vulkan_tutorial_loadmodel_reference_example.cpp.txt

#define GLFW_INCLUDE_VULKAN
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>

#define GLM_FORCE_RADIANS
#define GLM_FORCE_DEPTH_ZERO_TO_ONE
#define GLM_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtx/hash.hpp>

#define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION
#include <stb_image.h>

#define TINYOBJLOADER_IMPLEMENTATION
#include <tiny_obj_loader.h>

#include <algorithm>
#include <array>
#include <chrono>
#include <cstdint>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cstring>
#include <fstream>
#include <iostream>
#include <limits>
#include <optional>
#include <set>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <vector>

const uint32_t WIDTH = 800;
const uint32_t HEIGHT = 600;

const std::string MODEL_PATH = "models/viking_room.obj";
const std::string TEXTURE_PATH = "textures/viking_room.png";

const int MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT = 2;

const std::vector<const char*> validationLayers = {
    "VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation"};

const std::vector<const char*> deviceExtensions = {
    VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME};

#ifdef NDEBUG
const bool enableValidationLayers = false;
#else
const bool enableValidationLayers = true;
#endif

VkResult CreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(
    VkInstance instance, const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT* pCreateInfo,
    const VkAllocationCallbacks* pAllocator,
    VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT* pDebugMessenger) {
  auto func = (PFN_vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT)vkGetInstanceProcAddr(
      instance, "vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT");
  if (func != nullptr) {
    return func(instance, pCreateInfo, pAllocator, pDebugMessenger);
  } else {
    return VK_ERROR_EXTENSION_NOT_PRESENT;
  }
}

void DestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(VkInstance instance,
                                   VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT debugMessenger,
                                   const VkAllocationCallbacks* pAllocator) {
  auto func = (PFN_vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT)vkGetInstanceProcAddr(
      instance, "vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT");
  if (func != nullptr) {
    func(instance, debugMessenger, pAllocator);
  }
}

struct QueueFamilyIndices {
  std::optional<uint32_t> graphicsFamily;
  std::optional<uint32_t> presentFamily;

  bool isComplete() {
    return graphicsFamily.has_value() && presentFamily.has_value();
  }
};

struct SwapChainSupportDetails {
  VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR capabilities;
  std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR> formats;
  std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR> presentModes;
};

struct Vertex {
  glm::vec3 pos;
  glm::vec3 color;
  glm::vec2 texCoord;

  static VkVertexInputBindingDescription getBindingDescription() {
    VkVertexInputBindingDescription bindingDescription{};
    bindingDescription.binding = 0;
    bindingDescription.stride = sizeof(Vertex);
    bindingDescription.inputRate = VK_VERTEX_INPUT_RATE_VERTEX;

    return bindingDescription;
  }

  static std::array<VkVertexInputAttributeDescription, 3>
  getAttributeDescriptions() {
    std::array<VkVertexInputAttributeDescription, 3> attributeDescriptions{};

    attributeDescriptions[0].binding = 0;
    attributeDescriptions[0].location = 0;
    attributeDescriptions[0].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT;
    attributeDescriptions[0].offset = offsetof(Vertex, pos);

    attributeDescriptions[1].binding = 0;
    attributeDescriptions[1].location = 1;
    attributeDescriptions[1].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT;
    attributeDescriptions[1].offset = offsetof(Vertex, color);

    attributeDescriptions[2].binding = 0;
    attributeDescriptions[2].location = 2;
    attributeDescriptions[2].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT;
    attributeDescriptions[2].offset = offsetof(Vertex, texCoord);

    return attributeDescriptions;
  }

  bool operator==(const Vertex& other) const {
    return pos == other.pos && color == other.color &&
           texCoord == other.texCoord;
  }
};

namespace std {
template <>
struct hash<Vertex> {
  size_t operator()(Vertex const& vertex) const {
    return ((hash<glm::vec3>()(vertex.pos) ^
             (hash<glm::vec3>()(vertex.color) << 1)) >>
            1) ^
           (hash<glm::vec2>()(vertex.texCoord) << 1);
  }
};
}  // namespace std

struct UniformBufferObject {
  alignas(16) glm::mat4 model;
  alignas(16) glm::mat4 view;
  alignas(16) glm::mat4 proj;
};

class HelloTriangleApplication {
 public:
  void run() {
    initWindow();
    initVulkan();
    mainLoop();
    cleanup();
  }

 private:
  GLFWwindow* window;

  VkInstance instance;
  VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT debugMessenger;
  VkSurfaceKHR surface;

  VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
  VkDevice device;

  VkQueue graphicsQueue;
  VkQueue presentQueue;

  VkSwapchainKHR swapChain;
  std::vector<VkImage> swapChainImages;
  VkFormat swapChainImageFormat;
  VkExtent2D swapChainExtent;
  std::vector<VkImageView> swapChainImageViews;
  std::vector<VkFramebuffer> swapChainFramebuffers;

  VkRenderPass renderPass;
  VkDescriptorSetLayout descriptorSetLayout;
  VkPipelineLayout pipelineLayout;
  VkPipeline graphicsPipeline;

  VkCommandPool commandPool;

  VkImage depthImage;
  VkDeviceMemory depthImageMemory;
  VkImageView depthImageView;

  VkImage textureImage;
  VkDeviceMemory textureImageMemory;
  VkImageView textureImageView;
  VkSampler textureSampler;

  std::vector<Vertex> vertices;
  std::vector<uint32_t> indices;
  VkBuffer vertexBuffer;
  VkDeviceMemory vertexBufferMemory;
  VkBuffer indexBuffer;
  VkDeviceMemory indexBufferMemory;

  std::vector<VkBuffer> uniformBuffers;
  std::vector<VkDeviceMemory> uniformBuffersMemory;
  std::vector<void*> uniformBuffersMapped;

  VkDescriptorPool descriptorPool;
  std::vector<VkDescriptorSet> descriptorSets;

  std::vector<VkCommandBuffer> commandBuffers;

  std::vector<VkSemaphore> imageAvailableSemaphores;
  std::vector<VkSemaphore> renderFinishedSemaphores;
  std::vector<VkFence> inFlightFences;
  uint32_t currentFrame = 0;

  bool framebufferResized = false;

  void initWindow() {
    glfwInit();

    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CLIENT_API, GLFW_NO_API);

    window = glfwCreateWindow(WIDTH, HEIGHT, "Vulkan", nullptr, nullptr);
    glfwSetWindowUserPointer(window, this);
    glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebufferResizeCallback);
  }

  static void framebufferResizeCallback(GLFWwindow* window, int width,
                                        int height) {
    auto app = reinterpret_cast<HelloTriangleApplication*>(
        glfwGetWindowUserPointer(window));
    app->framebufferResized = true;
  }

  void initVulkan() {
    createInstance();             // already was
    setupDebugMessenger();        // already was
    createSurface();              // already was
    pickPhysicalDevice();         // done
    createLogicalDevice();        // done
    createSwapChain();            // done
    createImageViews();           // done in swapchain
    createRenderPass();           // done
    createDescriptorSetLayout();  // done
    createGraphicsPipeline();     // done
    createCommandPool();          // done
    createDepthResources();       // done
    createFramebuffers();         // done
    createTextureImage();         // done in texture image
    createTextureImageView();     // done in texture image
    createTextureSampler();       // done in texture image
    loadModel();                  // done
    createVertexBuffer();         // done
    createIndexBuffer();          // done
    createUniformBuffers();       // done
    createDescriptorPool();       // done
    createDescriptorSets();       // done
    createCommandBuffers();       // done
    createSyncObjects();
  }

  void mainLoop() {
    while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)) {
      glfwPollEvents();
      drawFrame();
    }

    vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);
  }

  void cleanupSwapChain() {
    vkDestroyImageView(device, depthImageView, nullptr);
    vkDestroyImage(device, depthImage, nullptr);
    vkFreeMemory(device, depthImageMemory, nullptr);

    for (auto framebuffer : swapChainFramebuffers) {
      vkDestroyFramebuffer(device, framebuffer, nullptr);
    }

    for (auto imageView : swapChainImageViews) {
      vkDestroyImageView(device, imageView, nullptr);
    }

    vkDestroySwapchainKHR(device, swapChain, nullptr);
  }

  void cleanup() {
    cleanupSwapChain();

    vkDestroyPipeline(device, graphicsPipeline, nullptr);
    vkDestroyPipelineLayout(device, pipelineLayout, nullptr);
    vkDestroyRenderPass(device, renderPass, nullptr);

    for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
      vkDestroyBuffer(device, uniformBuffers[i], nullptr);
      vkFreeMemory(device, uniformBuffersMemory[i], nullptr);
    }

    vkDestroyDescriptorPool(device, descriptorPool, nullptr);

    vkDestroySampler(device, textureSampler, nullptr);
    vkDestroyImageView(device, textureImageView, nullptr);

    vkDestroyImage(device, textureImage, nullptr);
    vkFreeMemory(device, textureImageMemory, nullptr);

    vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout(device, descriptorSetLayout, nullptr);

    vkDestroyBuffer(device, indexBuffer, nullptr);
    vkFreeMemory(device, indexBufferMemory, nullptr);

    vkDestroyBuffer(device, vertexBuffer, nullptr);
    vkFreeMemory(device, vertexBufferMemory, nullptr);

    for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
      vkDestroySemaphore(device, renderFinishedSemaphores[i], nullptr);
      vkDestroySemaphore(device, imageAvailableSemaphores[i], nullptr);
      vkDestroyFence(device, inFlightFences[i], nullptr);
    }

    vkDestroyCommandPool(device, commandPool, nullptr);

    vkDestroyDevice(device, nullptr);

    if (enableValidationLayers) {
      DestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance, debugMessenger, nullptr);
    }

    vkDestroySurfaceKHR(instance, surface, nullptr);
    vkDestroyInstance(instance, nullptr);

    glfwDestroyWindow(window);

    glfwTerminate();
  }

  void recreateSwapChain() {
    int width = 0, height = 0;
    glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);
    while (width == 0 || height == 0) {
      glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);
      glfwWaitEvents();
    }

    vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);

    cleanupSwapChain();

    createSwapChain();
    createImageViews();
    createDepthResources();
    createFramebuffers();
  }

  void createInstance() {
    if (enableValidationLayers && !checkValidationLayerSupport()) {
      throw std::runtime_error(
          "validation layers requested, but not available!");
    }

    VkApplicationInfo appInfo{};
    appInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO;
    appInfo.pApplicationName = "Hello Triangle";
    appInfo.applicationVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
    appInfo.pEngineName = "No Engine";
    appInfo.engineVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
    appInfo.apiVersion = VK_API_VERSION_1_0;

    VkInstanceCreateInfo createInfo{};
    createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO;
    createInfo.pApplicationInfo = &appInfo;

    auto extensions = getRequiredExtensions();
    createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(extensions.size());
    createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = extensions.data();

    VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT debugCreateInfo{};
    if (enableValidationLayers) {
      createInfo.enabledLayerCount =
          static_cast<uint32_t>(validationLayers.size());
      createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();

      populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(debugCreateInfo);
      createInfo.pNext = (VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT*)&debugCreateInfo;
    } else {
      createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;

      createInfo.pNext = nullptr;
    }

    if (vkCreateInstance(&createInfo, nullptr, &instance) != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to create instance!");
    }
  }

  void populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(
      VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT& createInfo) {
    createInfo = {};
    createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSENGER_CREATE_INFO_EXT;
    createInfo.messageSeverity =
        VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_VERBOSE_BIT_EXT |
        VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_WARNING_BIT_EXT |
        VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_ERROR_BIT_EXT;
    createInfo.messageType = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_GENERAL_BIT_EXT |
                             VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_VALIDATION_BIT_EXT |
                             VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_PERFORMANCE_BIT_EXT;
    createInfo.pfnUserCallback = debugCallback;
  }

  void setupDebugMessenger() {
    if (!enableValidationLayers) return;

    VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT createInfo;
    populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(createInfo);

    if (CreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance, &createInfo, nullptr,
                                     &debugMessenger) != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to set up debug messenger!");
    }
  }

  void createSurface() {
    if (glfwCreateWindowSurface(instance, window, nullptr, &surface) !=
        VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to create window surface!");
    }
  }

  void pickPhysicalDevice() {
    uint32_t deviceCount = 0;
    vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deviceCount, nullptr);

    if (deviceCount == 0) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to find GPUs with Vulkan support!");
    }

    std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice> devices(deviceCount);
    vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deviceCount, devices.data());

    for (const auto& device : devices) {
      if (isDeviceSuitable(device)) {
        physicalDevice = device;
        break;
      }
    }

    if (physicalDevice == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to find a suitable GPU!");
    }
  }

  void createLogicalDevice() {
    QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);

    std::vector<VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo> queueCreateInfos;
    std::set<uint32_t> uniqueQueueFamilies = {indices.graphicsFamily.value(),
                                              indices.presentFamily.value()};

    float queuePriority = 1.0f;
    for (uint32_t queueFamily : uniqueQueueFamilies) {
      VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo queueCreateInfo{};
      queueCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INFO;
      queueCreateInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamily;
      queueCreateInfo.queueCount = 1;
      queueCreateInfo.pQueuePriorities = &queuePriority;
      queueCreateInfos.push_back(queueCreateInfo);
    }

    VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures deviceFeatures{};
    deviceFeatures.samplerAnisotropy = VK_TRUE;

    VkDeviceCreateInfo createInfo{};
    createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_CREATE_INFO;

    createInfo.queueCreateInfoCount =
        static_cast<uint32_t>(queueCreateInfos.size());
    createInfo.pQueueCreateInfos = queueCreateInfos.data();

    createInfo.pEnabledFeatures = &deviceFeatures;

    createInfo.enabledExtensionCount =
        static_cast<uint32_t>(deviceExtensions.size());
    createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = deviceExtensions.data();

    if (enableValidationLayers) {
      createInfo.enabledLayerCount =
          static_cast<uint32_t>(validationLayers.size());
      createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();
    } else {
      createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;
    }

    if (vkCreateDevice(physicalDevice, &createInfo, nullptr, &device) !=
        VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to create logical device!");
    }

    vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indices.graphicsFamily.value(), 0, &graphicsQueue);
    vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indices.presentFamily.value(), 0, &presentQueue);
  }

  void createSwapChain() {
    SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport =
        querySwapChainSupport(physicalDevice);

    VkSurfaceFormatKHR surfaceFormat =
        chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(swapChainSupport.formats);
    VkPresentModeKHR presentMode =
        chooseSwapPresentMode(swapChainSupport.presentModes);
    VkExtent2D extent = chooseSwapExtent(swapChainSupport.capabilities);

    uint32_t imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.minImageCount + 1;
    if (swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount > 0 &&
        imageCount > swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount) {
      imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount;
    }

    VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR createInfo{};
    createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SWAPCHAIN_CREATE_INFO_KHR;
    createInfo.surface = surface;

    createInfo.minImageCount = imageCount;
    createInfo.imageFormat = surfaceFormat.format;
    createInfo.imageColorSpace = surfaceFormat.colorSpace;
    createInfo.imageExtent = extent;
    createInfo.imageArrayLayers = 1;
    createInfo.imageUsage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT;

    QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);
    uint32_t queueFamilyIndices[] = {indices.graphicsFamily.value(),
                                     indices.presentFamily.value()};

    if (indices.graphicsFamily != indices.presentFamily) {
      createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_CONCURRENT;
      createInfo.queueFamilyIndexCount = 2;
      createInfo.pQueueFamilyIndices = queueFamilyIndices;
    } else {
      createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
    }

    createInfo.preTransform = swapChainSupport.capabilities.currentTransform;
    createInfo.compositeAlpha = VK_COMPOSITE_ALPHA_OPAQUE_BIT_KHR;
    createInfo.presentMode = presentMode;
    createInfo.clipped = VK_TRUE;

    if (vkCreateSwapchainKHR(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &swapChain) !=
        VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to create swap chain!");
    }

    vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount, nullptr);
    swapChainImages.resize(imageCount);
    vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount,
                            swapChainImages.data());

    swapChainImageFormat = surfaceFormat.format;
    swapChainExtent = extent;
  }

  void createImageViews() {
    swapChainImageViews.resize(swapChainImages.size());

    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < swapChainImages.size(); i++) {
      swapChainImageViews[i] = createImageView(
          swapChainImages[i], swapChainImageFormat, VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT);
    }
  }

  void createRenderPass() {
    VkAttachmentDescription colorAttachment{};
    colorAttachment.format = swapChainImageFormat;
    colorAttachment.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
    colorAttachment.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
    colorAttachment.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;
    colorAttachment.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
    colorAttachment.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
    colorAttachment.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
    colorAttachment.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR;

    VkAttachmentDescription depthAttachment{};
    depthAttachment.format = findDepthFormat();
    depthAttachment.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
    depthAttachment.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
    depthAttachment.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
    depthAttachment.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
    depthAttachment.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
    depthAttachment.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
    depthAttachment.finalLayout =
        VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

    VkAttachmentReference colorAttachmentRef{};
    colorAttachmentRef.attachment = 0;
    colorAttachmentRef.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

    VkAttachmentReference depthAttachmentRef{};
    depthAttachmentRef.attachment = 1;
    depthAttachmentRef.layout =
        VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

    VkSubpassDescription subpass{};
    subpass.pipelineBindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS;
    subpass.colorAttachmentCount = 1;
    subpass.pColorAttachments = &colorAttachmentRef;
    subpass.pDepthStencilAttachment = &depthAttachmentRef;

    VkSubpassDependency dependency{};
    dependency.srcSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL;
    dependency.dstSubpass = 0;
    dependency.srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT |
                              VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_LATE_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT;
    dependency.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
    dependency.dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT |
                              VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_EARLY_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT;
    dependency.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT |
                               VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;

    std::array<VkAttachmentDescription, 2> attachments = {colorAttachment,
                                                          depthAttachment};
    VkRenderPassCreateInfo renderPassInfo{};
    renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_CREATE_INFO;
    renderPassInfo.attachmentCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(attachments.size());
    renderPassInfo.pAttachments = attachments.data();
    renderPassInfo.subpassCount = 1;
    renderPassInfo.pSubpasses = &subpass;
    renderPassInfo.dependencyCount = 1;
    renderPassInfo.pDependencies = &dependency;

    if (vkCreateRenderPass(device, &renderPassInfo, nullptr, &renderPass) !=
        VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to create render pass!");
    }
  }

  void createDescriptorSetLayout() {
    VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding uboLayoutBinding{};
    uboLayoutBinding.binding = 0;
    uboLayoutBinding.descriptorCount = 1;
    uboLayoutBinding.descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER;
    uboLayoutBinding.pImmutableSamplers = nullptr;
    uboLayoutBinding.stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT;

    VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding samplerLayoutBinding{};
    samplerLayoutBinding.binding = 1;
    samplerLayoutBinding.descriptorCount = 1;
    samplerLayoutBinding.descriptorType =
        VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER;
    samplerLayoutBinding.pImmutableSamplers = nullptr;
    samplerLayoutBinding.stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT;

    std::array<VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding, 2> bindings = {
        uboLayoutBinding, samplerLayoutBinding};
    VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo layoutInfo{};
    layoutInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;
    layoutInfo.bindingCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(bindings.size());
    layoutInfo.pBindings = bindings.data();

    if (vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout(device, &layoutInfo, nullptr,
                                    &descriptorSetLayout) != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to create descriptor set layout!");
    }
  }

  void createGraphicsPipeline() {
    auto vertShaderCode = readFile("shaders/vert.spv");
    auto fragShaderCode = readFile("shaders/frag.spv");

    VkShaderModule vertShaderModule = createShaderModule(vertShaderCode);
    VkShaderModule fragShaderModule = createShaderModule(fragShaderCode);

    VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo vertShaderStageInfo{};
    vertShaderStageInfo.sType =
        VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO;
    vertShaderStageInfo.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT;
    vertShaderStageInfo.module = vertShaderModule;
    vertShaderStageInfo.pName = "main";

    VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo fragShaderStageInfo{};
    fragShaderStageInfo.sType =
        VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO;
    fragShaderStageInfo.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT;
    fragShaderStageInfo.module = fragShaderModule;
    fragShaderStageInfo.pName = "main";

    VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo shaderStages[] = {vertShaderStageInfo,
                                                      fragShaderStageInfo};

    VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo vertexInputInfo{};
    vertexInputInfo.sType =
        VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VERTEX_INPUT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;

    auto bindingDescription = Vertex::getBindingDescription();
    auto attributeDescriptions = Vertex::getAttributeDescriptions();

    vertexInputInfo.vertexBindingDescriptionCount = 1;
    vertexInputInfo.vertexAttributeDescriptionCount =
        static_cast<uint32_t>(attributeDescriptions.size());
    vertexInputInfo.pVertexBindingDescriptions = &bindingDescription;
    vertexInputInfo.pVertexAttributeDescriptions = attributeDescriptions.data();

    VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo inputAssembly{};
    inputAssembly.sType =
        VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_INPUT_ASSEMBLY_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
    inputAssembly.topology = VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_LIST;
    inputAssembly.primitiveRestartEnable = VK_FALSE;

    VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo viewportState{};
    viewportState.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VIEWPORT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
    viewportState.viewportCount = 1;
    viewportState.scissorCount = 1;

    VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rasterizer{};
    rasterizer.sType =
        VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_RASTERIZATION_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
    rasterizer.depthClampEnable = VK_FALSE;
    rasterizer.rasterizerDiscardEnable = VK_FALSE;
    rasterizer.polygonMode = VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL;
    rasterizer.lineWidth = 1.0f;
    rasterizer.cullMode = VK_CULL_MODE_BACK_BIT;
    rasterizer.frontFace = VK_FRONT_FACE_COUNTER_CLOCKWISE;
    rasterizer.depthBiasEnable = VK_FALSE;

    VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo multisampling{};
    multisampling.sType =
        VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_MULTISAMPLE_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
    multisampling.sampleShadingEnable = VK_FALSE;
    multisampling.rasterizationSamples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;

    VkPipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo depthStencil{};
    depthStencil.sType =
        VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_DEPTH_STENCIL_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
    depthStencil.depthTestEnable = VK_TRUE;
    depthStencil.depthWriteEnable = VK_TRUE;
    depthStencil.depthCompareOp = VK_COMPARE_OP_LESS;
    depthStencil.depthBoundsTestEnable = VK_FALSE;
    depthStencil.stencilTestEnable = VK_FALSE;

    VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState colorBlendAttachment{};
    colorBlendAttachment.colorWriteMask =
        VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_R_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_G_BIT |
        VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_B_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_A_BIT;
    colorBlendAttachment.blendEnable = VK_FALSE;

    VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo colorBlending{};
    colorBlending.sType =
        VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_COLOR_BLEND_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
    colorBlending.logicOpEnable = VK_FALSE;
    colorBlending.logicOp = VK_LOGIC_OP_COPY;
    colorBlending.attachmentCount = 1;
    colorBlending.pAttachments = &colorBlendAttachment;
    colorBlending.blendConstants[0] = 0.0f;
    colorBlending.blendConstants[1] = 0.0f;
    colorBlending.blendConstants[2] = 0.0f;
    colorBlending.blendConstants[3] = 0.0f;

    std::vector<VkDynamicState> dynamicStates = {VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_VIEWPORT,
                                                 VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_SCISSOR};
    VkPipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo dynamicState{};
    dynamicState.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_DYNAMIC_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
    dynamicState.dynamicStateCount =
        static_cast<uint32_t>(dynamicStates.size());
    dynamicState.pDynamicStates = dynamicStates.data();

    VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo pipelineLayoutInfo{};
    pipelineLayoutInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;
    pipelineLayoutInfo.setLayoutCount = 1;
    pipelineLayoutInfo.pSetLayouts = &descriptorSetLayout;

    if (vkCreatePipelineLayout(device, &pipelineLayoutInfo, nullptr,
                               &pipelineLayout) != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to create pipeline layout!");
    }

    VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo pipelineInfo{};
    pipelineInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_GRAPHICS_PIPELINE_CREATE_INFO;
    pipelineInfo.stageCount = 2;
    pipelineInfo.pStages = shaderStages;
    pipelineInfo.pVertexInputState = &vertexInputInfo;
    pipelineInfo.pInputAssemblyState = &inputAssembly;
    pipelineInfo.pViewportState = &viewportState;
    pipelineInfo.pRasterizationState = &rasterizer;
    pipelineInfo.pMultisampleState = &multisampling;
    pipelineInfo.pDepthStencilState = &depthStencil;
    pipelineInfo.pColorBlendState = &colorBlending;
    pipelineInfo.pDynamicState = &dynamicState;
    pipelineInfo.layout = pipelineLayout;
    pipelineInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
    pipelineInfo.subpass = 0;
    pipelineInfo.basePipelineHandle = VK_NULL_HANDLE;

    if (vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, VK_NULL_HANDLE, 1, &pipelineInfo,
                                  nullptr, &graphicsPipeline) != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to create graphics pipeline!");
    }

    vkDestroyShaderModule(device, fragShaderModule, nullptr);
    vkDestroyShaderModule(device, vertShaderModule, nullptr);
  }

  void createFramebuffers() {
    swapChainFramebuffers.resize(swapChainImageViews.size());

    for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImageViews.size(); i++) {
      std::array<VkImageView, 2> attachments = {swapChainImageViews[i],
                                                depthImageView};

      VkFramebufferCreateInfo framebufferInfo{};
      framebufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FRAMEBUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
      framebufferInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
      framebufferInfo.attachmentCount =
          static_cast<uint32_t>(attachments.size());
      framebufferInfo.pAttachments = attachments.data();
      framebufferInfo.width = swapChainExtent.width;
      framebufferInfo.height = swapChainExtent.height;
      framebufferInfo.layers = 1;

      if (vkCreateFramebuffer(device, &framebufferInfo, nullptr,
                              &swapChainFramebuffers[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
        throw std::runtime_error("failed to create framebuffer!");
      }
    }
  }

  void createCommandPool() {
    QueueFamilyIndices queueFamilyIndices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);

    VkCommandPoolCreateInfo poolInfo{};
    poolInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_INFO;
    poolInfo.flags = VK_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_RESET_COMMAND_BUFFER_BIT;
    poolInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamilyIndices.graphicsFamily.value();

    if (vkCreateCommandPool(device, &poolInfo, nullptr, &commandPool) !=
        VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to create graphics command pool!");
    }
  }

  void createDepthResources() {
    VkFormat depthFormat = findDepthFormat();

    createImage(
        swapChainExtent.width, swapChainExtent.height, depthFormat,
        VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL, VK_IMAGE_USAGE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT,
        VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, depthImage, depthImageMemory);
    depthImageView =
        createImageView(depthImage, depthFormat, VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_DEPTH_BIT);
  }

  VkFormat findSupportedFormat(const std::vector<VkFormat>& candidates,
                               VkImageTiling tiling,
                               VkFormatFeatureFlags features) {
    for (VkFormat format : candidates) {
      VkFormatProperties props;
      vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties(physicalDevice, format, &props);

      if (tiling == VK_IMAGE_TILING_LINEAR &&
          (props.linearTilingFeatures & features) == features) {
        return format;
      } else if (tiling == VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL &&
                 (props.optimalTilingFeatures & features) == features) {
        return format;
      }
    }

    throw std::runtime_error("failed to find supported format!");
  }

  VkFormat findDepthFormat() {
    return findSupportedFormat(
        {VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT, VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT_S8_UINT,
         VK_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT},
        VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL,
        VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT);
  }

  bool hasStencilComponent(VkFormat format) {
    return format == VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT_S8_UINT ||
           format == VK_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT;
  }

  void createTextureImage() {
    int texWidth, texHeight, texChannels;
    stbi_uc* pixels = stbi_load(TEXTURE_PATH.c_str(), &texWidth, &texHeight,
                                &texChannels, STBI_rgb_alpha);
    VkDeviceSize imageSize = texWidth * texHeight * 4;

    if (!pixels) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to load texture image!");
    }

    VkBuffer stagingBuffer;
    VkDeviceMemory stagingBufferMemory;
    createBuffer(imageSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT,
                 VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT |
                     VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT,
                 stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory);

    void* data;
    vkMapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, 0, imageSize, 0, &data);
    memcpy(data, pixels, static_cast<size_t>(imageSize));
    vkUnmapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory);

    stbi_image_free(pixels);

    createImage(
        texWidth, texHeight, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB, VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL,
        VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT,
        VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, textureImage, textureImageMemory);

    transitionImageLayout(textureImage, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB,
                          VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED,
                          VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL);
    copyBufferToImage(stagingBuffer, textureImage,
                      static_cast<uint32_t>(texWidth),
                      static_cast<uint32_t>(texHeight));
    transitionImageLayout(textureImage, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB,
                          VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,
                          VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL);

    vkDestroyBuffer(device, stagingBuffer, nullptr);
    vkFreeMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, nullptr);
  }

  void createTextureImageView() {
    textureImageView = createImageView(textureImage, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB,
                                       VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT);
  }

  void createTextureSampler() {
    VkPhysicalDeviceProperties properties{};
    vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties(physicalDevice, &properties);

    VkSamplerCreateInfo samplerInfo{};
    samplerInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SAMPLER_CREATE_INFO;
    samplerInfo.magFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
    samplerInfo.minFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
    samplerInfo.addressModeU = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
    samplerInfo.addressModeV = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
    samplerInfo.addressModeW = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
    samplerInfo.anisotropyEnable = VK_TRUE;
    samplerInfo.maxAnisotropy = properties.limits.maxSamplerAnisotropy;
    samplerInfo.borderColor = VK_BORDER_COLOR_INT_OPAQUE_BLACK;
    samplerInfo.unnormalizedCoordinates = VK_FALSE;
    samplerInfo.compareEnable = VK_FALSE;
    samplerInfo.compareOp = VK_COMPARE_OP_ALWAYS;
    samplerInfo.mipmapMode = VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_LINEAR;

    if (vkCreateSampler(device, &samplerInfo, nullptr, &textureSampler) !=
        VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to create texture sampler!");
    }
  }

  VkImageView createImageView(VkImage image, VkFormat format,
                              VkImageAspectFlags aspectFlags) {
    VkImageViewCreateInfo viewInfo{};
    viewInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO;
    viewInfo.image = image;
    viewInfo.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
    viewInfo.format = format;
    viewInfo.subresourceRange.aspectMask = aspectFlags;
    viewInfo.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
    viewInfo.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
    viewInfo.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
    viewInfo.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;

    VkImageView imageView;
    if (vkCreateImageView(device, &viewInfo, nullptr, &imageView) !=
        VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to create image view!");
    }

    return imageView;
  }

  void createImage(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, VkFormat format,
                   VkImageTiling tiling, VkImageUsageFlags usage,
                   VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties, VkImage& image,
                   VkDeviceMemory& imageMemory) {
    VkImageCreateInfo imageInfo{};
    imageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO;
    imageInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
    imageInfo.extent.width = width;
    imageInfo.extent.height = height;
    imageInfo.extent.depth = 1;
    imageInfo.mipLevels = 1;
    imageInfo.arrayLayers = 1;
    imageInfo.format = format;
    imageInfo.tiling = tiling;
    imageInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
    imageInfo.usage = usage;
    imageInfo.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
    imageInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;

    if (vkCreateImage(device, &imageInfo, nullptr, &image) != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to create image!");
    }

    VkMemoryRequirements memRequirements;
    vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(device, image, &memRequirements);

    VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo{};
    allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO;
    allocInfo.allocationSize = memRequirements.size;
    allocInfo.memoryTypeIndex =
        findMemoryType(memRequirements.memoryTypeBits, properties);

    if (vkAllocateMemory(device, &allocInfo, nullptr, &imageMemory) !=
        VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate image memory!");
    }

    vkBindImageMemory(device, image, imageMemory, 0);
  }

  void transitionImageLayout(VkImage image, VkFormat format,
                             VkImageLayout oldLayout, VkImageLayout newLayout) {
    VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands();

    VkImageMemoryBarrier barrier{};
    barrier.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER;
    barrier.oldLayout = oldLayout;
    barrier.newLayout = newLayout;
    barrier.srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
    barrier.dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
    barrier.image = image;
    barrier.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
    barrier.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
    barrier.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
    barrier.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
    barrier.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;

    VkPipelineStageFlags sourceStage;
    VkPipelineStageFlags destinationStage;

    if (oldLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED &&
        newLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL) {
      barrier.srcAccessMask = 0;
      barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;

      sourceStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT;
      destinationStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT;
    } else if (oldLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL &&
               newLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL) {
      barrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
      barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;

      sourceStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT;
      destinationStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT;
    } else {
      throw std::invalid_argument("unsupported layout transition!");
    }

    vkCmdPipelineBarrier(commandBuffer, sourceStage, destinationStage, 0, 0,
                         nullptr, 0, nullptr, 1, &barrier);

    endSingleTimeCommands(commandBuffer);
  }

  void copyBufferToImage(VkBuffer buffer, VkImage image, uint32_t width,
                         uint32_t height) {
    VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands();

    VkBufferImageCopy region{};
    region.bufferOffset = 0;
    region.bufferRowLength = 0;
    region.bufferImageHeight = 0;
    region.imageSubresource.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
    region.imageSubresource.mipLevel = 0;
    region.imageSubresource.baseArrayLayer = 0;
    region.imageSubresource.layerCount = 1;
    region.imageOffset = {0, 0, 0};
    region.imageExtent = {width, height, 1};

    vkCmdCopyBufferToImage(commandBuffer, buffer, image,
                           VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL, 1, &region);

    endSingleTimeCommands(commandBuffer);
  }

  void loadModel() {
    tinyobj::attrib_t attrib;
    std::vector<tinyobj::shape_t> shapes;
    std::vector<tinyobj::material_t> materials;
    std::string warn, err;

    if (!tinyobj::LoadObj(&attrib, &shapes, &materials, &warn, &err,
                          MODEL_PATH.c_str())) {
      throw std::runtime_error(warn + err);
    }

    std::unordered_map<Vertex, uint32_t> uniqueVertices{};

    for (const auto& shape : shapes) {
      for (const auto& index : shape.mesh.indices) {
        Vertex vertex{};

        vertex.pos = {attrib.vertices[3 * index.vertex_index + 0],
                      attrib.vertices[3 * index.vertex_index + 1],
                      attrib.vertices[3 * index.vertex_index + 2]};

        vertex.texCoord = {
            attrib.texcoords[2 * index.texcoord_index + 0],
            1.0f - attrib.texcoords[2 * index.texcoord_index + 1]};

        vertex.color = {1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f};

        if (uniqueVertices.count(vertex) == 0) {
          uniqueVertices[vertex] = static_cast<uint32_t>(vertices.size());
          vertices.push_back(vertex);
        }

        indices.push_back(uniqueVertices[vertex]);
      }
    }
  }

  void createVertexBuffer() {
    VkDeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(vertices[0]) * vertices.size();

    VkBuffer stagingBuffer;
    VkDeviceMemory stagingBufferMemory;
    createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT,
                 VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT |
                     VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT,
                 stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory);

    void* data;
    vkMapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, 0, bufferSize, 0, &data);
    memcpy(data, vertices.data(), (size_t)bufferSize);
    vkUnmapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory);

    createBuffer(
        bufferSize,
        VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT,
        VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, vertexBuffer, vertexBufferMemory);

    copyBuffer(stagingBuffer, vertexBuffer, bufferSize);

    vkDestroyBuffer(device, stagingBuffer, nullptr);
    vkFreeMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, nullptr);
  }

  void createIndexBuffer() {
    VkDeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(indices[0]) * indices.size();

    VkBuffer stagingBuffer;
    VkDeviceMemory stagingBufferMemory;
    createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT,
                 VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT |
                     VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT,
                 stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory);

    void* data;
    vkMapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, 0, bufferSize, 0, &data);
    memcpy(data, indices.data(), (size_t)bufferSize);
    vkUnmapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory);

    createBuffer(
        bufferSize,
        VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX_BUFFER_BIT,
        VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, indexBuffer, indexBufferMemory);

    copyBuffer(stagingBuffer, indexBuffer, bufferSize);

    vkDestroyBuffer(device, stagingBuffer, nullptr);
    vkFreeMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, nullptr);
  }

  void createUniformBuffers() {
    VkDeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(UniformBufferObject);

    uniformBuffers.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
    uniformBuffersMemory.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
    uniformBuffersMapped.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);

    for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
      createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT,
                   VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT |
                       VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT,
                   uniformBuffers[i], uniformBuffersMemory[i]);

      vkMapMemory(device, uniformBuffersMemory[i], 0, bufferSize, 0,
                  &uniformBuffersMapped[i]);
    }
  }

  void createDescriptorPool() {
    std::array<VkDescriptorPoolSize, 2> poolSizes{};
    poolSizes[0].type = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER;
    poolSizes[0].descriptorCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
    poolSizes[1].type = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER;
    poolSizes[1].descriptorCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);

    VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo poolInfo{};
    poolInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_POOL_CREATE_INFO;
    poolInfo.poolSizeCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(poolSizes.size());
    poolInfo.pPoolSizes = poolSizes.data();
    poolInfo.maxSets = static_cast<uint32_t>(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);

    if (vkCreateDescriptorPool(device, &poolInfo, nullptr, &descriptorPool) !=
        VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to create descriptor pool!");
    }
  }

  void createDescriptorSets() {
    std::vector<VkDescriptorSetLayout> layouts(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT,
                                               descriptorSetLayout);
    VkDescriptorSetAllocateInfo allocInfo{};
    allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_ALLOCATE_INFO;
    allocInfo.descriptorPool = descriptorPool;
    allocInfo.descriptorSetCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
    allocInfo.pSetLayouts = layouts.data();

    descriptorSets.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
    if (vkAllocateDescriptorSets(device, &allocInfo, descriptorSets.data()) !=
        VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate descriptor sets!");
    }

    for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
      VkDescriptorBufferInfo bufferInfo{};
      bufferInfo.buffer = uniformBuffers[i];
      bufferInfo.offset = 0;
      bufferInfo.range = sizeof(UniformBufferObject);

      VkDescriptorImageInfo imageInfo{};
      imageInfo.imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;
      imageInfo.imageView = textureImageView;
      imageInfo.sampler = textureSampler;

      std::array<VkWriteDescriptorSet, 2> descriptorWrites{};

      descriptorWrites[0].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET;
      descriptorWrites[0].dstSet = descriptorSets[i];
      descriptorWrites[0].dstBinding = 0;
      descriptorWrites[0].dstArrayElement = 0;
      descriptorWrites[0].descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER;
      descriptorWrites[0].descriptorCount = 1;
      descriptorWrites[0].pBufferInfo = &bufferInfo;

      descriptorWrites[1].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET;
      descriptorWrites[1].dstSet = descriptorSets[i];
      descriptorWrites[1].dstBinding = 1;
      descriptorWrites[1].dstArrayElement = 0;
      descriptorWrites[1].descriptorType =
          VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER;
      descriptorWrites[1].descriptorCount = 1;
      descriptorWrites[1].pImageInfo = &imageInfo;

      vkUpdateDescriptorSets(device,
                             static_cast<uint32_t>(descriptorWrites.size()),
                             descriptorWrites.data(), 0, nullptr);
    }
  }

  void createBuffer(VkDeviceSize size, VkBufferUsageFlags usage,
                    VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties, VkBuffer& buffer,
                    VkDeviceMemory& bufferMemory) {
    VkBufferCreateInfo bufferInfo{};
    bufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
    bufferInfo.size = size;
    bufferInfo.usage = usage;
    bufferInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;

    if (vkCreateBuffer(device, &bufferInfo, nullptr, &buffer) != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to create buffer!");
    }

    VkMemoryRequirements memRequirements;
    vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(device, buffer, &memRequirements);

    VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo{};
    allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO;
    allocInfo.allocationSize = memRequirements.size;
    allocInfo.memoryTypeIndex =
        findMemoryType(memRequirements.memoryTypeBits, properties);

    if (vkAllocateMemory(device, &allocInfo, nullptr, &bufferMemory) !=
        VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate buffer memory!");
    }

    vkBindBufferMemory(device, buffer, bufferMemory, 0);
  }

  VkCommandBuffer beginSingleTimeCommands() {
    VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo{};
    allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
    allocInfo.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
    allocInfo.commandPool = commandPool;
    allocInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;

    VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer;
    vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &allocInfo, &commandBuffer);

    VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo{};
    beginInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;
    beginInfo.flags = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_ONE_TIME_SUBMIT_BIT;

    vkBeginCommandBuffer(commandBuffer, &beginInfo);

    return commandBuffer;
  }

  void endSingleTimeCommands(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer) {
    vkEndCommandBuffer(commandBuffer);

    VkSubmitInfo submitInfo{};
    submitInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;
    submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
    submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &commandBuffer;

    vkQueueSubmit(graphicsQueue, 1, &submitInfo, VK_NULL_HANDLE);
    vkQueueWaitIdle(graphicsQueue);

    vkFreeCommandBuffers(device, commandPool, 1, &commandBuffer);
  }

  void copyBuffer(VkBuffer srcBuffer, VkBuffer dstBuffer, VkDeviceSize size) {
    VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands();

    VkBufferCopy copyRegion{};
    copyRegion.size = size;
    vkCmdCopyBuffer(commandBuffer, srcBuffer, dstBuffer, 1, &copyRegion);

    endSingleTimeCommands(commandBuffer);
  }

  uint32_t findMemoryType(uint32_t typeFilter,
                          VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties) {
    VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties memProperties;
    vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties(physicalDevice, &memProperties);

    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < memProperties.memoryTypeCount; i++) {
      if ((typeFilter & (1 << i)) &&
          (memProperties.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags & properties) ==
              properties) {
        return i;
      }
    }

    throw std::runtime_error("failed to find suitable memory type!");
  }

  void createCommandBuffers() {
    commandBuffers.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);

    VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo{};
    allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
    allocInfo.commandPool = commandPool;
    allocInfo.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
    allocInfo.commandBufferCount = (uint32_t)commandBuffers.size();

    if (vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &allocInfo, commandBuffers.data()) !=
        VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate command buffers!");
    }
  }

  void recordCommandBuffer(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, uint32_t imageIndex) {
    VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo{};
    beginInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;

    if (vkBeginCommandBuffer(commandBuffer, &beginInfo) != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to begin recording command buffer!");
    }

    VkRenderPassBeginInfo renderPassInfo{};
    renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_BEGIN_INFO;
    renderPassInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
    renderPassInfo.framebuffer = swapChainFramebuffers[imageIndex];
    renderPassInfo.renderArea.offset = {0, 0};
    renderPassInfo.renderArea.extent = swapChainExtent;

    std::array<VkClearValue, 2> clearValues{};
    clearValues[0].color = {{0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}};
    clearValues[1].depthStencil = {1.0f, 0};

    renderPassInfo.clearValueCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(clearValues.size());
    renderPassInfo.pClearValues = clearValues.data();

    vkCmdBeginRenderPass(commandBuffer, &renderPassInfo,
                         VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);

    vkCmdBindPipeline(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS,
                      graphicsPipeline);

    VkViewport viewport{};
    viewport.x = 0.0f;
    viewport.y = 0.0f;
    viewport.width = (float)swapChainExtent.width;
    viewport.height = (float)swapChainExtent.height;
    viewport.minDepth = 0.0f;
    viewport.maxDepth = 1.0f;
    vkCmdSetViewport(commandBuffer, 0, 1, &viewport);

    VkRect2D scissor{};
    scissor.offset = {0, 0};
    scissor.extent = swapChainExtent;
    vkCmdSetScissor(commandBuffer, 0, 1, &scissor);

    VkBuffer vertexBuffers[] = {vertexBuffer};
    VkDeviceSize offsets[] = {0};
    vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(commandBuffer, 0, 1, vertexBuffers, offsets);

    vkCmdBindIndexBuffer(commandBuffer, indexBuffer, 0, VK_INDEX_TYPE_UINT32);

    vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS,
                            pipelineLayout, 0, 1, &descriptorSets[currentFrame],
                            0, nullptr);

    vkCmdDrawIndexed(commandBuffer, static_cast<uint32_t>(indices.size()), 1, 0,
                     0, 0);

    vkCmdEndRenderPass(commandBuffer);

    if (vkEndCommandBuffer(commandBuffer) != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to record command buffer!");
    }
  }

  void createSyncObjects() {
    imageAvailableSemaphores.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
    renderFinishedSemaphores.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
    inFlightFences.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);

    VkSemaphoreCreateInfo semaphoreInfo{};
    semaphoreInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO;

    VkFenceCreateInfo fenceInfo{};
    fenceInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FENCE_CREATE_INFO;
    fenceInfo.flags = VK_FENCE_CREATE_SIGNALED_BIT;

    for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
      if (vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr,
                            &imageAvailableSemaphores[i]) != VK_SUCCESS ||
          vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr,
                            &renderFinishedSemaphores[i]) != VK_SUCCESS ||
          vkCreateFence(device, &fenceInfo, nullptr, &inFlightFences[i]) !=
              VK_SUCCESS) {
        throw std::runtime_error(
            "failed to create synchronization objects for a frame!");
      }
    }
  }

  void updateUniformBuffer(uint32_t currentImage) {
    static auto startTime = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();

    auto currentTime = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
    float time = std::chrono::duration<float, std::chrono::seconds::period>(
                     currentTime - startTime)
                     .count();

    UniformBufferObject ubo{};
    ubo.model = glm::rotate(glm::mat4(1.0f), time * glm::radians(90.0f),
                            glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
    ubo.view =
        glm::lookAt(glm::vec3(2.0f, 2.0f, 2.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f),
                    glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
    ubo.proj = glm::perspective(
        glm::radians(45.0f),
        swapChainExtent.width / (float)swapChainExtent.height, 0.1f, 10.0f);
    ubo.proj[1][1] *= -1;

    memcpy(uniformBuffersMapped[currentImage], &ubo, sizeof(ubo));
  }

  void drawFrame() {
    vkWaitForFences(device, 1, &inFlightFences[currentFrame], VK_TRUE,
                    UINT64_MAX);

    uint32_t imageIndex;
    VkResult result = vkAcquireNextImageKHR(
        device, swapChain, UINT64_MAX, imageAvailableSemaphores[currentFrame],
        VK_NULL_HANDLE, &imageIndex);

    if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR) {
      recreateSwapChain();
      return;
    } else if (result != VK_SUCCESS && result != VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to acquire swap chain image!");
    }

    updateUniformBuffer(currentFrame);

    vkResetFences(device, 1, &inFlightFences[currentFrame]);

    vkResetCommandBuffer(commandBuffers[currentFrame],
                         /*VkCommandBufferResetFlagBits*/ 0);
    recordCommandBuffer(commandBuffers[currentFrame], imageIndex);

    VkSubmitInfo submitInfo{};
    submitInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;

    VkSemaphore waitSemaphores[] = {imageAvailableSemaphores[currentFrame]};
    VkPipelineStageFlags waitStages[] = {
        VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT};
    submitInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
    submitInfo.pWaitSemaphores = waitSemaphores;
    submitInfo.pWaitDstStageMask = waitStages;

    submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
    submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &commandBuffers[currentFrame];

    VkSemaphore signalSemaphores[] = {renderFinishedSemaphores[currentFrame]};
    submitInfo.signalSemaphoreCount = 1;
    submitInfo.pSignalSemaphores = signalSemaphores;

    if (vkQueueSubmit(graphicsQueue, 1, &submitInfo,
                      inFlightFences[currentFrame]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to submit draw command buffer!");
    }

    VkPresentInfoKHR presentInfo{};
    presentInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PRESENT_INFO_KHR;

    presentInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
    presentInfo.pWaitSemaphores = signalSemaphores;

    VkSwapchainKHR swapChains[] = {swapChain};
    presentInfo.swapchainCount = 1;
    presentInfo.pSwapchains = swapChains;

    presentInfo.pImageIndices = &imageIndex;

    result = vkQueuePresentKHR(presentQueue, &presentInfo);

    if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR || result == VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR ||
        framebufferResized) {
      framebufferResized = false;
      recreateSwapChain();
    } else if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to present swap chain image!");
    }

    currentFrame = (currentFrame + 1) % MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT;
  }

  VkShaderModule createShaderModule(const std::vector<char>& code) {
    VkShaderModuleCreateInfo createInfo{};
    createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SHADER_MODULE_CREATE_INFO;
    createInfo.codeSize = code.size();
    createInfo.pCode = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(code.data());

    VkShaderModule shaderModule;
    if (vkCreateShaderModule(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &shaderModule) !=
        VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to create shader module!");
    }

    return shaderModule;
  }

  VkSurfaceFormatKHR chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(
      const std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR>& availableFormats) {
    for (const auto& availableFormat : availableFormats) {
      if (availableFormat.format == VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_SRGB &&
          availableFormat.colorSpace == VK_COLOR_SPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR) {
        return availableFormat;
      }
    }

    return availableFormats[0];
  }

  VkPresentModeKHR chooseSwapPresentMode(
      const std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR>& availablePresentModes) {
    for (const auto& availablePresentMode : availablePresentModes) {
      if (availablePresentMode == VK_PRESENT_MODE_MAILBOX_KHR) {
        return availablePresentMode;
      }
    }

    return VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR;
  }

  VkExtent2D chooseSwapExtent(const VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR& capabilities) {
    if (capabilities.currentExtent.width !=
        std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()) {
      return capabilities.currentExtent;
    } else {
      int width, height;
      glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);

      VkExtent2D actualExtent = {static_cast<uint32_t>(width),
                                 static_cast<uint32_t>(height)};

      actualExtent.width =
          std::clamp(actualExtent.width, capabilities.minImageExtent.width,
                     capabilities.maxImageExtent.width);
      actualExtent.height =
          std::clamp(actualExtent.height, capabilities.minImageExtent.height,
                     capabilities.maxImageExtent.height);

      return actualExtent;
    }
  }

  SwapChainSupportDetails querySwapChainSupport(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
    SwapChainSupportDetails details;

    vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(device, surface,
                                              &details.capabilities);

    uint32_t formatCount;
    vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(device, surface, &formatCount,
                                         nullptr);

    if (formatCount != 0) {
      details.formats.resize(formatCount);
      vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(device, surface, &formatCount,
                                           details.formats.data());
    }

    uint32_t presentModeCount;
    vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(device, surface,
                                              &presentModeCount, nullptr);

    if (presentModeCount != 0) {
      details.presentModes.resize(presentModeCount);
      vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(
          device, surface, &presentModeCount, details.presentModes.data());
    }

    return details;
  }

  bool isDeviceSuitable(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
    QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(device);

    bool extensionsSupported = checkDeviceExtensionSupport(device);

    bool swapChainAdequate = false;
    if (extensionsSupported) {
      SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport = querySwapChainSupport(device);
      swapChainAdequate = !swapChainSupport.formats.empty() &&
                          !swapChainSupport.presentModes.empty();
    }

    VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures supportedFeatures;
    vkGetPhysicalDeviceFeatures(device, &supportedFeatures);

    return indices.isComplete() && extensionsSupported && swapChainAdequate &&
           supportedFeatures.samplerAnisotropy;
  }

  bool checkDeviceExtensionSupport(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
    uint32_t extensionCount;
    vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, nullptr, &extensionCount,
                                         nullptr);

    std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> availableExtensions(extensionCount);
    vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, nullptr, &extensionCount,
                                         availableExtensions.data());

    std::set<std::string> requiredExtensions(deviceExtensions.begin(),
                                             deviceExtensions.end());

    for (const auto& extension : availableExtensions) {
      requiredExtensions.erase(extension.extensionName);
    }

    return requiredExtensions.empty();
  }

  QueueFamilyIndices findQueueFamilies(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
    QueueFamilyIndices indices;

    uint32_t queueFamilyCount = 0;
    vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &queueFamilyCount,
                                             nullptr);

    std::vector<VkQueueFamilyProperties> queueFamilies(queueFamilyCount);
    vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &queueFamilyCount,
                                             queueFamilies.data());

    int i = 0;
    for (const auto& queueFamily : queueFamilies) {
      if (queueFamily.queueFlags & VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT) {
        indices.graphicsFamily = i;
      }

      VkBool32 presentSupport = false;
      vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR(device, i, surface, &presentSupport);

      if (presentSupport) {
        indices.presentFamily = i;
      }

      if (indices.isComplete()) {
        break;
      }

      i++;
    }

    return indices;
  }

  std::vector<const char*> getRequiredExtensions() {
    uint32_t glfwExtensionCount = 0;
    const char** glfwExtensions;
    glfwExtensions = glfwGetRequiredInstanceExtensions(&glfwExtensionCount);

    std::vector<const char*> extensions(glfwExtensions,
                                        glfwExtensions + glfwExtensionCount);

    if (enableValidationLayers) {
      extensions.push_back(VK_EXT_DEBUG_UTILS_EXTENSION_NAME);
    }

    return extensions;
  }

  bool checkValidationLayerSupport() {
    uint32_t layerCount;
    vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layerCount, nullptr);

    std::vector<VkLayerProperties> availableLayers(layerCount);
    vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layerCount, availableLayers.data());

    for (const char* layerName : validationLayers) {
      bool layerFound = false;

      for (const auto& layerProperties : availableLayers) {
        if (strcmp(layerName, layerProperties.layerName) == 0) {
          layerFound = true;
          break;
        }
      }

      if (!layerFound) {
        return false;
      }
    }

    return true;
  }

  static std::vector<char> readFile(const std::string& filename) {
    std::ifstream file(filename, std::ios::ate | std::ios::binary);

    if (!file.is_open()) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to open file!");
    }

    size_t fileSize = (size_t)file.tellg();
    std::vector<char> buffer(fileSize);

    file.seekg(0);
    file.read(buffer.data(), fileSize);

    file.close();

    return buffer;
  }

  static VKAPI_ATTR VkBool32 VKAPI_CALL
  debugCallback(VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT messageSeverity,
                VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT messageType,
                const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT* pCallbackData,
                void* pUserData) {
    std::cerr << "validation layer: " << pCallbackData->pMessage << std::endl;

    return VK_FALSE;
  }
};

int main() {
  HelloTriangleApplication app;

  try {
    app.run();
  } catch (const std::exception& e) {
    std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
    return EXIT_FAILURE;
  }

  return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}