Python_Introduction.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Python Introduction with some detours\n",
    "![Python](https://www.python.org/static/community_logos/python-logo-generic.svg)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "![xkcd](https://imgs.xkcd.com/comics/python.png)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Table of Contents <a class=\"anchor\" id=\"toc\">\n",
    "\n",
    "* [Hello World](#hello-world)\n",
    "* [Python History](#python-history)\n",
    "* [What is Programming?](#what-is-programming)\n",
    "* [Jupyter Basics](#jupyter-basics)\n",
    "* [Variables](#variables)\n",
    "* [Arithmetic](#arithmetic)\n",
    "* [Program Flow Control](#flow-control)\n",
    "* [Functions](#functions)\n",
    "* [Libraries](#libraries)\n",
    "* [Crucial Python Ideas](#python-ideas)\n",
    "* [Learning Resources](#learning-resources)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Hello World <a class=\"anchor\" id=\"hello-world\">\n",
    "    \n",
    "   [Back to Table of Contents](#toc)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hello world!\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(\"Hello world!\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "dfadfadf\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "### Try printing a greeting of your own!\n",
    "print(\"dfadfadf\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "ada\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(\"ada\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "dfdafa\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "### What Happens when you get an error?\n",
    "print(\"dfdafa\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "4\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(2*2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "10\n",
      "Valdis\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Aha'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(10)\n",
    "print(\"Valdis\")\n",
    "\"Hmmm\"\n",
    "\"Aha\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "my_var = \"potatoes\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "potatoes\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(my_var)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Python History <a class=\"anchor\" id=\"python-history\">\n",
    "    \n",
    "[Back to Table of Contents](#toc)\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Python created by Guido von Rossum in early 1990s  (later at Google,Dropbox)\n",
    "## Language reference: https://docs.python.org/3/index.html\n",
    "\n",
    "![Guido](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Guido-portrait-2014-curvves.jpg/290px-Guido-portrait-2014-curvves.jpg)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Why Python? "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Why Python but not Julia or R or some other language or even VBA in Excel?\n",
    "### Readability, Glue Language(APIs), From Startups to Google and Facebook, Pipeline\n",
    "\n",
    "Prime numbers in J language used at some finance institutions **1: I. 2= +/ 0= (] |/ ]) i.y**"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "![Python](img/python_growth.png)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Python is now programming language # 3 in TIOBE language index (as of September 2018)\n",
    "https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/\n",
    "\n",
    "https://developers.slashdot.org/story/18/09/08/1722213/python-displaces-c-in-tiobe-index-top-3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "![Anaconda](https://www.anaconda.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/cropped-Anaconda_horizontal_RGB-1-600x102.png)\n",
    "https://www.anaconda.com/download/"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Batteries included principle\n",
    "![Batteries](img/batteries.jpg)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## What is Programming? <a class=\"anchor\" id=\"what-is-programming\">\n",
    "    \n",
    "[Back to Table of Contents](#toc)\n",
    "\n",
    "* Egg algorithm\n",
    "* Computers are stupid, they only do what they are told to do\n",
    "* If it is stupid but it works, then it is not stupid\n",
    "* Make it work, make it right, make it fast(last two steps often not required in real life)\n",
    "* GIGO principle\n",
    "\n",
    "* Error messages are nothing to be afraid of, usually the message will explain what needs fixing!"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Our first comment\n",
    "# Real Program Comments should generally describe why\n",
    "# Here  comments will describe extra information not covered or needed for starting out\n",
    "# REPL(Read,Eval,Print, Loop) \n",
    "# Python - Interpreted Language(commands executed as they come)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Jupyter Basics <a class=\"anchor\" id=\"jupyter-basics\">\n",
    "    \n",
    "[Back to Table of Contents](#toc)\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "* Esc-M turns cell into Markdown cell for formatting (https://guides.github.com/pdfs/markdown-cheatsheet-online.pdf)\n",
    "* Esc-Y turns cell into code cell(default)\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "* Ctrl-Enter runs code of cell in place\n",
    "* Alt-Enter runs code for current cell and creates a new cell below\n",
    "* Esc-A creates a new cell above current cell\n",
    "* Esc-B creates a new cell below current cell\n",
    "* Esc-dd deletes current cell"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hello LU!\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# our greeting\n",
    "print(\"Hello LU!\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Valdis\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_name = \"Valdis\"\n",
    "print(my_name)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "str"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(my_name)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "builtin_function_or_method"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 14,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(print)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "type"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 15,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(type)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "type"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 16,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(type(type))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "int"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 17,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_name = 6\n",
    "type(my_name)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Try Esc-B to create a new cell, \n",
    "# Enter print(\"Hello RCS!\")\n",
    "# Press Ctrl-Enter\n",
    "# Did you get any error messages?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### Try Esc-B then Esc-M to creata  Markdown cell and write some text"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Text (Markdown) cell\n",
    "\n",
    "[Markdown Basics](https://guides.github.com/features/mastering-markdown/)\n",
    "\n",
    "I want to write a *novel* \n",
    "## 2nd Level Headline\n",
    "\n",
    "* Unordered **List** item 1\n",
    "* List Item 2\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "1. Item 1\n",
    "2. Item 2\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "# Esc - Y makes cell a code cell\n",
    "# Esc - M makes cell a markdown cell"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Variables <a class=\"anchor\" id=\"variables\">\n",
    "    \n",
    "[Back to Table of Contents](#toc)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "myname=\"Valdis\"\n",
    "# Creating our first variable will persist through this workbook once it is run"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Valdis\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(myname)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "str"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(myname)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "7\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "myname = 7\n",
    "print(myname)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "int"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(myname)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "2019"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "y = 2019\n",
    "y"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "theAnswer = 42"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "myPi = 3.14159"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "float"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 20,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(myPi)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "is_hot = True"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 23,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "isHot"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "isHot = False"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "bool"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 25,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(isHot)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "int"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 22,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# type(variableName) will return variable data type\n",
    "type(theAnswer)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# What is the data type of myName ?\n",
    "# How about data type of isHot ?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "theAnswer = \"My answer\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "str"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 27,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(theAnswer)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "\n",
      "Here is a list of the Python keywords.  Enter any keyword to get more help.\n",
      "\n",
      "False               class               from                or\n",
      "None                continue            global              pass\n",
      "True                def                 if                  raise\n",
      "and                 del                 import              return\n",
      "as                  elif                in                  try\n",
      "assert              else                is                  while\n",
      "async               except              lambda              with\n",
      "await               finally             nonlocal            yield\n",
      "break               for                 not                 \n",
      "\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Variables cannot be reserved keywords\n",
    "help(\"keywords\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "SyntaxError",
     "evalue": "invalid syntax (<ipython-input-29-11d70dae05f5>, line 3)",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;36m  File \u001b[1;32m\"<ipython-input-29-11d70dae05f5>\"\u001b[1;36m, line \u001b[1;32m3\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;33m    False               class               from                or\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;37m                            ^\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;31mSyntaxError\u001b[0m\u001b[1;31m:\u001b[0m invalid syntax\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Reserved Keywords\n",
    "\n",
    "False               class               from                or\n",
    "None                continue            global              pass\n",
    "True                def                 if                  raise\n",
    "and                 del                 import              return\n",
    "as                  elif                in                  try\n",
    "assert              else                is                  while\n",
    "async               except              lambda              with\n",
    "await               finally             nonlocal            yield\n",
    "break               for                 not                 \n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "\n",
    "### Data types in Python 3.x\n",
    "\n",
    "* Integers type(42) int\n",
    "* Floating Point type(3.14) float\n",
    "* Boolean type(True),type(False) bool\n",
    "* String(ordered, immutable char sequence) type(\"OyCaramba\") str\n",
    "* List type([1,2,63,\"aha\",\"youcanmixtypeinsidelist\", [\"even\",\"nest\"]]) list\n",
    "* Dictionary(key:value pairs) type({\"foo\":\"bar\", \"favoriteday\":\"Friday\"}) dict\n",
    "* Tuple - ordered immutable sequence type(\"sup\",7,\"dwarves\") tup\n",
    "* Set (unordered collection of uniques) (\"k\",\"a\",\"r\",\"t\",\"u\",\"p\",\"e\",\"l\",\"i\",\"s\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "NoneType"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 30,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(None)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "type"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 31,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(type(None))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hello there\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_result = print(\"Hello there\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "NoneType"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 33,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(my_result)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "None\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(my_result)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Help on built-in function print in module builtins:\n",
      "\n",
      "print(...)\n",
      "    print(value, ..., sep=' ', end='\\n', file=sys.stdout, flush=False)\n",
      "    \n",
      "    Prints the values to a stream, or to sys.stdout by default.\n",
      "    Optional keyword arguments:\n",
      "    file:  a file-like object (stream); defaults to the current sys.stdout.\n",
      "    sep:   string inserted between values, default a space.\n",
      "    end:   string appended after the last value, default a newline.\n",
      "    flush: whether to forcibly flush the stream.\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "help(print)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Help on _Helper in module _sitebuiltins object:\n",
      "\n",
      "class _Helper(builtins.object)\n",
      " |  Define the builtin 'help'.\n",
      " |  \n",
      " |  This is a wrapper around pydoc.help that provides a helpful message\n",
      " |  when 'help' is typed at the Python interactive prompt.\n",
      " |  \n",
      " |  Calling help() at the Python prompt starts an interactive help session.\n",
      " |  Calling help(thing) prints help for the python object 'thing'.\n",
      " |  \n",
      " |  Methods defined here:\n",
      " |  \n",
      " |  __call__(self, *args, **kwds)\n",
      " |      Call self as a function.\n",
      " |  \n",
      " |  __repr__(self)\n",
      " |      Return repr(self).\n",
      " |  \n",
      " |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      " |  Data descriptors defined here:\n",
      " |  \n",
      " |  __dict__\n",
      " |      dictionary for instance variables (if defined)\n",
      " |  \n",
      " |  __weakref__\n",
      " |      list of weak references to the object (if defined)\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "help(help)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "7 <class 'int'> 2.717 <class 'float'>\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = 7\n",
    "b = 2.717\n",
    "print(a,type(a),b,type(b))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(2, int)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 40,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "b = int(b)\n",
    "b, type(b)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 43,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Valdis7'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 43,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_name = \"Valdis\"\n",
    "my_name + str(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 44,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 44,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "bool(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 45,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 45,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "bool(0)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 46,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 46,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "bool(\"\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 47,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 47,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "2 * 2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 48,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "16"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 48,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "2 + 2 * 7"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 49,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "28"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 49,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "(2 + 2) * 7"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 50,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "47"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 50,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "50-3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 52,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(3.5, float)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 52,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "7/2, type(7/2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 53,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 53,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "7 // 2 # this was / in Python 2.x"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 55,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(1, 0, 1)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 55,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "7 % 2, 8 % 2, 9 % 2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## More on variables\n",
    "https://realpython.com/python-variables"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Strings\n",
    "* immutable\n",
    "* Unicode support\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "* implement all common sequence operators\n",
    "https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#typesseq-common\n",
    "\n",
    "* string specific methods\n",
    "https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#string-methods"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 56,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Valdis\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "name = \"Valdis\"\n",
    "print(name)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 57,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "6"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 57,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# String length\n",
    "len(name)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 58,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "builtin_function_or_method"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 58,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(len)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 59,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 59,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# How is this different from name ?\n",
    "len(\"name\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 60,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'V'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 60,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Getting Individual characters\n",
    "name[0]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 61,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'s'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 61,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# not Pythonic , avoid\n",
    "name[len(name)-1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 62,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'s'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 62,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Getting last char\n",
    "name[-1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'s'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 32,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "name[5]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 63,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'i'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 63,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "name[-2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Valdis'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 23,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "name"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'d'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 24,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "name[3]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### String Slicing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 64,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Val'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 64,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Slicing syntax\n",
    "# Start at 0 an go until but not including 3\n",
    "name[0:3]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 65,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Val'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 65,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "name[:3]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 66,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'al'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 66,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "name[1:3]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 67,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'dis'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 67,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "name[3:]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 69,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'dis'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 69,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "name[-3:] # this will get you last 3 letters of any string over 3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Valdis'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 37,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "name"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Vli'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 38,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "name[0:6:2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 70,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'ptte'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 70,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "food = \"potatoes\"\n",
    "food[::2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 71,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'oaos'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 71,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "food[1::2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Vli'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 39,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "name[::2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "shortName = name[::2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Vli'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 41,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "shortName"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'ptte'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 42,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# lets play with food!\n",
    "food = \"potatoes\"\n",
    "food[::2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 43,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'oaos'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 43,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "food[1::2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 44,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'oao'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 44,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "food[1:6:2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 72,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'seotatop'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 72,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Pythonic way of reversing a string\n",
    "food[::-1]\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 73,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "'str' object does not support item assignment",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-73-e1890c335e82>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mfood\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m[\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m]\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[1;34m\"x\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: 'str' object does not support item assignment"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "food[1] = \"x\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 74,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'poxatoes'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 74,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# modifying strings\n",
    "# unmutability\n",
    "# food[2]=\"x\" is not allowed\n",
    "newfood = food[:2] + \"x\" + food[3:]\n",
    "newfood"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 75,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'poYatoes'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 75,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "franken_food = newfood.replace(\"x\",\"Y\")\n",
    "franken_food"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 78,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hello Valdis 7\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# f-strings Python 3.6 and up\n",
    "print(f\"Hello {name} {a}\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 81,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "SyntaxError",
     "evalue": "invalid syntax (<fstring>, line 1)",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;36m  File \u001b[1;32m\"<fstring>\"\u001b[1;36m, line \u001b[1;32m1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;33m    (name=)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;37m         ^\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;31mSyntaxError\u001b[0m\u001b[1;31m:\u001b[0m invalid syntax\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(f\"Hello {name=} {a=}\") # only in 3.8.x and up"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 79,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import sys"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 80,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'3.7.3 (default, Mar 27 2019, 17:13:21) [MSC v.1915 64 bit (AMD64)]'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 80,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sys.version"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 82,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "\"Alice said 'catch the rabbit' and run away\""
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 82,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_string = \"Alice said 'catch the rabbit' and run away\"\n",
    "my_string"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 83,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "i said\"hello there\" and i am done\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(\"i said\\\"hello there\\\" and i am done\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 84,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# '', \"\" work the same\n",
    "# '''  For multiline '''\n",
    "longstring = ''' This will be a very long 'string' \n",
    "    and a very long day\n",
    "    and a very long summer\n",
    "'''"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 85,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      " This will be a very long 'string' \n",
      "    and a very long day\n",
      "    and a very long summer\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# print out the longstring\n",
    "print(longstring)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 51,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Valdis said \"Python is interesting\" and it worked!'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 51,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mystring = \"Valdis said \\\"Python is interesting\\\" and it worked!\"\n",
    "mystring"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "secondtext = 'Valdis said \"Double vs Single\" also works'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## \"f-strings\", “formatted string literals”\n",
    "\n",
    "In some other languages also known as string interpolation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 53,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Create myname and favfood variables with appropriate text\n",
    "# Then run the cell below\n",
    "# What would happen if you did not assign variables ?\n",
    "favfood = \"potatoes\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 54,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "My name is 7 and my favorite food is potatoespotatoes \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(f\"My name is {myname} and my favorite food is {favfood*2} \")\n",
    "# f strings in Python 3.6+ older formatting methods not covered in this course\n",
    "# https://realpython.com/python-f-strings/\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 86,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Valdis Uldis'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 86,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "\"Valdis\"+\" Uldis\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 87,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "' Uldis Uldis Uldis Uldis Uldis'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 87,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "5*\" Uldis\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "My name is Valdis and my favorite food is potatoes\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Old string concatation method\n",
    "print(\"My name is \" + myname + \" and my favorite food is \" + favfood)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 59,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "myname = \"Valdis\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 60,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 60,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "\"al\" in myname"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 61,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 61,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "\"food\" in myname"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 62,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 62,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "\"Valdis\" > \"Voldamars\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 64,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "97"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 64,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ord(\"a\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 65,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'o'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 65,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "chr(111)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Python Lists\n",
    "\n",
    "* Ordered\n",
    "* Mutable(can change individual members!)\n",
    "* Comma separated between brackets [1,3,2,5,6,2]\n",
    "* Can have duplicates\n",
    "* Can be nested\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "newlist = [1,2,3,\"Liftoff!\"]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 67,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 2, 3, 'Liftoff!']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 67,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "newlist"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "list"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(newlist)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mylist = list(range(11,21+1,1)) \n",
    "# mylist = [11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20] would work too but not practical for longer ranges...\n",
    "print(mylist)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[11, 12, 13, 14, 15]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mylist[:5]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[21, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mylist[::-1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "16"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mylist[len(mylist)//2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(4, 10, 5, 2.5, 2, 2, 2)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "2*2, 5+5, 10-5, 5/2, int(5/2), 5//2, 7%5"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1000000000000"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "1_000_000**2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Slice notation\n",
    "\n",
    "somestring[start:end:step]\n",
    "\n",
    "somelist[start:end:step]\n",
    "\n",
    "start is at index 0(first element), end is -1 the actual index\n",
    "#### Examples below"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 46,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "11"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 46,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mylist[0]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 47,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 47,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mylist[3:]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 77,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[20, 21]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 77,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mylist[-2:]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 78,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 78,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mylist[:-2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mylist[::2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 79,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'ldi'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 79,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "\"Valdis\"[2:5]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "myname[-1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "myname[::-1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 52,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 52,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mylist"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "\n",
    "### Common list methods.\n",
    "* list.append(elem) -- adds a single element to the end of the list. Common error: does not return the new list, just modifies the original.\n",
    "* list.insert(index, elem) -- inserts the element at the given index, shifting elements to the right.\n",
    "* list.extend(list2) adds the elements in list2 to the end of the list. Using + or += on a list is similar to using extend().\n",
    "* list.index(elem) -- searches for the given element from the start of the list and returns its index. Throws a ValueError if the element does not appear (use \"in\" to check without a ValueError).\n",
    "* list.remove(elem) -- searches for the first instance of the given element and removes it (throws ValueError if not present)\n",
    "* list.sort() -- sorts the list in place (does not return it). (The sorted() function shown later is preferred.)\n",
    "* list.reverse() -- reverses the list in place (does not return it)\n",
    "* list.pop(index)-- removes and returns the element at the given index. Returns the rightmost element if index is omitted (roughly the opposite of append())."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 777]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mylist.append(777)\n",
    "mylist"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "11"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mylist.index(777)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(777, [11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "lastitem = mylist.pop()\n",
    "lastitem, mylist"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 42]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mylist.append(42)\n",
    "mylist"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "IndexError",
     "evalue": "pop from empty list",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mIndexError\u001b[0m                                Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-26-53acc36e1148>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mmylist\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mpop\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mIndexError\u001b[0m: pop from empty list"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mylist.pop()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[3, 6, 7, 8, 2, 2, 1, 6, 8, 3, 300, -555]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 29,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mylist = [3,6,7,8,2,2,1,6,8,3,300,-555]\n",
    "mylist"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[300, 8, 8, 7, 6, 6, 3, 3, 2, 2, 1, -555]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 34,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mysortedlist = sorted(mylist, reverse=True)\n",
    "mysortedlist"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[300, 8, 8, 7, 6, 6, 3, 3, 2, 2, 1, -555]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 32,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sorted(mylist)[::-1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[3, 6, 7, 8, 2, 2, 1, 6, 8, 3, 300, -555]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 33,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mylist"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[-555, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 6, 6, 7, 8, 8, 300]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 35,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mylist.sort()\n",
    "mylist"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 28,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mylist.count(42)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "mystr = \"this is a string\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'THIS IS A STRING'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 38,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mystr.upper()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Help on built-in function upper:\n",
      "\n",
      "upper() method of builtins.str instance\n",
      "    Return a copy of the string converted to uppercase.\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "help(mystr.upper)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "words = mystr.split()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 46,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'   Too, many, commas, Latvians like commas, indeed    '"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 46,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "csvline = \"   Too, many, commas, Latvians like commas, indeed    \"\n",
    "csvline"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 47,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'!!!!!!!!!Too,!!!many,!!!commas,!!!Latvians!!!like!!!commas,!!!indeed!!!!!!!!!!!!'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 47,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "csvline.replace(\" \", \"!!!\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 48,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'   Too, many, commas, Latvians like commas, indeed    '"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 48,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "csvline"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 49,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Too, many, commas, Latvians like commas, indeed'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 49,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "stripped = csvline.strip()\n",
    "stripped"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 43,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['Too', ' many', ' commas', ' Latvians like commas', ' indeed']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 43,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "cwords = csvline.split(\",\")\n",
    "cwords"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 50,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['Too', 'many', 'commas', 'Latvians like commas', 'indeed']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 50,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "cleanwords = []\n",
    "for word in cwords:\n",
    "    cleanwords.append(word.strip())\n",
    "cleanwords"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 51,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Too\n",
      " many\n",
      " commas\n",
      " Latvians like commas\n",
      " indeed\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# anti pattern\n",
    "for n in range(len(cwords)):\n",
    "    print(cwords[n])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 54,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "9000 Too\n",
      "Doing more work!\n",
      "9001  many\n",
      "Doing more work!\n",
      "9002  commas\n",
      "Doing more work!\n",
      "9003  Latvians like commas\n",
      "Doing more work!\n",
      "9004  indeed\n",
      "Doing more work!\n",
      "This is the end! no loop needed\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for i, word in enumerate(cwords, start=9000):\n",
    "    print(i, word)\n",
    "    print(\"Doing more work!\")\n",
    "    \n",
    "print(\"This is the end! no loop needed\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['this', 'is', 'a', 'string']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 41,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "words"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 64,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'string'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 64,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "words[-1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Dictionaries\n",
    "\n",
    "* Collection of Key - Value pairs\n",
    "* also known as associative array\n",
    "* unordered\n",
    "* keys unique in one dictionary\n",
    "* storing, extracting"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 55,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "mydict = {\"country\":\"Latvia\"} #Key-Value store, also knows as Hashmaps, Keys must be unique"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 56,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "mydict[\"food\"]=\"potatoes\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 57,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'potatoes'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 57,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mydict[\"food\"]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 59,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Latvia'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 59,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "favoritecountry = mydict[\"country\"]\n",
    "favoritecountry"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 60,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "2"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 60,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "len(mydict)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 61,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'country': 'Latvia', 'food': 'potatoes'}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 61,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mydict"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 62,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "dict_keys(['country', 'food'])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 62,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mydict.keys()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 63,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "dict_values(['Latvia', 'potatoes'])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 63,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mydict.values()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 64,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "dict_items([('country', 'Latvia'), ('food', 'potatoes')])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 64,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mydict.items()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "mydict.values()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 65,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 65,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "\"potatoes\" in mydict.values()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 66,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 66,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "\"food\" in mydict.keys()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 67,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 67,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "\"food\" in mydict"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 69,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "country Latvia\n",
      "Doing more stuff with country and Latvia\n",
      "food potatoes\n",
      "Doing more stuff with food and potatoes\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for key,value in mydict.items():\n",
    "    print(key,value)\n",
    "    print(f\"Doing more stuff with {key} and {value}\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 72,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "dict_items([('country', 'Latvia'), ('food', 'potatoes')])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 72,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mydict.items()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 74,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "('country', 'Latvia')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 74,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "country = list(mydict.items())[0]\n",
    "country"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 75,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "tuple"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 75,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(country)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 71,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "0 country Latvia\n",
      "Doing more stuff with country and Latvia\n",
      "1 food potatoes\n",
      "Doing more stuff with food and potatoes\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for i,(key,value) in enumerate(mydict.items()):\n",
    "    print(i, key,value)\n",
    "    print(f\"Doing more stuff with {key} and {value}\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 76,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "mydict['food'] = ['potatoes', 'cheese']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 77,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'country': 'Latvia', 'food': ['potatoes', 'cheese']}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 77,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mydict"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 79,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'country': 'Latvia', 'food': ['potatoes', 'cheese', 'milk', 'milk']}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 79,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mydict['food'] = mydict['food'] + ['milk']\n",
    "mydict"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 76,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[-555, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 6, 6, 7, 8, 8, 300]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 76,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mylist"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 78,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(-555, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 6, 6, 7, 8, 8, 300)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 78,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mytuple = tuple(mylist)\n",
    "mytuple"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 80,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(-555, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 80,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mytuple[:6]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 81,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "'tuple' object does not support item assignment",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-81-6423d0a10e8e>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mmytuple\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m[\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m6\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m]\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[1;36m55555\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mytuple[6] = 55555"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 83,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(-555, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 666666, 6, 7, 8, 8, 300)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 83,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mynewlist = list(mytuple)\n",
    "mynewlist[6]=666666\n",
    "mynewtuple=tuple(mynewlist)\n",
    "mynewtuple"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 84,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 84,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "3 in mynewtuple"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 85,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import random"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 86,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "mydict = {}\n",
    "for n in range(1000):\n",
    "    mydict[f\"Key-{n}\"] = random.randint(1,6)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 87,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1000"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 87,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "len(mydict)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 88,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 88,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mydict[\"Key-55\"]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 89,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 89,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "\"Key-66\"  in mydict"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 90,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "KeyError",
     "evalue": "'Key-1000'",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mKeyError\u001b[0m                                  Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-90-74a347bf34ed>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mmydict\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m[\u001b[0m\u001b[1;34m\"Key-1000\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m]\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mKeyError\u001b[0m: 'Key-1000'"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mydict[\"Key-1000\"]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 91,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "if \"Key-66\"  in mydict:\n",
    "    print(mydict[\"Key-66\"])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 96,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Key-66 1\n",
      "Key-77 4\n",
      "Key-555 5\n",
      "Bad Bad Key Key-1000\n",
      "Key-888 1\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "secretkeys = [\"Key-66\",\"Key-77\",\"Key-555\",\"Key-1000\", \"Key-888\"]\n",
    "for key in secretkeys:\n",
    "    if key in mydict:\n",
    "        print(key, mydict[key])\n",
    "    else:\n",
    "        print(\"Bad Bad Key\", key)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 97,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Key-66 1\n",
      "Key-77 4\n",
      "Key-555 5\n",
      "Key-1000 Really Bad Key\n",
      "Key-888 1\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "secretkeys = [\"Key-66\",\"Key-77\",\"Key-555\",\"Key-1000\", \"Key-888\"]\n",
    "for key in secretkeys:\n",
    "    print(key, mydict.get(key, \"Really Bad Key\"))\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 98,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "KeyboardInterrupt",
     "evalue": "",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mKeyboardInterrupt\u001b[0m                         Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-98-a9d1d46c3fac>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      1\u001b[0m \u001b[0mmybigdict\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m{\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m}\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      2\u001b[0m \u001b[1;32mfor\u001b[0m \u001b[0mn\u001b[0m \u001b[1;32min\u001b[0m \u001b[0mrange\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m100_000_000\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m:\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 3\u001b[1;33m     \u001b[0mmybigdict\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m[\u001b[0m\u001b[1;34mf\"Key-{n}\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m]\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mrandom\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mrandint\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m6\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mKeyboardInterrupt\u001b[0m: "
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mybigdict = {}\n",
    "for n in range(100_000_000):\n",
    "    mybigdict[f\"Key-{n}\"] = random.randint(1,6)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 99,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "63146596"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 99,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "len(mybigdict)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 101,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['Key-63146591',\n",
       " 'Key-63146592',\n",
       " 'Key-63146593',\n",
       " 'Key-63146594',\n",
       " 'Key-63146595']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 101,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "list(mybigdict.keys())[-5:]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 102,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "6"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 102,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "biglist = list(mybigdict.values())\n",
    "max(biglist)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 103,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 103,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "min(biglist)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 104,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3.499736977112749"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 104,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sum(biglist)/len(biglist)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 105,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from collections import Counter"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 106,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Counter({2: 10524589,\n",
       "         3: 10525622,\n",
       "         1: 10527070,\n",
       "         4: 10525881,\n",
       "         6: 10522669,\n",
       "         5: 10520765})"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 106,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mycounter = Counter(biglist)\n",
    "mycounter"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 107,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[(1, 10527070),\n",
       " (4, 10525881),\n",
       " (3, 10525622),\n",
       " (2, 10524589),\n",
       " (6, 10522669),\n",
       " (5, 10520765)]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 107,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mycounter.most_common()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Sets\n",
    "\n",
    "* unordered\n",
    "* uniques only\n",
    "* curly braces {3, 6, 7}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 108,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "{1, 3, 6, 7}\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s={3,3,6,1,3,6,7}\n",
    "print(s)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 109,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{0, 2, 3}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 109,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s2 = set([3,2,0])\n",
    "s2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 110,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{1, 6, 7}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 110,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s.difference(s2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 111,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{0, 2}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 111,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s2.difference(s)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 112,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{0, 1, 2, 3, 6, 7}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 112,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s.union(s2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 113,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{3}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 113,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s.intersection(s2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Tuples\n",
    "\n",
    "*  ordered\n",
    "* immutable (cannot be changed!)\n",
    "* Can be used as a collection of fields"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "mytuple = 6, 4, 9\n",
    "print(mytuple)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Arithmetic Operators <a class=\"anchor\" id=\"arithmetic\">\n",
    "    \n",
    "[Back to Table of Contents](#toc)\n",
    "* `+ - * / `\n",
    "* `**(power)` \n",
    "* `% modulus` \n",
    "* `//(integer division)`\n",
    "* `() parenthesis for order`\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "14.0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 1,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "5+4*3-(6/2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "14"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "5+4*3-(6//2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "7//2\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "int(9.0//2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "int(9.0)//2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "4%3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "15%2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "5"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "2554545%10"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "type(1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "type(14.0)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "116415321826934814453125"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "5**33"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "92709068817830061978520606494193845859707401497097037749844778027824097442147966967457359038488841338006006032592594389655201"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "11**120 # no maximum anymore"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import math"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "8"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 15,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Tab on math. to see what functions are available \n",
    "# Shift-Tab inside parenthesis to see what the particular function does\n",
    "math.ceil(7.8)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1.4142135623730951"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 16,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "math.sqrt(2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1.4142135623730951"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 17,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "2**0.5"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 18,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "int(3.33)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Flow Control <a class=\"anchor\" id=\"flow-control\">\n",
    "    \n",
    "[Back to Table of Contents](#toc)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# With Flow Control we can tell our program/cells to choose different paths"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Conditional operators \n",
    "\n",
    "`< > <= >= == != and or not`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# What is truth in computer language?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 1,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "2*2 == 4"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 20,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "myTruth = 2*2 == 4\n",
    "myTruth"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 21,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "5 > 7\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "55555"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 25,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "int('   055555   ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "True\n",
      "True\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(5 == int('5'))\n",
    "\n",
    "print(5 <= 6)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "True\n",
      "True\n",
      "False\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(5 <= 5)\n",
    "\n",
    "# check if 5 is NOT equal to 6\n",
    "print(5 != 6)\n",
    "\n",
    "print(5 != 5)\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# We check each letter from left side\n",
    "# on mismatch we check ASCII (UTF-8) tables for values\n",
    "\n",
    "'VALDIS' < 'VOLDEMARS'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "65"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ord('A')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "79"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ord('O')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "len('VALDIS') < len('VOLDEMARS')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "560"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 28,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "5 < 6\n",
    "2*2\n",
    "555+5"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Valdis\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Valdis'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 29,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "myname = \"Valdis\"\n",
    "print(myname)\n",
    "myname"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "True\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 30,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = True\n",
    "print(a)\n",
    "a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 92,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 92,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "len('VALDIS') < len('VOLDEMARS')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 93,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 93,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# &&\n",
    "True and True"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 94,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 94,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "True and False"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 95,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 95,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "True or False"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 98,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 98,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "False or False or False or True"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 99,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 99,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "not True"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "any([False,False,0, 0 ,0, \"\", None])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "all([True,1,\"Big\", [[]]])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 15,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# XOR in Python\n",
    "a = True\n",
    "b = False\n",
    "(a and not b) or (not a and b)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(-9+19j)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Complex number build \n",
    "(2+3j)*(3+5j)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 100,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 100,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "not False"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## If Statement"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Always\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "## Conditional execution\n",
    "# if 4 is larger than 5 then do something\n",
    "if 4 > 5:\n",
    "    print(\"4 is larger than 5 wow!\")\n",
    "    print(\"MOre text\")\n",
    "print(\"Always\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "hello\n",
      "hello\n",
      "hello thats not magic\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "if 5 >= 5:\n",
    "    print(\"hello\")\n",
    "if 5 <= 5:\n",
    "    print(\"hello\")\n",
    "if 5 == 6:\n",
    "    print(\"hello thats magic\")\n",
    "if 5 != 6:\n",
    "    print(\"hello thats not magic\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Do one thing if if is True\n",
      "DO more things if if is True\n",
      "Do this always\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "if 2*2 == 4:\n",
    "    print(\"Do one thing if if is True\")\n",
    "    print(\"DO more things if if is True\")\n",
    "print(\"Do this always\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter  temperature in Celsius 38.6\n",
      "Farenheit Temperature is 101.48\n",
      "You are too hot, find a doctor?\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "c = float(input(\"Enter  temperature in Celsius \"))\n",
    "f = c * 9/5 + 32\n",
    "print(\"Farenheit Temperature is\", f)\n",
    "if f > 100:\n",
    "    print(\"You are too hot, find a doctor?\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Help on method raw_input in module ipykernel.kernelbase:\n",
      "\n",
      "raw_input(prompt='') method of ipykernel.ipkernel.IPythonKernel instance\n",
      "    Forward raw_input to frontends\n",
      "    \n",
      "    Raises\n",
      "    ------\n",
      "    StdinNotImplentedError if active frontend doesn't support stdin.\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "help(input)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "38.6"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 22,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "c"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['__abs__',\n",
       " '__add__',\n",
       " '__bool__',\n",
       " '__class__',\n",
       " '__delattr__',\n",
       " '__dir__',\n",
       " '__divmod__',\n",
       " '__doc__',\n",
       " '__eq__',\n",
       " '__float__',\n",
       " '__floordiv__',\n",
       " '__format__',\n",
       " '__ge__',\n",
       " '__getattribute__',\n",
       " '__getformat__',\n",
       " '__getnewargs__',\n",
       " '__gt__',\n",
       " '__hash__',\n",
       " '__init__',\n",
       " '__init_subclass__',\n",
       " '__int__',\n",
       " '__le__',\n",
       " '__lt__',\n",
       " '__mod__',\n",
       " '__mul__',\n",
       " '__ne__',\n",
       " '__neg__',\n",
       " '__new__',\n",
       " '__pos__',\n",
       " '__pow__',\n",
       " '__radd__',\n",
       " '__rdivmod__',\n",
       " '__reduce__',\n",
       " '__reduce_ex__',\n",
       " '__repr__',\n",
       " '__rfloordiv__',\n",
       " '__rmod__',\n",
       " '__rmul__',\n",
       " '__round__',\n",
       " '__rpow__',\n",
       " '__rsub__',\n",
       " '__rtruediv__',\n",
       " '__set_format__',\n",
       " '__setattr__',\n",
       " '__sizeof__',\n",
       " '__str__',\n",
       " '__sub__',\n",
       " '__subclasshook__',\n",
       " '__truediv__',\n",
       " '__trunc__',\n",
       " 'as_integer_ratio',\n",
       " 'conjugate',\n",
       " 'fromhex',\n",
       " 'hex',\n",
       " 'imag',\n",
       " 'is_integer',\n",
       " 'real']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 23,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dir(c)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 24,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "c.is_integer()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 2, 5, 'Valdis']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 25,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mylist=[1,2,5,\"Valdis\"]\n",
    "mylist"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "mylist."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Try reversing the above program to create a Farenheit to Celsius converter"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "a is larger than 5\n",
      "Continue as normal\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = 30\n",
    "if a > 5:\n",
    "    print('a is larger than 5')\n",
    "    # do more stuff\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print('a is NOT larger than 5')\n",
    "    # do more stuff if a is not larger than 5\n",
    "print(\"Continue as normal\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter an integer please! 42\n",
      "That is the answer to everything!\n",
      "Your number is 42\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#elif comes from else if\n",
    "x = int(input(\"Enter an integer please! \"))\n",
    "if x > 42:\n",
    "    print(\"Too ambitious an answer!\")\n",
    "elif x < 42:\n",
    "    print(\"You dream too little!\")\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print(\"That is the answer to everything!\")\n",
    "#These lines below will execute always\n",
    "print('Your number is', x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Loops"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# How would be perform the same/similar action multiple times?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Alice did \n",
      "talk\n",
      "talk\n",
      "talk\n",
      "talk\n",
      "talk\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "i = 0\n",
    "print(\"Alice did \")\n",
    "while i < 5: # notice the colon\n",
    "    print(\"talk\")\n",
    "    i+= 1 # same as i = i + 1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 110,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "5"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 110,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "i"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# What would happen if we did not have i+=1 in our above program ?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 111,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "0\n",
      "1\n",
      "2\n",
      "3\n",
      "4\n",
      "5\n",
      "6\n",
      "7\n",
      "8\n",
      "9\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for x in range(10):\n",
    "    print(x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "9000 V\n",
      "9001 a\n",
      "9002 l\n",
      "9003 d\n",
      "9004 i\n",
      "9005 s\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for i,c in enumerate(\"Valdis\", start = 9000):\n",
    "    print(i, c)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "9000 V\n",
      "9001 a\n",
      "9002 l\n",
      "9003 d\n",
      "9004 i\n",
      "9005 s\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for minituple in enumerate(\"Valdis\", start = 9000):\n",
    "    print(minituple[0], minituple[1])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 113,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 113,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mylist"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 116,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "11\n",
      "12\n",
      "13\n",
      "14\n",
      "15\n",
      "This will happen at the end always\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for item in mylist[:5]:\n",
    "    print(item)\n",
    "    # I could more stuff here\n",
    "print('This will happen at the end always')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "mydict = {'country':'Latvia', 'food':'Potatoes'}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "country Latvia\n",
      "food Potatoes\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for k,v in mydict.items():\n",
    "    print(k,v)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 118,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "## Splitting a line of text into words\n",
    "mytext = \"A quick brown fox jumped over a sleeping dog\"\n",
    "words = mytext.split()\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 119,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "['A', 'quick', 'brown', 'fox', 'jumped', 'over', 'a', 'sleeping', 'dog']\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(words)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 120,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "A True True\n",
      "q False False\n",
      "b False False\n",
      "f False False\n",
      "j False False\n",
      "o False False\n",
      "a False False\n",
      "s False False\n",
      "d False False\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "## Print first letter of each word\n",
    "for w in words:\n",
    "    print(w[0], w[0].isupper(), w.istitle()) ## istitle() checks every word in a string so not good for unsplit strings"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 121,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "myline=\"Mr. Sherlock Holmes, who was usually very late in the mornings\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "words=myline.split()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "words"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "words[1][0].isupper()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Enumerate for showing index of item when going through many items\n",
    "for i, x in enumerate(range(10,15)):\n",
    "    print(i, x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 122,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "0 V\n",
      "1 a\n",
      "2 l\n",
      "3 d\n",
      "4 i\n",
      "5 s\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for i, c in enumerate(myname):\n",
    "    print(i, c)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## What is a function? <a class=\"anchor\" id=\"functions\">\n",
    "    \n",
    "[Back to Table of Contents](#toc)\n",
    "* A function is a block of organized, reusable code that is used to perform a single, related action.\n",
    "* Single, organized, related always ? :)\n",
    "###  DRY - Do not Repeat Yourself principle\n",
    "* Every piece of knowledge must have a single, unambiguous, authoritative representation within a system. http://wiki.c2.com/?DontRepeatYourself\n",
    "\n",
    "* Contrast WET - We Enjoy Typing, Write Everything Twice, Waste Everyone's Time"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Here we define our first function\n",
    "def myFirstFunc():\n",
    "    print(\"Running My first func\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Running My first func\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# function has to be defined before it is called\n",
    "myFirstFunc()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Passing parameters(arguments)\n",
    "def printName(name):\n",
    "    print(f\"Maybe my name is: {name}\")\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Maybe my name is: Valdis\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "printName(\"Valdis\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def add(a, b):\n",
    "    print(a+b)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "10\n",
      "242\n",
      "Hello Riga\n",
      "[1, 2, 7, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "add(4,6)\n",
    "add(9,233)\n",
    "add(\"Hello \",\"Riga\")\n",
    "add([1,2,7],list(range(6,12)))\n",
    "# Try calling add function with other parameters"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 43,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# We make Docstrings with '''Helpful function description inside'''\n",
    "def mult(a, b):\n",
    "    '''Returns \n",
    "    multiple from first two arguments'''\n",
    "    print(\"Look ma I am multiplying!\", a, b, a*b)\n",
    "    return a*b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 44,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Help on function mult in module __main__:\n",
      "\n",
      "mult(a, b)\n",
      "    Returns \n",
      "    multiple from first two arguments\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "help(mult)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 45,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Look ma I am multiplying! 4 5 20\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "20"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 45,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "res = mult(4,5)\n",
    "res"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 46,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def printnum(num):\n",
    "    if num > 10:\n",
    "        print(f\"This number {num} is too unwieldy for me to print\")\n",
    "    else:\n",
    "        print(f\"This {num} is a nice number\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 48,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "3 is odd\n",
      "4 is even\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "def isEven(num):\n",
    "    if num%2 == 0:\n",
    "        print(f\"{num} is even\")\n",
    "    else:\n",
    "        print(f\"{num} is odd\")\n",
    "\n",
    "isEven(3)\n",
    "isEven(4)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 49,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def processLine(line):\n",
    "    words = line.split()\n",
    "    linegood=False\n",
    "    for word in words:        \n",
    "        if word[0].isupper():\n",
    "            print(word, end='\\t')\n",
    "            linegood=True\n",
    "    if linegood == True:\n",
    "        print('')\n",
    "    return linegood"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 50,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "A\tQuick\tBrown\tFox\tJumped\tOver\tA\tSleeping\tDog\t\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 50,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "processLine(\"A Quick Brown Fox Jumped Over A Sleeping Dog\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 51,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "A\tQuick\tBrown\tFox\tJumped\tOver\tSleeping\tDog\t\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 51,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "processLine(\"A Quick Brown Fox Jumped Over a Sleeping Dog\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Libraries <a class=\"anchor\" id=\"libraries\">\n",
    "    \n",
    "[Back to Table of Contents](#toc)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Python and Batteries Included Philosophy\n",
    "## Why reinvent the wheel?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 52,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "The Zen of Python, by Tim Peters\n",
      "\n",
      "Beautiful is better than ugly.\n",
      "Explicit is better than implicit.\n",
      "Simple is better than complex.\n",
      "Complex is better than complicated.\n",
      "Flat is better than nested.\n",
      "Sparse is better than dense.\n",
      "Readability counts.\n",
      "Special cases aren't special enough to break the rules.\n",
      "Although practicality beats purity.\n",
      "Errors should never pass silently.\n",
      "Unless explicitly silenced.\n",
      "In the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess.\n",
      "There should be one-- and preferably only one --obvious way to do it.\n",
      "Although that way may not be obvious at first unless you're Dutch.\n",
      "Now is better than never.\n",
      "Although never is often better than *right* now.\n",
      "If the implementation is hard to explain, it's a bad idea.\n",
      "If the implementation is easy to explain, it may be a good idea.\n",
      "Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Try importing this\n",
    "import this"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 53,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import math\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 54,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "-0.9999987317275395"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 54,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# notice the . syntax helper\n",
    "math.cos(3.14)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "math."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 55,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from collections import Counter"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 140,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Counter({'a': 5, 'b': 2, 'r': 2, 'c': 1, 'd': 1})"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 140,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "magic = \"abracadabra\"\n",
    "cnt = Counter(magic)\n",
    "cnt"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# There are hundreds of useful Python libraries\n",
    "## Crucial libraries are collected in Standard Library\n",
    "# https://docs.python.org/3/library/\n",
    "# Batteries included\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 137,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['__add__',\n",
       " '__and__',\n",
       " '__class__',\n",
       " '__contains__',\n",
       " '__delattr__',\n",
       " '__delitem__',\n",
       " '__dict__',\n",
       " '__dir__',\n",
       " '__doc__',\n",
       " '__eq__',\n",
       " '__format__',\n",
       " '__ge__',\n",
       " '__getattribute__',\n",
       " '__getitem__',\n",
       " '__gt__',\n",
       " '__hash__',\n",
       " '__iadd__',\n",
       " '__iand__',\n",
       " '__init__',\n",
       " '__init_subclass__',\n",
       " '__ior__',\n",
       " '__isub__',\n",
       " '__iter__',\n",
       " '__le__',\n",
       " '__len__',\n",
       " '__lt__',\n",
       " '__missing__',\n",
       " '__module__',\n",
       " '__ne__',\n",
       " '__neg__',\n",
       " '__new__',\n",
       " '__or__',\n",
       " '__pos__',\n",
       " '__reduce__',\n",
       " '__reduce_ex__',\n",
       " '__repr__',\n",
       " '__setattr__',\n",
       " '__setitem__',\n",
       " '__sizeof__',\n",
       " '__str__',\n",
       " '__sub__',\n",
       " '__subclasshook__',\n",
       " '__weakref__',\n",
       " '_keep_positive',\n",
       " 'clear',\n",
       " 'copy',\n",
       " 'elements',\n",
       " 'fromkeys',\n",
       " 'get',\n",
       " 'items',\n",
       " 'keys',\n",
       " 'most_common',\n",
       " 'pop',\n",
       " 'popitem',\n",
       " 'setdefault',\n",
       " 'subtract',\n",
       " 'update',\n",
       " 'values']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 137,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dir(cnt)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 138,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[('a', 5), ('b', 2), ('r', 2), ('c', 1), ('d', 1)]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 138,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "cnt.most_common()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Installing libraries\n",
    "\n",
    "[Back to Table of Contents](#toc)\n",
    "\n",
    "Some \"batteries\" you have to add as you go:\n",
    "* there is a huge repository of Python libraries at https://pypi.org/ (and more on Github and other sources)\n",
    "* Anaconda already has many of them pre-installed\n",
    "\n",
    "To install Python libraries from command line, use the `pip` tool:\n",
    "* example: `pip install requests`\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 56,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Requirement already satisfied: requests in c:\\programdata\\anaconda3\\lib\\site-packages (2.21.0)\n",
      "Requirement already satisfied: certifi>=2017.4.17 in c:\\programdata\\anaconda3\\lib\\site-packages (from requests) (2019.11.28)\n",
      "Requirement already satisfied: chardet<3.1.0,>=3.0.2 in c:\\programdata\\anaconda3\\lib\\site-packages (from requests) (3.0.4)\n",
      "Requirement already satisfied: idna<2.9,>=2.5 in c:\\programdata\\anaconda3\\lib\\site-packages (from requests) (2.8)\n",
      "Requirement already satisfied: urllib3<1.25,>=1.21.1 in c:\\programdata\\anaconda3\\lib\\site-packages (from requests) (1.24.1)\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "!pip install requests"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "\n",
    "#### \"Requests III: HTTP for Humans and Machines, alike\"\n",
    "\n",
    "https://3.python-requests.org/"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 57,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import requests"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 58,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "200"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 58,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# let's get \"raw\" wiki code from Latvian wikipedia\n",
    "url = \"https://lv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rīga&action=raw\"\n",
    "\n",
    "response = requests.get(url)\n",
    "response.status_code"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 59,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'{{Vērtīgs raksts}}\\n{{Citas nozīmes|Latvijas galvaspilsētu|Rīga (nozīmju atdalīšana)|Rīga}}\\n{{Apdzīvotas vietas infokaste\\n| name = Rīga\\n| settlement_type = Galvaspilsēta\\n| other_name = \\n| nickname = \\n| motto = \\n| image_skyline = Rigas mozaika.png\\n| imagesize = \\n| image_caption = \\n| image_flag = Rīgas'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 59,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data = response.text\n",
    "\n",
    "data[:300]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'2003. gadā Rīgā notika [[2003. gada Eirovīzijas dziesmu konkurss|Eirovīzijas dziesmu konkurss]]. 2006. gada maijā Rīgā notika [[2006. gada Pasaules čempionāts hokejā|Pasaules čempionāts hokejā]], bet tā paša gada novembrī [[19. NATO samits]].\\n\\nSakarā ar [[2008. gada globālā finanšu krīze|globālo finanšu krī'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 24,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data[5892:6200]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Most important Python ideas <a class=\"anchor\" id=\"python-ideas\">\n",
    "    \n",
    "[Back to Table of Contents](#toc)\n",
    "\n",
    "* dir(myobject) to find what can be done (most decent text editors/IDEs will offer autocompletion and hints though)\n",
    "* help(myobject) general help\n",
    "* type(myobject) what type it is\n",
    "\n",
    "## Slicing Syntax for sequences(strings,lists and more)\n",
    "`\n",
    "myname[start:end:step]\n",
    "myname[:5]`\n",
    "\n",
    "## : indicates a new indentation level \n",
    "\n",
    "`if x > 5:\n",
    "     print(\"Do Work when x > 5\")\n",
    "print(\"Always Do this\")`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Python Resources <a class=\"anchor\" id=\"learning-resources\">\n",
    "    \n",
    "[Back to Table of Contents](#toc)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Wiki for Tutorials\n",
    "\n",
    "https://wiki.python.org/moin/BeginnersGuide/NonProgrammers"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Tutorials Begginner to Intermediate\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "* https://automatetheboringstuff.com/ - Anything by Al Sweigart is great\n",
    "* http://newcoder.io/tutorials/ - 5 sets of practical tutorials\n",
    "* [Think Like a Computer Scientist](http://interactivepython.org/runestone/static/thinkcspy/index.html) full tutorial\n",
    "* [Non-Programmers Tutorial for Python 3](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Non-Programmer%27s_Tutorial_for_Python_3) quite good for wikibooks\n",
    "* [Real Python](https://realpython.com/) Python Tutorials for all levels\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "* [Learn Python 3 the Hard Way](https://learnpythonthehardway.org/python3/intro.html) controversial author but very exhaustive, some like this approach"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## More Advanced Python Specific Books\n",
    "\n",
    "* [Python Cookbook](https://www.amazon.com/Python-Cookbook-Third-David-Beazley/dp/1449340377) Recipes for specific situations\n",
    "\n",
    "* [Effective Python](https://effectivepython.com/) best practices\n",
    "* [Fluent Python](http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920032519.do) **highly recommended**, shows Python's advantages"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## General Best Practices Books\n",
    "#### (not Python specific)\n",
    "\n",
    "* [Code Complete 2](https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/4845.Code_Complete) - Fantastic best practices\n",
    "* [The Mythical Man-Month](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mythical_Man-Month) - No silver bullet even after 40 years.\n",
    "* [The Pragmatic Programmer](https://www.amazon.com/Pragmatic-Programmer-Journeyman-Master/dp/020161622X) - More practical advice\n",
    "* [Clean Code](https://www.amazon.com/Clean-Code-Handbook-Software-Craftsmanship/dp/0132350882) - more towards agile"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Blogs / Personalities / forums\n",
    "\n",
    "* [Dan Bader](https://dbader.org/)\n",
    "* [Reddit Python](https://www.reddit.com/r/python)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Exercises/Challenges\n",
    "* http://www.pythonchallenge.com/ - first one is easy but after that...\n",
    "* [Advent of Code](https://adventofcode.com/) - yearly programming challenges\n",
    "* https://projecteuler.net/ - gets very mathematical but first problems are great for testing "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Explore Public Notebooks on Github\n",
    " Download them and try them out for yourself\n",
    " \n",
    "https://github.com/jupyter/jupyter/wiki/A-gallery-of-interesting-Jupyter-Notebooks"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Questions / Suggestions ? \n",
    "\n",
    "Pull requests welcome\n",
    "\n",
    "e-mail **valdis.s.coding at gmail.com**"
   ]
  }
 ],
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