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<div id="anchor-navigation-ex-navbar"><i class="fa fa-navicon"></i><ul><li><span class="title-icon "></span><a href="#系统设计与分析方法"><b>1. </b>系统设计与分析方法</a></li><ul><li><span class="title-icon "></span><a href="#15处理流程设计工具："><b>1.1. </b>[15]处理流程设计工具：</a></li><li><span class="title-icon "></span><a href="#14结构化分析方法："><b>1.2. </b>[14]结构化分析方法：</a></li></ul></ul></div><a href="#系统设计与分析方法" id="anchorNavigationExGoTop"><i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i></a><div class="treeview__container"><ul>
<li><div><a href="#系统设计与分析方法">系统设计与分析方法</a><i class="level__parent level__item level__parent--opened" state="opened" onclick="var curState = this.getAttribute('state');var nextState = curState === 'opened' ? 'hidden' : 'opened';this.setAttribute('state', nextState);this.className = this.className.split(curState).join(nextState);var list = this.parentNode.nextElementSibling;if (nextState === 'hidden') { list.style.display = 'none';} else { list.style.display = 'block';}"></i></div>
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<li><div><a href="#15处理流程设计工具：">[15]处理流程设计工具：</a><i></i></div></li>
<li><div><a href="#14结构化分析方法：">[14]结构化分析方法：</a><i></i></div></li>
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<h1 id="系统设计与分析方法"><a name="系统设计与分析方法" class="anchor-navigation-ex-anchor" href="#系统设计与分析方法"><i class="fa fa-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>1. 系统设计与分析方法</h1>
<p>[toc]</p>
<h2 id="15处理流程设计工具："><a name="15处理流程设计工具：" class="anchor-navigation-ex-anchor" href="#15处理流程设计工具："><i class="fa fa-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>1.1. [15]处理流程设计工具：</h2>
<p>在处理流程设计过程中，为了更清晰地表达过程规则说明，陆续出现了一些用于表示处理流程的工具。</p>
<p>这些工具包括三类：图形工具、表格工具和语言工具。</p>
<p>其中常见的图形工具包括程序流程图PFD、IPO图、盒图、问题分析图、判定树，表格工具包括判定表，语言工具包括过程设计语言等。</p>
<ul>
<li><p><strong>程序流程图PFD</strong>：流程图中只能包括5种基本控制结构：顺序型、选择型、WHILE循环型(当型循环)、UNTIL循环型(直到型循环)和多分支选择型。</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>N-S图</strong>：N—S图容易表示嵌套关系和层次关系，并具有强烈的结构化特征。包括5种控制结构，分别是顺序型、选择型、WHILE循环型(当型循环)、UNTIL循环型(直到型循环)和多分支选择型，任何一个N-S图都是这5种基本控制结构相互组合与嵌套的结果。在N—S图中，过程的作用域明确；它没有箭头，不能随意转移控制；而且容易表示嵌套关系和层次关系；并具有强烈的结构化特征。但是当问题很复杂时，N—S图可能很大。</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>IPO图</strong>：其主体是处理过程说明，可以采用流程图、判定树、判定表、盒图、问题分析图或过程设计语言来进行描述。IPO图中的输入、输出与功能模块、文件及系统外部项都需要通过数据字典来描述，同时需要为其中的某些元素添加注释。</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>问题分析图PAD</strong>：问题分析图(PAD)包含5种基本控制结构，并允许递归使用。</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>过程设计语言</strong>：也称为结构化语言或伪代码(pseudo code)，它是一种混合语言，采用自然语言的词汇和结构化程序设计语言的语法，用于描述处理过程怎么做，类似于编程语言。过程设计语言用于描述模块中算法和加工逻辑的具体细节，以便在开发人员之间比较精确地进行交流。</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>判定表</strong>：对于具有多个互相联系的条件和可能产生多种结果的问题，用结构化语言描述则显得不够直观和紧凑，这时可以用以清楚、简明为特征的判定表(Decision Table)来描述。判定表采用表格形式来表达逻辑判断问题，表格分成4个部分，左上部分为条件说明，左下部分为行动说明，右上部分为各种条件的组合说明，右下部分为各条件组合下相应的行动。</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>判定树</strong>：用来表示逻辑判断问题的一种常用的图形工具，它用树来表达不同条件下的不同处理流程，比语言、表格的方式更为直观。判定树的左侧(称为树根)为加工名，中间是各种条件，所有的行动都列于最右侧。</p>
</li>
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<h2 id="14结构化分析方法："><a name="14结构化分析方法：" class="anchor-navigation-ex-anchor" href="#14结构化分析方法："><i class="fa fa-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>1.2. [14]结构化分析方法：</h2>
<p>结构化方法分析模型的核心是数据字典，围绕这个核心，有三个层次的模型，分别是数据模型、功能模型和行为模型(也称为状态模型)。</p>
<p>在实际工作中，一般使用<strong>E-R</strong>图表示数据模型，用<strong>DFD</strong>表示功能模型，用<strong>状态转换图</strong>表示行为模型。</p>
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