="ref-for-dom-subscribeoptions-signal">signal</a></code> (if non-null).</p>
@@ -1010,10 +1014,8 @@ <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="2.1" id="subscriber-api"><span class="se
       <p>If <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#this" id="ref-for-this②">this</a>'s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/webappapis.html#concept-relevant-global" id="ref-for-concept-relevant-global">relevant global object</a> is a <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/nav-history-apis.html#window" id="ref-for-window">Window</a></code> object, and its <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/nav-history-apis.html#concept-document-window" id="ref-for-concept-document-window">associated
  Document</a> is not <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/document-sequences.html#fully-active" id="ref-for-fully-active">fully active</a>, then return.</p>
      <li data-md>
-      <p>If <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#this" id="ref-for-this③">this</a>'s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#subscriber-next-callback" id="ref-for-subscriber-next-callback">next callback</a> is non-null, <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#invoke-a-callback-function" id="ref-for-invoke-a-callback-function">invoke</a> this’s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#subscriber-next-callback" id="ref-for-subscriber-next-callback①">next
- callback</a> with <var>value</var>.</p>
-      <p>If <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#an-exception-was-thrown" id="ref-for-an-exception-was-thrown">an exception <var>E</var> was thrown</a>, then <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/webappapis.html#report-the-exception" id="ref-for-report-the-exception">report
- the exception</a> <var>E</var>.</p>
+      <p>Run <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#this" id="ref-for-this③">this</a>'s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#subscriber-next-algorithm" id="ref-for-subscriber-next-algorithm">next algorithm</a> algorithm given <var>value</var>.</p>
+      <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://infra.spec.whatwg.org/#assert" id="ref-for-assert">Assert</a>: No <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#an-exception-was-thrown" id="ref-for-an-exception-was-thrown">exception was thrown</a>.</p>
     </ol>
    </div>
    <div class="algorithm" data-algorithm="error(error)" data-algorithm-for="Subscriber">
@@ -1023,15 +1025,12 @@ <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="2.1" id="subscriber-api"><span class="se
       <p>If <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#this" id="ref-for-this④">this</a>'s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/webappapis.html#concept-relevant-global" id="ref-for-concept-relevant-global①">relevant global object</a> is a <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/nav-history-apis.html#window" id="ref-for-window①">Window</a></code> object, and its <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/nav-history-apis.html#concept-document-window" id="ref-for-concept-document-window①">associated
  Document</a> is not <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/document-sequences.html#fully-active" id="ref-for-fully-active①">fully active</a>, then return.</p>
      <li data-md>
-      <p>Let <var>callback</var> be <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#this" id="ref-for-this⑤">this</a>'s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#subscriber-error-callback" id="ref-for-subscriber-error-callback">error callback</a>.</p>
+      <p>Let <var>error algorithm</var> be <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#this" id="ref-for-this⑤">this</a>'s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#subscriber-error-algorithm" id="ref-for-subscriber-error-algorithm">error algorithm</a>.</p>
      <li data-md>
       <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#close-a-subscription" id="ref-for-close-a-subscription①">Close</a> <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#this" id="ref-for-this⑥">this</a>.</p>
      <li data-md>
-      <p>If <var>callback</var> is not null, <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#invoke-a-callback-function" id="ref-for-invoke-a-callback-function①">invoke</a> <var>callback</var> with <var>error</var>.</p>
-      <p>If <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#an-exception-was-thrown" id="ref-for-an-exception-was-thrown①">an exception <var>E</var> was thrown</a>, then <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/webappapis.html#report-the-exception" id="ref-for-report-the-exception①">report
- the exception</a> <var>E</var>.</p>
-     <li data-md>
-      <p>Otherwise, <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/webappapis.html#report-the-exception" id="ref-for-report-the-exception②">report the exception</a> <var>error</var>.</p>
+      <p>Run <var>error algorithm</var> given <var>error</var>.</p>
+      <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://infra.spec.whatwg.org/#assert" id="ref-for-assert①">Assert</a>: No <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#an-exception-was-thrown" id="ref-for-an-exception-was-thrown①">exception was thrown</a>.</p>
      <li data-md>
       <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#abortcontroller-signal-abort" id="ref-for-abortcontroller-signal-abort">Signal abort</a> <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#this" id="ref-for-this⑦">this</a>'s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#subscriber-complete-or-error-controller" id="ref-for-subscriber-complete-or-error-controller①">complete or error controller</a>.</p>
     </ol>
@@ -1043,13 +1042,12 @@ <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="2.1" id="subscriber-api"><span class="se
       <p>If <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#this" id="ref-for-this⑧">this</a>'s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/webappapis.html#concept-relevant-global" id="ref-for-concept-relevant-global②">relevant global object</a> is a <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/nav-history-apis.html#window" id="ref-for-window②">Window</a></code> object, and its <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/nav-history-apis.html#concept-document-window" id="ref-for-concept-document-window②">associated
  Document</a> is not <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/document-sequences.html#fully-active" id="ref-for-fully-active②">fully active</a>, then return.</p>
      <li data-md>
-      <p>Let <var>callback</var> be <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#this" id="ref-for-this⑨">this</a>'s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#subscriber-complete-callback" id="ref-for-subscriber-complete-callback">complete callback</a>.</p>
+      <p>Let <var>complete algorithm</var> be <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#this" id="ref-for-this⑨">this</a>'s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#subscriber-complete-algorithm" id="ref-for-subscriber-complete-algorithm">complete algorithm</a>.</p>
      <li data-md>
       <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#close-a-subscription" id="ref-for-close-a-subscription②">Close</a> <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#this" id="ref-for-this①⓪">this</a>.</p>
      <li data-md>
-      <p>If <var>callback</var> is not null, <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#invoke-a-callback-function" id="ref-for-invoke-a-callback-function②">invoke</a> <var>callback</var>.</p>
-      <p>If <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#an-exception-was-thrown" id="ref-for-an-exception-was-thrown②">an exception <var>E</var> was thrown</a>, then <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/webappapis.html#report-the-exception" id="ref-for-report-the-exception③">report
- the exception</a> <var>E</var>.</p>
+      <p>Run <var>complete algorithm</var>.</p>
+      <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://infra.spec.whatwg.org/#assert" id="ref-for-assert②">Assert</a>: No <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#an-exception-was-thrown" id="ref-for-an-exception-was-thrown②">exception was thrown</a>.</p>
      <li data-md>
       <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#abortcontroller-signal-abort" id="ref-for-abortcontroller-signal-abort①">Signal abort</a> <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#this" id="ref-for-this①①">this</a>'s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#subscriber-complete-or-error-controller" id="ref-for-subscriber-complete-or-error-controller②">complete or error controller</a>.</p>
     </ol>
@@ -1063,8 +1061,8 @@ <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="2.1" id="subscriber-api"><span class="se
      <li data-md>
       <p>If <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#this" id="ref-for-this①③">this</a>'s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#subscriber-active" id="ref-for-subscriber-active①">active</a> is true, then <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://infra.spec.whatwg.org/#list-append" id="ref-for-list-append">append</a> <var>teardown</var> to <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#this" id="ref-for-this①④">this</a>'s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#subscriber-teardown-callbacks" id="ref-for-subscriber-teardown-callbacks">teardown callbacks</a> list.</p>
      <li data-md>
-      <p>Otherwise, <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#invoke-a-callback-function" id="ref-for-invoke-a-callback-function③">invoke</a> <var>teardown</var>.</p>
-      <p>If <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#an-exception-was-thrown" id="ref-for-an-exception-was-thrown③">an exception <var>E</var> was thrown</a>, then <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/webappapis.html#report-the-exception" id="ref-for-report-the-exception④">report
+      <p>Otherwise, <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#invoke-a-callback-function" id="ref-for-invoke-a-callback-function">invoke</a> <var>teardown</var>.</p>
+      <p>If <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#an-exception-was-thrown" id="ref-for-an-exception-was-thrown③">an exception <var>E</var> was thrown</a>, then <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/webappapis.html#report-the-exception" id="ref-for-report-the-exception">report
  the exception</a> <var>E</var>.</p>
     </ol>
    </div>
@@ -1074,7 +1072,7 @@ <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="2.1" id="subscriber-api"><span class="se
      <li data-md>
       <p>Set <var>subscriber</var>’s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#subscriber-active" id="ref-for-subscriber-active②">active</a> boolean to false.</p>
      <li data-md>
-      <p>Set <var>subscriber</var>’s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#subscriber-next-callback" id="ref-for-subscriber-next-callback②">next callback</a>, <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#subscriber-error-callback" id="ref-for-subscriber-error-callback①">error callback</a>, and <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#subscriber-complete-callback" id="ref-for-subscriber-complete-callback①">complete callback</a> all to null.</p>
+      <p>Set <var>subscriber</var>’s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#subscriber-next-algorithm" id="ref-for-subscriber-next-algorithm①">next algorithm</a>, <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#subscriber-error-algorithm" id="ref-for-subscriber-error-algorithm①">error algorithm</a>, and <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#subscriber-complete-algorithm" id="ref-for-subscriber-complete-algorithm①">complete algorithm</a> all to null.</p>
     </ol>
     <div class="note" role="note">
      <p>This algorithm intentionally does not have script-running side-effects; it just updates the
@@ -1115,19 +1113,19 @@ <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="2.2" id="observable-api"><span class="se
 <c- b>callback</c-> <dfn class="dfn-paneled idl-code" data-dfn-type="callback" data-export id="callbackdef-observercallback"><code><c- g>ObserverCallback</c-></code></dfn> = <a class="idl-code" data-link-type="interface" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#idl-undefined" id="ref-for-idl-undefined⑤"><c- b>undefined</c-></a> (<a class="idl-code" data-link-type="interface" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#idl-any" id="ref-for-idl-any②"><c- b>any</c-></a> <dfn class="idl-code" data-dfn-for="ObserverCallback" data-dfn-type="argument" data-export id="dom-observercallback-value"><code><c- g>value</c-></code><a class="self-link" href="#dom-observercallback-value"></a></dfn>);
 
 <c- b>dictionary</c-> <dfn class="dfn-paneled idl-code" data-dfn-type="dictionary" data-export id="dictdef-observer"><code><c- g>Observer</c-></code></dfn> {
-  <a data-link-type="idl-name" href="#callbackdef-observercallback" id="ref-for-callbackdef-observercallback②"><c- n>ObserverCallback</c-></a> <dfn class="dfn-paneled idl-code" data-dfn-for="Observer" data-dfn-type="dict-member" data-export data-type="ObserverCallback " id="dom-observer-next"><code><c- g>next</c-></code></dfn>;
-  <a data-link-type="idl-name" href="#callbackdef-observercallback" id="ref-for-callbackdef-observercallback③"><c- n>ObserverCallback</c-></a> <dfn class="dfn-paneled idl-code" data-dfn-for="Observer" data-dfn-type="dict-member" data-export data-type="ObserverCallback " id="dom-observer-error"><code><c- g>error</c-></code></dfn>;
-  <a data-link-type="idl-name" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#VoidFunction" id="ref-for-VoidFunction③"><c- n>VoidFunction</c-></a> <dfn class="dfn-paneled idl-code" data-dfn-for="Observer" data-dfn-type="dict-member" data-export data-type="VoidFunction " id="dom-observer-complete"><code><c- g>complete</c-></code></dfn>;
+  <a data-link-type="idl-name" href="#callbackdef-observercallback" id="ref-for-callbackdef-observercallback"><c- n>ObserverCallback</c-></a> <dfn class="dfn-paneled idl-code" data-dfn-for="Observer" data-dfn-type="dict-member" data-export data-type="ObserverCallback " id="dom-observer-next"><code><c- g>next</c-></code></dfn>;
+  <a data-link-type="idl-name" href="#callbackdef-observercallback" id="ref-for-callbackdef-observercallback①"><c- n>ObserverCallback</c-></a> <dfn class="dfn-paneled idl-code" data-dfn-for="Observer" data-dfn-type="dict-member" data-export data-type="ObserverCallback " id="dom-observer-error"><code><c- g>error</c-></code></dfn>;
+  <a data-link-type="idl-name" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#VoidFunction" id="ref-for-VoidFunction②"><c- n>VoidFunction</c-></a> <dfn class="dfn-paneled idl-code" data-dfn-for="Observer" data-dfn-type="dict-member" data-export data-type="VoidFunction " id="dom-observer-complete"><code><c- g>complete</c-></code></dfn>;
 };
 
-<c- b>typedef</c-> (<a data-link-type="idl-name" href="#callbackdef-observercallback" id="ref-for-callbackdef-observercallback④"><c- n>ObserverCallback</c-></a> <c- b>or</c-> <a data-link-type="idl-name" href="#dictdef-observer" id="ref-for-dictdef-observer①"><c- n>Observer</c-></a>) <dfn class="dfn-paneled idl-code" data-dfn-type="typedef" data-export id="typedefdef-observerunion"><code><c- g>ObserverUnion</c-></code></dfn>;
+<c- b>typedef</c-> (<a data-link-type="idl-name" href="#callbackdef-observercallback" id="ref-for-callbackdef-observercallback②"><c- n>ObserverCallback</c-></a> <c- b>or</c-> <a data-link-type="idl-name" href="#dictdef-observer" id="ref-for-dictdef-observer①"><c- n>Observer</c-></a>) <dfn class="dfn-paneled idl-code" data-dfn-type="typedef" data-export id="typedefdef-observerunion"><code><c- g>ObserverUnion</c-></code></dfn>;
 
 <c- b>dictionary</c-> <dfn class="dfn-paneled idl-code" data-dfn-type="dictionary" data-export id="dictdef-subscribeoptions"><code><c- g>SubscribeOptions</c-></code></dfn> {
   <a data-link-type="idl-name" href="https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#abortsignal" id="ref-for-abortsignal②"><c- n>AbortSignal</c-></a> <dfn class="dfn-paneled idl-code" data-dfn-for="SubscribeOptions" data-dfn-type="dict-member" data-export data-type="AbortSignal " id="dom-subscribeoptions-signal"><code><c- g>signal</c-></code></dfn>;
 };
 
 <c- b>dictionary</c-> <dfn class="dfn-paneled idl-code" data-dfn-type="dictionary" data-export id="dictdef-promiseoptions"><code><c- g>PromiseOptions</c-></code></dfn> {
-  <a data-link-type="idl-name" href="https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#abortsignal" id="ref-for-abortsignal③"><c- n>AbortSignal</c-></a> <dfn class="idl-code" data-dfn-for="PromiseOptions" data-dfn-type="dict-member" data-export data-type="AbortSignal " id="dom-promiseoptions-signal"><code><c- g>signal</c-></code><a class="self-link" href="#dom-promiseoptions-signal"></a></dfn>;
+  <a data-link-type="idl-name" href="https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#abortsignal" id="ref-for-abortsignal③"><c- n>AbortSignal</c-></a> <dfn class="dfn-paneled idl-code" data-dfn-for="PromiseOptions" data-dfn-type="dict-member" data-export data-type="AbortSignal " id="dom-promiseoptions-signal"><code><c- g>signal</c-></code></dfn>;
 };
 
 <c- b>callback</c-> <dfn class="dfn-paneled idl-code" data-dfn-type="callback" data-export id="callbackdef-predicate"><code><c- g>Predicate</c-></code></dfn> = <a class="idl-code" data-link-type="interface" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#idl-boolean" id="ref-for-idl-boolean①"><c- b>boolean</c-></a> (<a class="idl-code" data-link-type="interface" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#idl-any" id="ref-for-idl-any③"><c- b>any</c-></a> <dfn class="idl-code" data-dfn-for="Predicate" data-dfn-type="argument" data-export id="dom-predicate-value"><code><c- g>value</c-></code><a class="self-link" href="#dom-predicate-value"></a></dfn>);
@@ -1142,7 +1140,7 @@ <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="2.2" id="observable-api"><span class="se
   <a class="idl-code" data-link-type="constructor" href="#dom-observable-observable" id="ref-for-dom-observable-observable"><c- g>constructor</c-></a>(<a data-link-type="idl-name" href="#callbackdef-subscribecallback" id="ref-for-callbackdef-subscribecallback"><c- n>SubscribeCallback</c-></a> <dfn class="idl-code" data-dfn-for="Observable/Observable(callback), Observable/constructor(callback)" data-dfn-type="argument" data-export id="dom-observable-observable-callback-callback"><code><c- g>callback</c-></code><a class="self-link" href="#dom-observable-observable-callback-callback"></a></dfn>);
   <a class="idl-code" data-link-type="interface" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#idl-undefined" id="ref-for-idl-undefined⑦"><c- b>undefined</c-></a> <a class="idl-code" data-link-type="method" href="#dom-observable-subscribe" id="ref-for-dom-observable-subscribe"><c- g>subscribe</c-></a>(<c- b>optional</c-> <a data-link-type="idl-name" href="#typedefdef-observerunion" id="ref-for-typedefdef-observerunion"><c- n>ObserverUnion</c-></a> <dfn class="idl-code" data-dfn-for="Observable/subscribe(observer, options), Observable/subscribe(observer), Observable/subscribe()" data-dfn-type="argument" data-export id="dom-observable-subscribe-observer-options-observer"><code><c- g>observer</c-></code><a class="self-link" href="#dom-observable-subscribe-observer-options-observer"></a></dfn> = {}, <c- b>optional</c-> <a data-link-type="idl-name" href="#dictdef-subscribeoptions" id="ref-for-dictdef-subscribeoptions①"><c- n>SubscribeOptions</c-></a> <dfn class="idl-code" data-dfn-for="Observable/subscribe(observer, options), Observable/subscribe(observer), Observable/subscribe()" data-dfn-type="argument" data-export id="dom-observable-subscribe-observer-options-options"><code><c- g>options</c-></code><a class="self-link" href="#dom-observable-subscribe-observer-options-options"></a></dfn> = {});
 
-  <a class="idl-code" data-link-type="interface" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#idl-undefined" id="ref-for-idl-undefined⑧"><c- b>undefined</c-></a> <dfn class="idl-code" data-dfn-for="Observable" data-dfn-type="method" data-export data-lt="finally(callback)" id="dom-observable-finally"><code><c- g>finally</c-></code><a class="self-link" href="#dom-observable-finally"></a></dfn>(<a data-link-type="idl-name" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#VoidFunction" id="ref-for-VoidFunction④"><c- n>VoidFunction</c-></a> <dfn class="idl-code" data-dfn-for="Observable/finally(callback)" data-dfn-type="argument" data-export id="dom-observable-finally-callback-callback"><code><c- g>callback</c-></code><a class="self-link" href="#dom-observable-finally-callback-callback"></a></dfn>);
+  <a class="idl-code" data-link-type="interface" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#idl-undefined" id="ref-for-idl-undefined⑧"><c- b>undefined</c-></a> <dfn class="idl-code" data-dfn-for="Observable" data-dfn-type="method" data-export data-lt="finally(callback)" id="dom-observable-finally"><code><c- g>finally</c-></code><a class="self-link" href="#dom-observable-finally"></a></dfn>(<a data-link-type="idl-name" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#VoidFunction" id="ref-for-VoidFunction③"><c- n>VoidFunction</c-></a> <dfn class="idl-code" data-dfn-for="Observable/finally(callback)" data-dfn-type="argument" data-export id="dom-observable-finally-callback-callback"><code><c- g>callback</c-></code><a class="self-link" href="#dom-observable-finally-callback-callback"></a></dfn>);
 
   // Constructs a native Observable from value if it’s any of the following:
   //   - Observable
@@ -1191,36 +1189,115 @@ <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="2.2" id="observable-api"><span class="se
   are: 
     <ol>
      <li data-md>
-      <p>If <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#this" id="ref-for-this①⑥">this</a>'s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/webappapis.html#concept-relevant-global" id="ref-for-concept-relevant-global④">relevant global object</a> is a <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/nav-history-apis.html#window" id="ref-for-window④">Window</a></code> object, and its <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/nav-history-apis.html#concept-document-window" id="ref-for-concept-document-window④">associated
- Document</a> is not <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/document-sequences.html#fully-active" id="ref-for-fully-active④">fully active</a>, then return.</p>
+      <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#observable-subscribe-to-an-observable" id="ref-for-observable-subscribe-to-an-observable">Subscribe</a> to <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#this" id="ref-for-this①⑥">this</a> given <var>observer</var> and <var>options</var>.</p>
+    </ol>
+   </div>
+   <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="2.2.1" id="observable-supporting-concepts"><span class="secno">2.2.1. </span><span class="content">Supporting concepts</span><a class="self-link" href="#observable-supporting-concepts"></a></h4>
+   <div class="algorithm" data-algorithm="default error algorithm">
+     The <dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="default-error-algorithm">default error algorithm</dfn> is an algorithm that takes an <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#idl-any" id="ref-for-idl-any①⑥">any</a></code> <var>error</var>, and runs
+  these steps: 
+    <ol>
+     <li data-md>
+      <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/webappapis.html#report-the-exception" id="ref-for-report-the-exception①">Report the exception</a> <var>error</var>.</p>
+    </ol>
+    <p class="note" role="note"><span class="marker">Note:</span> We pull this default out separately so that every place in this specification that natively <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#observable-subscribe-to-an-observable" id="ref-for-observable-subscribe-to-an-observable①">subscribes</a> to an <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#observable" id="ref-for-observable①①">Observable</a></code> (i.e.,
+  subscribes from spec prose, not going through the <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#dom-observable-subscribe" id="ref-for-dom-observable-subscribe②">subscribe()</a></code> method) doesn’t have
+  to redundantly define these steps.</p>
+   </div>
+   <p>An <dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="internal-observer">internal observer</dfn> is a <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://infra.spec.whatwg.org/#struct" id="ref-for-struct">struct</a> with the following <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://infra.spec.whatwg.org/#struct-item" id="ref-for-struct-item">items</a>:</p>
+   <dl>
+    <dt data-md><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-for="internal observer" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="internal-observer-next-steps">next steps</dfn>
+    <dd data-md>
+     <p>An algorithm that takes a single parameter. Initially, these steps do nothing.</p>
+    <dt data-md><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-for="internal observer" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="internal-observer-error-steps">error steps</dfn>
+    <dd data-md>
+     <p>An algorithm that takes a single parameter. Initially, the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#default-error-algorithm" id="ref-for-default-error-algorithm">default error algorithm</a>.</p>
+    <dt data-md><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-for="internal observer" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="internal-observer-complete-steps">complete steps</dfn>
+    <dd data-md>
+     <p>An algorithm with no parameters. Initially, these steps do nothing.</p>
+   </dl>
+   <div class="note" role="note">
+    <p>The <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#internal-observer" id="ref-for-internal-observer">internal observer</a> <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://infra.spec.whatwg.org/#struct" id="ref-for-struct①">struct</a> is used to mirror the <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#dom-observer-next" id="ref-for-dom-observer-next">next</a></code>, <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#dom-observer-error" id="ref-for-dom-observer-error">error</a></code>, and <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#dom-observer-complete" id="ref-for-dom-observer-complete">complete</a></code> <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#dfn-callback-function" id="ref-for-dfn-callback-function">callback functions</a>. For any <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#observable" id="ref-for-observable①②">Observable</a></code> that
+  is subscribed by JavaScript via the <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#dom-observable-subscribe" id="ref-for-dom-observable-subscribe③">subscribe()</a></code> method, these algorithm "steps"
+  will just be a wrapper around <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#invoke-a-callback-function" id="ref-for-invoke-a-callback-function①">invoking</a> the corresponding <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#dom-observer-next" id="ref-for-dom-observer-next①">next</a></code>, <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#dom-observer-error" id="ref-for-dom-observer-error①">error</a></code>, and <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#dom-observer-complete" id="ref-for-dom-observer-complete①">complete</a></code> <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#dfn-callback-function" id="ref-for-dfn-callback-function①">callback functions</a> provided by script.</p>
+    <p>But when internal spec prose (not user script) <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#observable-subscribe-to-an-observable" id="ref-for-observable-subscribe-to-an-observable②">subscribes</a> to an <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#observable" id="ref-for-observable①③">Observable</a></code>, these "steps" are arbitrary spec algorithms that
+  are not provided via an <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#typedefdef-observerunion" id="ref-for-typedefdef-observerunion①">ObserverUnion</a></code> packed with Web IDL <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#dfn-callback-function" id="ref-for-dfn-callback-function②">callback functions</a>. See the <a href="#promise-returning-operators">§ 2.3.3 Promise-returning operators</a> that make use of this, for example.</p>
+   </div>
+   <div class="algorithm" data-algorithm="subscribe to an Observable" data-algorithm-for="Observable">
+     To <dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-for="Observable" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="observable-subscribe-to-an-observable">subscribe to an <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#observable" id="ref-for-observable①④">Observable</a></code></dfn> given an <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#typedefdef-observerunion" id="ref-for-typedefdef-observerunion②">ObserverUnion</a></code>-or-<a data-link-type="dfn" href="#internal-observer" id="ref-for-internal-observer①">internal observer</a> <var>observer</var>, and a <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#dictdef-subscribeoptions" id="ref-for-dictdef-subscribeoptions②">SubscribeOptions</a></code> <var>options</var>, run
+  these steps: 
+    <p class="note" role="note"><span class="marker">Note:</span> We split this algorithm out from the Web IDL <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#dom-observable-subscribe" id="ref-for-dom-observable-subscribe④">subscribe()</a></code> method, so that
+  spec prose can <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#observable-subscribe-to-an-observable" id="ref-for-observable-subscribe-to-an-observable③">subscribe</a> to an <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#observable" id="ref-for-observable①⑤">Observable</a></code> without going through the Web IDL bindings. See <a href="https://github.com/w3c/IntersectionObserver/issues/464">w3c/IntersectionObserver#464</a> for
+  similar context, where "internal" prose <span class="allow-2119">must</span> not go through Web IDL
+  bindings on objects whose properties could be mutated by JavaScript. See <a href="#promise-returning-operators">§ 2.3.3 Promise-returning operators</a> for usage of this.</p>
+    <ol>
      <li data-md>
-      <p>Let <var>nextCallback</var>, <var>errorCallback</var>, and <var>completeCallback</var> all be null.</p>
+      <p>If <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#this" id="ref-for-this①⑦">this</a>'s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/webappapis.html#concept-relevant-global" id="ref-for-concept-relevant-global④">relevant global object</a> is a <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/nav-history-apis.html#window" id="ref-for-window④">Window</a></code> object, and its <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/nav-history-apis.html#concept-document-window" id="ref-for-concept-document-window④">associated
+ Document</a> is not <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/document-sequences.html#fully-active" id="ref-for-fully-active④">fully active</a>, then return.</p>
      <li data-md>
-      <p>If <var>observer</var> is an <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#callbackdef-observercallback" id="ref-for-callbackdef-observercallback⑤">ObserverCallback</a></code>, then set <var>nextCallback</var> to <var>observer</var>.</p>
+      <p>Let <var>internal observer</var> be a new <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#internal-observer" id="ref-for-internal-observer②">internal observer</a>.</p>
      <li data-md>
-      <p>Otherwise:</p>
+      <p>Process <var>observer</var> as follows:</p>
       <ol>
-       <li data-md>
-        <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://infra.spec.whatwg.org/#assert" id="ref-for-assert">Assert</a>: <var>observer</var> is an <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#dictdef-observer" id="ref-for-dictdef-observer②">Observer</a></code>.</p>
-       <li data-md>
-        <p>Set <var>nextCallback</var> to <var>observer</var>’s <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#dom-observer-next" id="ref-for-dom-observer-next">next</a></code>.</p>
-       <li data-md>
-        <p>Set <var>errorCallback</var> to <var>observer</var>’s <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#dom-observer-error" id="ref-for-dom-observer-error">error</a></code>.</p>
-       <li data-md>
-        <p>Set <var>completeCallback</var> to <var>observer</var>’s <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#dom-observer-complete" id="ref-for-dom-observer-complete">complete</a></code>.</p>
+       <li>
+        <dl class="switch">
+         <dt>If <var>observer</var> is an <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#callbackdef-observercallback" id="ref-for-callbackdef-observercallback③">ObserverCallback</a></code>
+         <dd>
+          Set <var>internal observer</var>’s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#internal-observer-next-steps" id="ref-for-internal-observer-next-steps①">next steps</a> to these steps that take
+           an <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#idl-any" id="ref-for-idl-any①⑦">any</a></code> <var>value</var>: 
+          <ol>
+           <li data-md>
+            <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#invoke-a-callback-function" id="ref-for-invoke-a-callback-function②">Invoke</a> <var>observer</var> with <var>value</var>.</p>
+            <p>If <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#an-exception-was-thrown" id="ref-for-an-exception-was-thrown④">an exception <var>E</var> was thrown</a>,
+  then <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/webappapis.html#report-the-exception" id="ref-for-report-the-exception②">report the exception</a> <var>E</var>.</p>
+          </ol>
+         <dt>If <var>observer</var> is an <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#dictdef-observer" id="ref-for-dictdef-observer②">Observer</a></code>
+         <dd>
+          <ol>
+           <li data-md>
+            <p>If <var>observer</var>’s <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#dom-observer-next" id="ref-for-dom-observer-next②">next</a></code> is not null, set <var>internal observer</var>’s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#internal-observer-next-steps" id="ref-for-internal-observer-next-steps②">next steps</a> to these steps that take an <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#idl-any" id="ref-for-idl-any①⑧">any</a></code> <var>value</var>:</p>
+            <ol>
+             <li data-md>
+              <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#invoke-a-callback-function" id="ref-for-invoke-a-callback-function③">Invoke</a> <var>observer</var>’s <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#dom-observer-next" id="ref-for-dom-observer-next③">next</a></code> with <var>value</var>.</p>
+              <p>If <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#an-exception-was-thrown" id="ref-for-an-exception-was-thrown⑤">an exception <var>E</var> was thrown</a>,
+ then <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/webappapis.html#report-the-exception" id="ref-for-report-the-exception③">report the exception</a> <var>E</var>.</p>
+            </ol>
+           <li data-md>
+            <p>If <var>observer</var>’s <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#dom-observer-error" id="ref-for-dom-observer-error②">error</a></code> is not null, set <var>internal observer</var>’s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#internal-observer-error-steps" id="ref-for-internal-observer-error-steps①">error steps</a> to these steps that take an <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#idl-any" id="ref-for-idl-any①⑨">any</a></code> <var>error</var>:</p>
+            <ol>
+             <li data-md>
+              <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#invoke-a-callback-function" id="ref-for-invoke-a-callback-function④">Invoke</a> <var>observer</var>’s <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#dom-observer-error" id="ref-for-dom-observer-error③">error</a></code> with <var>error</var>.</p>
+              <p>If <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#an-exception-was-thrown" id="ref-for-an-exception-was-thrown⑥">an exception <var>E</var> was thrown</a>,
+ then <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/webappapis.html#report-the-exception" id="ref-for-report-the-exception④">report the exception</a> <var>E</var>.</p>
+            </ol>
+           <li data-md>
+            <p>If <var>observer</var>’s <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#dom-observer-complete" id="ref-for-dom-observer-complete②">complete</a></code> is not null, set <var>internal observer</var>’s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#internal-observer-complete-steps" id="ref-for-internal-observer-complete-steps①">complete steps</a> to these steps:</p>
+            <ol>
+             <li data-md>
+              <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#invoke-a-callback-function" id="ref-for-invoke-a-callback-function⑤">Invoke</a> <var>observer</var>’s <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#dom-observer-complete" id="ref-for-dom-observer-complete③">complete</a></code>.</p>
+              <p>If <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#an-exception-was-thrown" id="ref-for-an-exception-was-thrown⑦">an exception <var>E</var> was thrown</a>,
+ then <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/webappapis.html#report-the-exception" id="ref-for-report-the-exception⑤">report the exception</a> <var>E</var>.</p>
+            </ol>
+          </ol>
+         <dt>If <var>observer</var> is an <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#internal-observer" id="ref-for-internal-observer③">internal observer</a>
+         <dd>Set <var>internal observer</var> to <var>observer</var>.
+        </dl>
       </ol>
+     <li data-md>
+      <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://infra.spec.whatwg.org/#assert" id="ref-for-assert③">Assert</a>: <var>internal observer</var>’s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#internal-observer-error-steps" id="ref-for-internal-observer-error-steps②">error steps</a> is either the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#default-error-algorithm" id="ref-for-default-error-algorithm①">default
+ error algorithm</a>, or an algorithm that <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#invoke-a-callback-function" id="ref-for-invoke-a-callback-function⑥">invokes</a> the provided <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#dom-observer-error" id="ref-for-dom-observer-error④">error</a></code> <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#dfn-callback-function" id="ref-for-dfn-callback-function③">callback function</a>.</p>
      <li data-md>
       <p>Let <var>subscriber</var> be a <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#new" id="ref-for-new">new</a> <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#subscriber" id="ref-for-subscriber①③">Subscriber</a></code>, initialized as:</p>
       <dl>
-       <dt data-md><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#subscriber-next-callback" id="ref-for-subscriber-next-callback③">next callback</a>
+       <dt data-md><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#subscriber-next-algorithm" id="ref-for-subscriber-next-algorithm②">next algorithm</a>
        <dd data-md>
-        <p><var>nextCallback</var></p>
-       <dt data-md><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#subscriber-error-callback" id="ref-for-subscriber-error-callback②">error callback</a>
+        <p><var>internal observer</var>’s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#internal-observer-next-steps" id="ref-for-internal-observer-next-steps③">next steps</a></p>
+       <dt data-md><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#subscriber-error-algorithm" id="ref-for-subscriber-error-algorithm②">error algorithm</a>
        <dd data-md>
-        <p><var>errorCallback</var></p>
-       <dt data-md><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#subscriber-complete-callback" id="ref-for-subscriber-complete-callback②">complete callback</a>
+        <p><var>internal observer</var>’s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#internal-observer-error-steps" id="ref-for-internal-observer-error-steps③">error steps</a></p>
+       <dt data-md><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#subscriber-complete-algorithm" id="ref-for-subscriber-complete-algorithm②">complete algorithm</a>
        <dd data-md>
-        <p><var>completeCallback</var></p>
+        <p><var>internal observer</var>’s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#internal-observer-complete-steps" id="ref-for-internal-observer-complete-steps②">complete steps</a></p>
        <dt data-md><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#subscriber-signal" id="ref-for-subscriber-signal①">signal</a>
        <dd data-md>
         <p>The result of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#create-a-dependent-abort-signal" id="ref-for-create-a-dependent-abort-signal①">creating a dependent abort signal</a> from the list «<var>subscriber</var>’s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#subscriber-complete-or-error-controller" id="ref-for-subscriber-complete-or-error-controller③">complete or error controller</a>'s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#abortcontroller-signal" id="ref-for-abortcontroller-signal①">signal</a>, <var>options</var>’s <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#dom-subscribeoptions-signal" id="ref-for-dom-subscribeoptions-signal①">signal</a></code> if it is non-null», using <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#abortsignal" id="ref-for-abortsignal④">AbortSignal</a></code>, and the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://tc39.es/ecma262/#current-realm" id="ref-for-current-realm">current
@@ -1228,7 +1305,7 @@ <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="2.2" id="observable-api"><span class="se
       </dl>
      <li data-md>
       <p>If <var>subscriber</var>’s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#subscriber-signal" id="ref-for-subscriber-signal②">signal</a> is <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#abortsignal-aborted" id="ref-for-abortsignal-aborted">aborted</a>, then <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#close-a-subscription" id="ref-for-close-a-subscription③">close</a> <var>subscriber</var>.</p>
-      <p class="note" role="note"><span class="marker">Note:</span> This can happen when <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#dictdef-subscribeoptions" id="ref-for-dictdef-subscribeoptions②">SubscribeOptions</a></code>'s <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#dom-subscribeoptions-signal" id="ref-for-dom-subscribeoptions-signal②">signal</a></code> is already <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#abortsignal-aborted" id="ref-for-abortsignal-aborted①">aborted</a>.</p>
+      <p class="note" role="note"><span class="marker">Note:</span> This can happen when <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#dictdef-subscribeoptions" id="ref-for-dictdef-subscribeoptions③">SubscribeOptions</a></code>'s <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#dom-subscribeoptions-signal" id="ref-for-dom-subscribeoptions-signal②">signal</a></code> is already <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#abortsignal-aborted" id="ref-for-abortsignal-aborted①">aborted</a>.</p>
      <li data-md>
       <p>Otherwise, <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#abortsignal-add" id="ref-for-abortsignal-add">add</a> the following algorithm to <var>subscriber</var>’s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#subscriber-signal" id="ref-for-subscriber-signal③">signal</a>:</p>
       <ol>
@@ -1242,23 +1319,23 @@ <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="2.2" id="observable-api"><span class="se
           <p>If <var>subscriber</var>’s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/webappapis.html#concept-relevant-global" id="ref-for-concept-relevant-global⑤">relevant global object</a> is a <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/nav-history-apis.html#window" id="ref-for-window⑤">Window</a></code> object, and its <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/nav-history-apis.html#concept-document-window" id="ref-for-concept-document-window⑤">associated Document</a> is not <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/document-sequences.html#fully-active" id="ref-for-fully-active⑤">fully active</a>, then abort these steps.</p>
           <p class="note" role="note"><span class="marker">Note:</span> This step runs repeatedly because each <var>teardown</var> could result in the above <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#document" id="ref-for-document">Document</a></code> becoming inactive.</p>
          <li data-md>
-          <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#invoke-a-callback-function" id="ref-for-invoke-a-callback-function④">Invoke</a> <var>teardown</var>.</p>
-          <p>If <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#an-exception-was-thrown" id="ref-for-an-exception-was-thrown④">an exception <var>E</var> was thrown</a>, call <var>subscriber</var>’s <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#dom-subscriber-error" id="ref-for-dom-subscriber-error①">error()</a></code> method with <var>E</var>.</p>
+          <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#invoke-a-callback-function" id="ref-for-invoke-a-callback-function⑦">Invoke</a> <var>teardown</var>.</p>
+          <p>If <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#an-exception-was-thrown" id="ref-for-an-exception-was-thrown⑧">an exception <var>E</var> was thrown</a>, call <var>subscriber</var>’s <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#dom-subscriber-error" id="ref-for-dom-subscriber-error①">error()</a></code> method with <var>E</var>.</p>
         </ol>
       </ol>
      <li data-md>
-      <p>If <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#this" id="ref-for-this①⑦">this</a>'s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#observable-subscribe-callback" id="ref-for-observable-subscribe-callback②">subscribe callback</a> is a <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#callbackdef-subscribecallback" id="ref-for-callbackdef-subscribecallback③">SubscribeCallback</a></code>, <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#invoke-a-callback-function" id="ref-for-invoke-a-callback-function⑤">invoke</a> it
+      <p>If <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#this" id="ref-for-this①⑧">this</a>'s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#observable-subscribe-callback" id="ref-for-observable-subscribe-callback②">subscribe callback</a> is a <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#callbackdef-subscribecallback" id="ref-for-callbackdef-subscribecallback③">SubscribeCallback</a></code>, <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#invoke-a-callback-function" id="ref-for-invoke-a-callback-function⑧">invoke</a> it
  with <var>subscriber</var>.</p>
-      <p>If <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#an-exception-was-thrown" id="ref-for-an-exception-was-thrown⑤">an exception <var>E</var> was thrown</a>, call <var>subscriber</var>’s <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#dom-subscriber-error" id="ref-for-dom-subscriber-error②">error()</a></code> method with <var>E</var>.</p>
+      <p>If <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#an-exception-was-thrown" id="ref-for-an-exception-was-thrown⑨">an exception <var>E</var> was thrown</a>, call <var>subscriber</var>’s <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#dom-subscriber-error" id="ref-for-dom-subscriber-error②">error()</a></code> method with <var>E</var>.</p>
      <li data-md>
-      <p>Otherwise, run the steps given by <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#this" id="ref-for-this①⑧">this</a>'s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#observable-subscribe-callback" id="ref-for-observable-subscribe-callback③">subscribe callback</a>, given <var>subscriber</var>.</p>
+      <p>Otherwise, run the steps given by <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#this" id="ref-for-this①⑨">this</a>'s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#observable-subscribe-callback" id="ref-for-observable-subscribe-callback③">subscribe callback</a>, given <var>subscriber</var>.</p>
     </ol>
    </div>
    <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="2.3" id="operators"><span class="secno">2.3. </span><span class="content">Operators</span><a class="self-link" href="#operators"></a></h3>
    <p>For now, see <a href="https://github.com/wicg/observable#operators">https://github.com/wicg/observable#operators</a>.</p>
    <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="2.3.1" id="observable-from"><span class="secno">2.3.1. </span><span class="content"><code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#dom-observable-from" id="ref-for-dom-observable-from">from()</a></code></span><a class="self-link" href="#observable-from"></a></h4>
    <p class="XXX">Spec the exact semantics of <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#dom-observable-from" id="ref-for-dom-observable-from①">from()</a></code> conversion.</p>
-   <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="2.3.2" id="observable-returning-operators"><span class="secno">2.3.2. </span><span class="content"><code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#observable" id="ref-for-observable①①">Observable</a></code>-returning operators</span><a class="self-link" href="#observable-returning-operators"></a></h4>
+   <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="2.3.2" id="observable-returning-operators"><span class="secno">2.3.2. </span><span class="content"><code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#observable" id="ref-for-observable①⑥">Observable</a></code>-returning operators</span><a class="self-link" href="#observable-returning-operators"></a></h4>
    <div class="algorithm" data-algorithm="takeUntil(notifier)" data-algorithm-for="Observable">
      The <dfn class="dfn-paneled idl-code" data-dfn-for="Observable" data-dfn-type="method" data-export id="dom-observable-takeuntil"><code>takeUntil(<var>notifier</var>)</code></dfn> method steps are: 
     <ol>
@@ -1306,7 +1383,28 @@ <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="2.3.3" id="promise-returning-operators">
      The <dfn class="dfn-paneled idl-code" data-dfn-for="Observable" data-dfn-type="method" data-export data-lt="toArray(options)|toArray()" id="dom-observable-toarray"><code>toArray(<var>options</var>)</code></dfn> method steps are: 
     <ol>
      <li data-md>
-      <p><span class="XXX">TODO: Spec this and use <var>options</var>.</span></p>
+      <p>Let <var>p</var> <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#a-new-promise" id="ref-for-a-new-promise">a new promise</a>.</p>
+     <li data-md>
+      <p>Let <var>values</var> be a new <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://infra.spec.whatwg.org/#list" id="ref-for-list①">list</a>.</p>
+     <li data-md>
+      <p>Let <var>observer</var> be a new <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#internal-observer" id="ref-for-internal-observer④">internal observer</a>, initialized as follows:</p>
+      <dl>
+       <dt data-md><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#internal-observer-next-steps" id="ref-for-internal-observer-next-steps④">next steps</a>
+       <dd data-md>
+        <p><span class="XXX">TODO: Add the value to <var>values</var>.</span></p>
+       <dt data-md><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#internal-observer-error-steps" id="ref-for-internal-observer-error-steps④">error steps</a>
+       <dd data-md>
+        <p><span class="XXX">TODO: <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#reject" id="ref-for-reject">Reject</a> <var>p</var> with an error.</span></p>
+       <dt data-md><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#internal-observer-complete-steps" id="ref-for-internal-observer-complete-steps③">complete steps</a>
+       <dd data-md>
+        <p><span class="XXX">TODO: <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#resolve" id="ref-for-resolve">Resolve</a> <var>p</var> with <var>values</var>.</span></p>
+      </dl>
+     <li data-md>
+      <p><span class="XXX">TODO: Finish the actual spec for this method and use <var>options</var>’s <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#dom-promiseoptions-signal" id="ref-for-dom-promiseoptions-signal">signal</a></code> to <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#reject" id="ref-for-reject①">reject</a> <var>p</var> appropriately.</span></p>
+     <li data-md>
+      <p><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#observable-subscribe-to-an-observable" id="ref-for-observable-subscribe-to-an-observable④">Subscribe</a> to <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#this" id="ref-for-this②⓪">this</a> given <var>observer</var> and <var>options</var>.</p>
+     <li data-md>
+      <p>Return <var>p</var>.</p>
     </ol>
    </div>
    <div class="algorithm" data-algorithm="forEach(callback, options)" data-algorithm-for="Observable">
@@ -1351,19 +1449,19 @@ <h2 class="heading settled" data-level="3" id="event-target-integration"><span c
 };
 
 <c- b>partial</c-> <c- b>interface</c-> <a class="idl-code" data-link-type="interface" href="https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#eventtarget" id="ref-for-eventtarget①"><c- g>EventTarget</c-></a> {
-  <a data-link-type="idl-name" href="#observable" id="ref-for-observable①②"><c- n>Observable</c-></a> <a class="idl-code" data-link-type="method" href="#dom-eventtarget-on" id="ref-for-dom-eventtarget-on①"><c- g>on</c-></a>(<a class="idl-code" data-link-type="interface" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#idl-DOMString" id="ref-for-idl-DOMString"><c- b>DOMString</c-></a> <dfn class="idl-code" data-dfn-for="EventTarget/on(type, options), EventTarget/on(type)" data-dfn-type="argument" data-export id="dom-eventtarget-on-type-options-type"><code><c- g>type</c-></code><a class="self-link" href="#dom-eventtarget-on-type-options-type"></a></dfn>, <c- b>optional</c-> <a data-link-type="idl-name" href="#dictdef-observableeventlisteneroptions" id="ref-for-dictdef-observableeventlisteneroptions"><c- n>ObservableEventListenerOptions</c-></a> <dfn class="idl-code" data-dfn-for="EventTarget/on(type, options), EventTarget/on(type)" data-dfn-type="argument" data-export id="dom-eventtarget-on-type-options-options"><code><c- g>options</c-></code><a class="self-link" href="#dom-eventtarget-on-type-options-options"></a></dfn> = {});
+  <a data-link-type="idl-name" href="#observable" id="ref-for-observable①⑦"><c- n>Observable</c-></a> <a class="idl-code" data-link-type="method" href="#dom-eventtarget-on" id="ref-for-dom-eventtarget-on①"><c- g>on</c-></a>(<a class="idl-code" data-link-type="interface" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#idl-DOMString" id="ref-for-idl-DOMString"><c- b>DOMString</c-></a> <dfn class="idl-code" data-dfn-for="EventTarget/on(type, options), EventTarget/on(type)" data-dfn-type="argument" data-export id="dom-eventtarget-on-type-options-type"><code><c- g>type</c-></code><a class="self-link" href="#dom-eventtarget-on-type-options-type"></a></dfn>, <c- b>optional</c-> <a data-link-type="idl-name" href="#dictdef-observableeventlisteneroptions" id="ref-for-dictdef-observableeventlisteneroptions"><c- n>ObservableEventListenerOptions</c-></a> <dfn class="idl-code" data-dfn-for="EventTarget/on(type, options), EventTarget/on(type)" data-dfn-type="argument" data-export id="dom-eventtarget-on-type-options-options"><code><c- g>options</c-></code><a class="self-link" href="#dom-eventtarget-on-type-options-options"></a></dfn> = {});
 };
 </pre>
    <div class="algorithm" data-algorithm="on(type, options)" data-algorithm-for="EventTarget">
      The <dfn class="dfn-paneled idl-code" data-dfn-for="EventTarget" data-dfn-type="method" data-export data-lt="on(type, options)|on(type)" id="dom-eventtarget-on"><code>on(<var>type</var>, <var>options</var>)</code></dfn> method steps are: 
     <ol>
      <li data-md>
-      <p>If <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#this" id="ref-for-this①⑨">this</a>'s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/webappapis.html#concept-relevant-global" id="ref-for-concept-relevant-global⑥">relevant global object</a> is a <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/nav-history-apis.html#window" id="ref-for-window⑥">Window</a></code> object, and its <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/nav-history-apis.html#concept-document-window" id="ref-for-concept-document-window⑥">associated
+      <p>If <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#this" id="ref-for-this②①">this</a>'s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/webappapis.html#concept-relevant-global" id="ref-for-concept-relevant-global⑥">relevant global object</a> is a <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/nav-history-apis.html#window" id="ref-for-window⑥">Window</a></code> object, and its <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/nav-history-apis.html#concept-document-window" id="ref-for-concept-document-window⑥">associated
  Document</a> is not <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/document-sequences.html#fully-active" id="ref-for-fully-active⑥">fully active</a>, then return.</p>
      <li data-md>
-      <p>Let <var>event target</var> be <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#this" id="ref-for-this②⓪">this</a>.</p>
+      <p>Let <var>event target</var> be <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#this" id="ref-for-this②②">this</a>.</p>
      <li data-md>
-      <p>Let <var>observable</var> be a <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#new" id="ref-for-new①">new</a> <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#observable" id="ref-for-observable①③">Observable</a></code>, initialized as follows:</p>
+      <p>Let <var>observable</var> be a <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#new" id="ref-for-new①">new</a> <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#observable" id="ref-for-observable①⑧">Observable</a></code>, initialized as follows:</p>
       <dl>
        <dt data-md><a data-link-type="dfn" href="#observable-subscribe-callback" id="ref-for-observable-subscribe-callback④">subscribe callback</a>
        <dd data-md>
@@ -1399,7 +1497,7 @@ <h2 class="heading settled" data-level="3" id="event-target-integration"><span c
            <dt data-md><a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://dom.spec.whatwg.org#event-listener-signal" id="ref-for-event-listener-signal">signal</a>
            <dd data-md>
             <p>null</p>
-            <p class="note" role="note"><span class="marker">Note:</span> The <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#abortsignal" id="ref-for-abortsignal⑤">AbortSignal</a></code> for event listeners <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#add-an-event-listener" id="ref-for-add-an-event-listener①">added</a> by <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#dom-eventtarget-on" id="ref-for-dom-eventtarget-on②">on()</a></code> is managed by the <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#observable" id="ref-for-observable①④">Observable</a></code> itself. See <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#dom-observable-subscribe" id="ref-for-dom-observable-subscribe②">subscribe()</a></code> and <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#dictdef-subscribeoptions" id="ref-for-dictdef-subscribeoptions③">SubscribeOptions</a></code>.</p>
+            <p class="note" role="note"><span class="marker">Note:</span> The <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#abortsignal" id="ref-for-abortsignal⑤">AbortSignal</a></code> for event listeners <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#add-an-event-listener" id="ref-for-add-an-event-listener①">added</a> by <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#dom-eventtarget-on" id="ref-for-dom-eventtarget-on②">on()</a></code> is managed by the <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#observable" id="ref-for-observable①⑨">Observable</a></code> itself. See <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#dom-observable-subscribe" id="ref-for-dom-observable-subscribe⑤">subscribe()</a></code> and <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#dictdef-subscribeoptions" id="ref-for-dictdef-subscribeoptions④">SubscribeOptions</a></code>.</p>
           </dl>
         </ol>
       </dl>
@@ -1424,7 +1522,7 @@ <h2 class="heading settled" data-level="4" id="security-and-privacy"><span class
    </ul>
    <h2 class="heading settled" data-level="5" id="acks"><span class="secno">5. </span><span class="content">Acknowledgements</span><a class="self-link" href="#acks"></a></h2>
    <p>A special thanks to <a href="https://benlesh.com/">Ben Lesh</a> for much of the design
-input for the <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#observable" id="ref-for-observable①⑤">Observable</a></code> API, and his many years of work maintaining
+input for the <code class="idl"><a data-link-type="idl" href="#observable" id="ref-for-observable②⓪">Observable</a></code> API, and his many years of work maintaining
 userland Observable code that made this contribution to the web platform
 possible.</p>
   </main>
@@ -1443,13 +1541,16 @@ <h3 class="no-num no-ref heading settled" id="index-defined-here"><span class="c
    <li><a href="#close-a-subscription">close a subscription</a><span>, in § 2.1</span>
    <li><a href="#dom-observer-complete">complete</a><span>, in § 2.2</span>
    <li><a href="#dom-subscriber-complete">complete()</a><span>, in § 2.1</span>
-   <li><a href="#subscriber-complete-callback">complete callback</a><span>, in § 2.1</span>
+   <li><a href="#subscriber-complete-algorithm">complete algorithm</a><span>, in § 2.1</span>
    <li><a href="#subscriber-complete-or-error-controller">complete or error controller</a><span>, in § 2.1</span>
+   <li><a href="#internal-observer-complete-steps">complete steps</a><span>, in § 2.2.1</span>
    <li><a href="#dom-observable-observable">constructor(callback)</a><span>, in § 2.2</span>
+   <li><a href="#default-error-algorithm">default error algorithm</a><span>, in § 2.2.1</span>
    <li><a href="#dom-observable-drop">drop(amount)</a><span>, in § 2.3.2</span>
    <li><a href="#dom-observer-error">error</a><span>, in § 2.2</span>
-   <li><a href="#subscriber-error-callback">error callback</a><span>, in § 2.1</span>
+   <li><a href="#subscriber-error-algorithm">error algorithm</a><span>, in § 2.1</span>
    <li><a href="#dom-subscriber-error">error(error)</a><span>, in § 2.1</span>
+   <li><a href="#internal-observer-error-steps">error steps</a><span>, in § 2.2.1</span>
    <li><a href="#dom-observable-every">every(predicate)</a><span>, in § 2.3.3</span>
    <li><a href="#dom-observable-every">every(predicate, options)</a><span>, in § 2.3.3</span>
    <li><a href="#dom-observable-filter">filter(predicate)</a><span>, in § 2.3.2</span>
@@ -1460,10 +1561,12 @@ <h3 class="no-num no-ref heading settled" id="index-defined-here"><span class="c
    <li><a href="#dom-observable-foreach">forEach(callback)</a><span>, in § 2.3.3</span>
    <li><a href="#dom-observable-foreach">forEach(callback, options)</a><span>, in § 2.3.3</span>
    <li><a href="#dom-observable-from">from(value)</a><span>, in § 2.2</span>
+   <li><a href="#internal-observer">internal observer</a><span>, in § 2.2.1</span>
    <li><a href="#dom-observable-map">map(mapper)</a><span>, in § 2.3.2</span>
    <li><a href="#callbackdef-mapper">Mapper</a><span>, in § 2.2</span>
    <li><a href="#dom-observer-next">next</a><span>, in § 2.2</span>
-   <li><a href="#subscriber-next-callback">next callback</a><span>, in § 2.1</span>
+   <li><a href="#subscriber-next-algorithm">next algorithm</a><span>, in § 2.1</span>
+   <li><a href="#internal-observer-next-steps">next steps</a><span>, in § 2.2.1</span>
    <li><a href="#dom-subscriber-next">next(value)</a><span>, in § 2.1</span>
    <li><a href="#observable">Observable</a><span>, in § 2.2</span>
    <li><a href="#dom-observable-observable">Observable(callback)</a><span>, in § 2.2</span>
@@ -1498,6 +1601,7 @@ <h3 class="no-num no-ref heading settled" id="index-defined-here"><span class="c
    <li><a href="#dom-observable-subscribe">subscribe(observer, options)</a><span>, in § 2.2</span>
    <li><a href="#dictdef-subscribeoptions">SubscribeOptions</a><span>, in § 2.2</span>
    <li><a href="#subscriber">Subscriber</a><span>, in § 2.1</span>
+   <li><a href="#observable-subscribe-to-an-observable">subscribe to an Observable</a><span>, in § 2.2.1</span>
    <li><a href="#dom-observable-take">take(amount)</a><span>, in § 2.3.2</span>
    <li><a href="#dom-observable-takeuntil">takeUntil(notifier)</a><span>, in § 2.3.2</span>
    <li><a href="#subscriber-teardown-callbacks">teardown callbacks</a><span>, in § 2.1</span>
@@ -1550,7 +1654,9 @@ <h3 class="no-num no-ref heading settled" id="index-defined-elsewhere"><span cla
      <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="53275e46">append</span>
      <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="77b4c09a">assert</span>
      <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="16d07e10">for each</span>
+     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="c88f3887">item</span>
      <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="649608b9">list</span>
+     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="984221ca">struct</span>
     </ul>
    <li>
     <a data-link-type="biblio">[WEBIDL]</a> defines the following terms:
@@ -1558,11 +1664,15 @@ <h3 class="no-num no-ref heading settled" id="index-defined-elsewhere"><span cla
      <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="8855a9aa">DOMString</span>
      <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="bdbd19d1">Promise</span>
      <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="7004c2a7">VoidFunction</span>
+     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="dacde8b5">a new promise</span>
      <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="cc61f510">an exception was thrown</span>
      <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="6c6b1005">any</span>
      <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="5372cca8">boolean</span>
+     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="3ab7bf79">callback function</span>
      <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="10ce5f6f">invoke</span>
      <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="56f81a8e">new</span>
+     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="b262501e">reject</span>
+     <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="3b90bdcd">resolve</span>
      <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="9cce47fd">sequence</span>
      <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="4013a022">this</span>
      <li><span class="dfn-paneled" id="5f90bbfb">undefined</span>
@@ -1981,80 +2091,93 @@ <h2 class="no-num no-ref heading settled" id="idl-index"><span class="content">I
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