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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>NewtonScript</title>
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<h1>NewtonScript</h1>
<p><em>NewtonScript</em> is an object-oriented programming language developed by <a href="http://waltersmith.us/">Walter Smith</a> for <a href="http://www.apple.com/">Apple</a> for the Newton OS running on their MessagePad & eMate hardware. It borrows concepts from the Smalltalk, LISP, and Self programming languages with special consideration for a low memory footprint (esp. differential inheritance). In 2003 a NewtonScript interpreter, <a href="#newt0">NEWT/0</a> was developed by Makoto Nukui allowing for its use on other platforms.</p>
<p>For assistance with programming in the NewtonScript language beyond the documentation provided here, it is suggested that you join the <a href="http://newtonscript-lang.slack.com/">newtonscript-lang.slack.com</a> Slack team (<a href="https://join.slack.com/t/newtonscript-lang/shared_invite/zt-f9oph15v-kNRi~jchTvRM9CLnz1eyfA">get an invite</a>), join the <a href="irc://irc.libera.chat/newtonscript">#newtonscript channel on irc.libera.chat</a>, tag a question with the <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/newtonscript">'newtonscript' tag on stackoverflow.com</a>, or post to the <a href="http://newtontalk.net/">NewtonTalk mailing list</a>.</p>
<!-- BEGIN TABLE OF CONTENTS -->
<h2 id="contents">Table of Contents</h2>
<dl>
<dt><a href="#tools">Development Tools</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#docs">Documentation</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#libs">Libraries</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#samples">Sample Code</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#read">Further Reading</a></dt>
</dl>
<!-- BEGIN DEVELOPMENT TOOLS -->
<h2 id="tools">Development Tools</h2>
<dl>
<dt id="dashboard"><a href="http://www.fivespeedsoftware.com/dashboard/">Dashboard</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>An alternate button bar, hierarchical menu, and scripting system (using NewtonScript) for Newton OS. Source available on <a href="https://github.com/masonmark/Dash-Board-for-Newton-OS">GitHub</a>.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://www.fivespeedsoftware.com/">Five Speed Software</a></li>
<li>Platform: Newton OS 2.1</li>
<li>License: Open Source</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt id="dynetk"><a href="https://github.com/matthiaswm/dynee5">DyneTK</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>A cross-platform IDE for Newton OS software development. Built on <a href="#newt0">NEWT/0</a>.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://www.matthiasm.com/">Matthias Melcher</a></li>
<li>Platform: Linux, Mac OS X, Windows</li>
<li>License: Open Source</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt id="einstein"><a href="https://github.com/pguyot/einstein">Einstein</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>A Newton OS 2.1 emulator. It includes a “Relativity” feature that allows NewtonScript to call native methods from the parent OS from within the Newton OS.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://www.kallisys.com/">Paul Guyot</a></li>
<li>Platform: Mac OS X, Linux, Windows, iOS, Android, ARM-Linux</li>
<li>License: Open Source</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt id="minspector"><a href="http://www.fivespeedsoftware.com/minspector/">Minspector</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>A Newton OS Newton debugging tool modeled after the <a href="#ntk">Newton Toolkit Inspector</a>.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://www.fivespeedsoftware.com/">Five Speed Software</a></li>
<li>Platform: Newton OS 2.1</li>
<li>License: Freeware</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt id="newt0"><a href="http://gnue.github.io/NEWT0/">NEWT/0</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>A multi-platform NewtonScript interpreter. <a href="http://www.matthiasm.com/">Matthias Melcher</a> has also created a <a href="https://github.com/MatthiasWM/NEWT0">modified version of NEWT/0</a> that compiles on 64-bit architectures.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://so-kukan.com/gnue/">Makoto Nukui</a></li>
<li>Platform: Mac OS X, Linux, FreeBSD, Windows, BeOS</li>
<li>License: Open Source</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt id="newtvim"><a href="http://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=4589">newt.vim</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>A cross-platform <a href="http://www.vim.org/">Vim</a> syntax highlighter for the NewtonScript language.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: Layána Ǩaynolj Konóvo</li>
<li>Platform: Vim</li>
<li>License: Unknown</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt id="newtdevenv"><a href="http://communicrossings.com/html/newton/newtdev.htm">NewtDevEnv</a> (Newt)</dt>
<dd>
<p>An environment for developing applications using NewtonScript and creating packages natively on a Newton OS device.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://communicrossings.com/">Steve Weyer</a></li>
<li>Platform: Newton OS</li>
<li>License: Shareware</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt id="newtondatabrowser"><a href="http://www.tempel.org/newton/#DILplugin">Newton Data Browser</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>A application which can send NewtonScript commands and functions to a Newton device and then retrieve the results using a desktop or laptop computer.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://www.tempel.org/">Thomas Tempelmann</a></li>
<li>Platform: Mac OS (PPC Only), Windows</li>
<li>License: Freeware</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt id="newtonscript-xclangspec"><a href="https://github.com/newtonresearch/newtonscript-xclangspec">NewtonScript Xcode Language Specification</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>An <a href="https://developer.apple.com/xcode/">Xcode</a> language specicification (syntax highlighter) for the NewtonScript language.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://www.newtonresearch.org/">Simon Bell</a></li>
<li>Platform: Mac OS X</li>
<li>License: Open Source</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt id="newtonscriptmode"><a href="https://github.com/morgant/NewtonScriptMode">NewtonScript Mode</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>A <a href="http://codingmonkeys.de/subethaedit/">SubEthaEdit</a> and <a href="http://panic.com/coda/">Coda</a> Mode (syntax highlighter) for the NewtonScript language.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://www.makkintosshu.com/">Morgan Aldridge</a></li>
<li>Platform: Mac OS X</li>
<li>License: Open Source</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt id="newtonscriptclm"><a href="https://github.com/newtonresearch/newtonscript-clm">NewtonScript Codeless Language Module</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>A <a href="http://www.barebones.com/products/bbedit/">BBEdit</a> and <a href="http://www.barebones.com/products/textwrangler/">TextWrangler</a> Codeless Language Module (syntax highlighter) for the NewtonScript language.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://www.newtonresearch.org/">Simon Bell</a></li>
<li>Platform: Mac OS X</li>
<li>License: Open Source</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt id="NewtonInspector"><a href="https://github.com/jake-b/NewtonInspector">Newton Inspector</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>A native implementation of the NTK Inspector window for Mac OS X.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://www.allaboutjake.com/">Jake Bordens</a></li>
<li>Platform: Mac OS X</li>
<li>License: Open Source</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt id="npds"><a href="http://npds.free.fr">Newton Personal Data Sharing</a> (NPDS)</dt>
<dd>
<p>A web server for Newton OS which can be scripted to generate dynamic content using NewtonScript.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://www.kallisys.com/">Paul Guyot</a>, <a href="http://www.chuma.org/">Victor Rehorst</a>, <a href="https://tow.com/">Adam Tow</a>, <a href="http://chromatin.cshl.edu/vaughn/">Matt Vaughn</a></li>
<li>Platform: Newton OS 2.x</li>
<li>License: Open Source</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt id="ntk"><a href="http://www.unna.org/view.php?/apple/development/NTK">Newton Toolkit</a> (NTK)</dt>
<dd>
<p>Apple’s original IDE for Newton OS software development.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://www.apple.com/">Apple</a></li>
<li>Platform: Mac OS, Windows</li>
<li>License: Freeware</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt id="ntx"><a href="http://newtonresearch.org/toolkit/">Newton Toolkit for Mac OS X</a> (NTX)</dt>
<dd>
<p>A modern replacement for Apple’s original Newton Toolkit.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://www.newtonresearch.org/">Simon Bell</a></li>
<li>Platform: Mac OS X</li>
<li>License: Open Source</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt id="ntkbhb"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980611220305/http://www.lunatech.com/research/newton/ntk/">Newton Toolkit Bracket Highlighting & Balancing</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>This bit of code adds visual bracket matching, highlighting, and balancing functionality to the Newton Toolkit editor.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://www.linkedin.com/in/peterkaas/">Peter Kaas</a></li>
<li>Platform: Mac OS, Windows</li>
<li>License: Freeware</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt id="nsm"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190415082717/http://matejhorvat.si/en/software/nsm/">NSM</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>A portable NewtonScript bytecode virtual machine.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://matejhorvat.si/en/">Matej Horvat</a></li>
<li>Platform: DOS, Haiku, Mac OS X, OS/2, Windows</li>
<li>License: Freeware</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt id="prota"><a href="https://github.com/wrs/prota">Prota</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>An implementation of NewtonScript written in C++.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="https://github.com/wrs">Walter Smith</a></li>
<li>Platform: Linux, Mac OS X</li>
<li>License: Open Source</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt id="ROMSoup"><a href="https://github.com/pablomarx/ROM-Soup">ROM Soup</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>A utility for exploring the Soup contained within Newton ROM images. It can preview code, strings, pictures, sounds, and more.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="https://github.com/pablomarx/">Steve White</a></li>
<li>Platform: Mac OS X</li>
<li>License: Open Source</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt id="tntk"><a href="https://github.com/ekoeppen/tntk">tntk</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>A command line NewtonScript compiler and packager. Built on <a href="#newt0">NEWT/0</a>.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://40hz.org/Pages/40Hz">Eckhart Köppen</a></li>
<li>Platform: Linux, Mac OS X</li>
<li>License: Open Source</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt id="viewframe"><a href="http://nixietube.info/">ViewFrame</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>A live NewtonScript object browser, editor, and debugging tool.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://nixietube.info/">Jason Harper</a></li>
<li>Platform: Newton OS, Windows</li>
<li>License: Freeware</li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
<!-- END DEVELOPMENT TOOLS -->
<!-- BEGIN LIBRARIES -->
<h2 id="libs">Libraries</h2>
<dl>
<dt id="macintalk"><a href="http://www.unna.org/view.php?/apple/software/TextToSpeech">MacInTalk</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Apple's official MacInTalk Text-to-Speech extension for Newton OS.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://www.apple.com/">Apple Computer, Inc.</a></li>
<li>Platform: Newton OS</li>
<li>License: Freeware</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt id="mbedtls"><a href="https://github.com/pguyot/mbedtls-NewtonOS">mbed TLS</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>A port of the <a href="https://tls.mbed.org/">mbed TLS</a> SSL/TLS library to NewtonOS, allowing for secure network communications.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://www.kallisys.com/">Paul Guyot</a></li>
<li>Platform: Newton OS</li>
<li>License: Open Source</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt id="messaging_enabler"><a href="http://www.unna.org/view.php?/apple/software/NewtonMessagingEnabler1.2">Newton Messaging Enabler</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Apple's Messaging Enabler "Provide[s] high-level support for a wide variety of messaging devices. Messaging devices are both one-way and two-way pagers, or more generally, any device that can receive (and maybe send) short, usually less than 5 KB, wireless messages."</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://www.apple.com/">Apple Computer, Inc.</a></li>
<li>Platform: Newton OS</li>
<li>License: Freeware</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt id="nhttplib"><a href="http://40hz.org/Pages/NHttpLib">NHttpLib</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>An HTTP library for Newton OS. Source available on <a href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/n40hz/files/NHttpLib/">SourceForge</a>.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://40hz.org/Pages/40Hz">Eckhart Köppen</a></li>
<li>Platform: Newton OS 2.x</li>
<li>License: Open Source</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt id="nsunit"><a href="https://github.com/morgant/NSUnit">NSUnit</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>A simple xUnit unit testing framework for the NewtonScript language (currently supporting <a href="#newt0">NEWT/0</a>) by Morgan Aldridge.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://www.makkintosshu.com/">Morgan Aldridge</a></li>
<li>Platform: <a href="#newt0">NEWT/0</a></li>
<li>License: Open Source</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt id="ntox"><a href="http://40hz.org/Pages/ntox">ntox</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>A port of the <a href="http://40hz.org/tox/">tox</a> XML/HTML tokenizer.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://40hz.org/Pages/40Hz">Eckhart Köppen</a></li>
<li>Platform: Newton OS</li>
<li>License: Open Source</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt id="zlib"><a href="http://www.kallisys.com/">ZLib</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>A partial port of the <a href="http://www.zlib.net/">zlib</a> compression library, based on the version 1.1.4 release.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://www.kallisys.com/">Paul Guyot</a></li>
<li>Platform: Newton OS</li>
<li>License: Open Source</li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
<!-- END LIBRARIES -->
<!-- BEGIN DOCUMENTATION -->
<h2 id="docs">Documentation</h2>
<dl>
<dt><a href="http://waltersmith.us/newton/Class-based%20NewtonScript%20Programming.pdf">Class-based NewtonScript Programming</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>A paper explaining conventions for simulating class-based programming in NewtonScript, which is a prototype-based language, from the designer of the language.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://waltersmith.us/">Walter Smith</a></li>
<li>Format: PDF</li>
<li>Mirror: <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20180304194339/http://waltersmith.us/newton/Class-based%20NewtonScript%20Programming.pdf">Internet Archive</a></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://messagepad.org/Newton_Script_NTK.html">Developing NewtonScript apps for the Apple MessagePad</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>A walk-through on setting up a Newton Toolkit development environment using <a href="https://basilisk.cebix.net/">Basilisk II</a> and <a href="https://github.com/pguyot/Einstein">Einstein</a> emulators.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://matthiasm.com/">Matthias Melcher</a></li>
<li>Format: HTML</li>
<li>Mirror: <a href="http://www.elektriktrick.com/ntk.html">Elektriktrick</a>, <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20200512184852/http://messagepad.org/Newton_Script_NTK.html">Internet Archive</a></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://www.mactech.com/articles/develop/index.html">develop</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Apple’s quarterly technical journal published from 1990-1997, before being pulled into <a href="http://www.mactech.com/">MacTech magazine</a> as a regular column. The following issues contain Newton/NewtonScript-specific articles:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.mactech.com/articles/develop/issue_17/index.html">Issue 17</a> (HTML; March 1994)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.mactech.com/articles/develop/issue_18/index.html">Issue 18</a> (HTML; June 1994)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.mactech.com/articles/develop/issue_19/index.html">Issue 19</a> (HTML; September 1994)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.mactech.com/articles/develop/issue_20/index.html">Issue 20</a> (HTML; December 1994)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.mactech.com/articles/develop/issue_21/index.html">Issue 21</a> (HTML; March 1995)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.mactech.com/articles/develop/issue_22/index.html">Issue 22</a> (HTML; June 1995)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.mactech.com/articles/develop/issue_23/index.html">Issue 23</a> (HTML; September 1995)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.mactech.com/articles/develop/issue_24/index.html">Issue 24</a> (HTML; December 1995)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.mactech.com/articles/develop/issue_25/index.html">Issue 25</a> (HTML; March 1996)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.mactech.com/articles/develop/issue_26/index.html">Issue 26</a> (HTML; June 1996)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.mactech.com/articles/develop/issue_27/index.html">Issue 27</a> (HTML; September 1996)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.mactech.com/articles/develop/issue_28/index.html">Issue 28</a> (HTML; December 1996)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.mactech.com/articles/develop/issue_29/index.html">Issue 29</a> (HTML; March 1997)</li>
</ul>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: Various</li>
<li>Format: Magazine, HTML</li>
<li>Mirror: <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20171117080618/http://preserve.mactech.com/articles/develop/index.html">Internet Archive</a></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://www.drdobbs.com/sitesearch?queryText=newtonscript">Dr. Dobb’s</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Michael Swaine explored the Newton as a platform, NewtonScript as a programming language, and NTK as a development environment in 1994 & 1995 for his “Programming Paradigms” column in <a href="http://www.drdobbs.com/">Dr. Dobb’s</a> magazine.</p>
<p><em>Note: Free registration required to view more than two articles.</em></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.drdobbs.com/programming-paradigms/184409204">Programming Paradigms: Developing for Newton</a> (HTML; March 1994)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.drdobbs.com/programming-paradigms/184409223">Programming Paradigms: A Little RISC Lands Apple in the Soup</a> (HTML; April 1994)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.drdobbs.com/programming-paradigms/184409259">Programming Paradigms: Mushroom Programming for Newton</a> (HTML; June 1994)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.drdobbs.com/programming-paradigms/184409277">Programming Paradigms: Mushroom Programming, The Sequel</a> (HTML; July 1994)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.drdobbs.com/programming-paradigms/184409367">Programming Paradigms: The Pizza Clerk, The Bookmaker, and the UPS Truck</a> (HTML; December 1994)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.drdobbs.com/programming-paradigms/184409523">Programming Paradigms: The Shooting Spree at the Soirée and Other Light Subjects</a> (HTML; March 1995)</li>
</ul>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: Michael Swaine</li>
<li>Format: Magazine, HTML</li>
<li>Mirror: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200516174654/https://www.drdobbs.com/sitesearch?queryText=newtonscript">Internet Archive</a></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://www.folklore.org/ProjectView.py?project=Newton">Folklore.org: The Newton, The First PDA</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>“Anecdotes about the development of the Newton, the world's first PDA.” The following articles cover NewtonScript:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.folklore.org/StoryView.py?project=Newton&story=A_MessagePad_Memory_Primer.txt">A MessagePad Memory Primer</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.folklore.org/StoryView.py?project=Newton&story=Newton_Applications_Use_Heap_Space_When_Not_Running.txt">Newton Applications Use Heap Space</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.folklore.org/StoryView.py?project=Newton&story=The_Alternatives_are_a_Real_Step_Backwards.txt">The Alternatives are a Real Step Backwards</a></li>
</ul>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: Various</li>
<li>Format: HTML</li>
<li>Mirror: <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20190907190226/http://www.folklore.org/ProjectView.py?project=Newton">Internet Archive</a></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://techblog.steelseries.com/2014/10/15/golisp-frames.html">Frames in GoLisp</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>An explanation of the frames implementation in <a href="https://github.com/steelseries/golisp">GoLisp</a>, including comparison to Self & NewtonScript, by which it was inspired.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="https://github.com/dastels">Dave Astels</a></li>
<li>Format: HTML</li>
<li>Mirror: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200516183749/http://techblog.steelseries.com/2014/10/15/golisp-frames.html">Internet Archive</a></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031125235030/http://newton.vyx.net/">Hammering Newton</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Unofficial documentation of the inner workings of Newton OS as gleaned using the "Hammer" low level debugger. The following sections are NewtonScript-specific:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031207124234/http://newton.vyx.net/framestore/">Frame Store</a></li>
</ul>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://vyx.net/philz">Filip Zawadiak</a></li>
<li>Format: HTML</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://communicrossings.com/html/newton/newtscape/docs/a0000003.shtml">How to Work with the Text-to-Speech Extension</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>An example of developing with the <a href="http://www.unna.org/view.php?/apple/software/TextToSpeech">MacInTalk</a> Text-to-Speech extension.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: William Nelson, <a href="http://www.allaboutjake.com">Jake Bordens</a></li>
<li>Format: HTML</li>
<li>Mirror: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991007065839/http://resources.pdadash.com/newtund/NU/dev/a0000003.shtml">Internet Archive</a></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://communicrossings.com/html/newton/newtscape/docs/a0000004.shtml">More Newton Text to Speech</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>An explanation of the embedded commands available in the <a href="http://www.unna.org/view.php?/apple/software/TextToSpeech">MacInTalk</a> Text-to-Speech extension.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: Jim Bailey</li>
<li>Format: HTML</li>
<li>Mirror: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991007081258/http://resources.pdadash.com/newtund/NU/dev/a0000004.shtml">Internet Archive</a></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/apple/documentation/developer/QAs-2.x/html/qa.htm">Newton 2.x OS Q&As</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Additional clarification, documentation, and examples for Newton OS 2.x development, including a section devoted to NewtonScript (though much of the rest of the documentation is relevant to developing in NewtonScript anyway). Available as a single page containing all content or multiple pages by section.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://www.apple.com/">Apple Computer, Inc.</a></li>
<li>Format: HTML</li>
<li>Mirror: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980529083047/http://www.newton-inc.com/dev/techinfo/qa/qa.htm">Internet Archive</a></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://waltersmith.us/newton/COMPCON-Arch.pdf">The Newton Application Architecture</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Official overview of the Newton application architecture, including the NewtonScript language, view system, object store, and communications system.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://waltersmith.us/">Walter Smith</a></li>
<li>Format: PDF</li>
<li>Mirror: <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20200225110822/http://waltersmith.us/newton/COMPCON-Arch.pdf">Internet Archive</a></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/apple/development/Bookmaker/BookmakerUsersGuide.pdf">Newton Book Maker User’s Guide</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Official documentation on creating digital books and application help for the Newton, including the use of NewtonScript to customize book interaction, display, and behavior.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://www.apple.com/">Apple Computer, Inc.</a></li>
<li>Format: PDF</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://www.kallisys.com/files/newton/Bowels/">Newton Bowels</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Unofficial documentation of the inner workings of Newton OS. The following articles are NewtonScript-specific:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.kallisys.com/files/newton/Bowels/Dictionary_Parts.txt">Dictionary Parts</a> (TXT)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.kallisys.com/files/newton/Bowels/Events_and_NewtWorld.txt">Events and NewtWorld</a> (TXT)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.kallisys.com/files/newton/Bowels/Forks_in_NewtonScript.txt">Forks in NewtonScript</a> (TXT)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.kallisys.com/files/newton/Bowels/Getting_the_pen_s_position.html">Getting the Pen's Position</a> (HTML)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.kallisys.com/files/newton/Bowels/Storage_on_NewtonOS.txt">Storage on NewtonOS</a> (TXT)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.kallisys.com/files/newton/Bowels/Using_The_Name_Server.txt">Using the Name Server</a> (TXT)</li>
</ul>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://www.kallisys.com/">Paul Guyot</a>, <a href="http://www.sealiecomputing.com">Brian Parker</a></li>
<li>Format: HTML, PDF, TXT</li>
<li>Mirror: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191022190625/http://www.kallisys.com/files/newton/Bowels/">Internet Archive</a></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/apple/documentation/developer/NewtonFormats1.1.pdf">Newton Formats</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Official documentation of Newton data formats and protocols.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://www.apple.com/">Apple Computer, Inc.</a></li>
<li>Format: PDF</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190415082721/http://matejhorvat.si/en/ns/nferrata.htm">Newton Formats Errata</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Unofficial corrections to errors found in Apple's <em>Newton Formats</em> documentation.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://matejhorvat.si/en/">Matej Horvat</a></li>
<li>Format: HTML</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/apple/documentation/developer/EngineeringDocsOS2.1.pdf">Newton OS 2.1 Engineering Documents</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Official documentation of changes and additions in Newton OS 2.1, including: NewtWorks, keyboard enhancements, grayscale imaging, graphics shapes, sound, dial-in networks, IrDA communications tool, and the eMate 300 multi-user environment.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://www.apple.com/">Apple Computer, Inc.</a></li>
<li>Format: PDF</li>
<li>Mirror: <a href="http://newted.org/download/manuals/NewtonOS21EngDoc.pdf">Newted</a></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://mirrors.unna.org/www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Code/5100/newton/2_1misc.pdf">Newton OS 2.1 Engineering Documents: Miscellaneous</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>A preliminary draft version of <em>Chapter 11: Miscellaneous</em> that appears to have been intended to be added to the <em>Newton OS 2.1 Engineering Documents</em>, covering additions in Newton OS 2.1 that weren't, "[L]engthy enough to warrant their own chapters."</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://www.apple.com/">Apple Computer, Inc.</a></li>
<li>Format: PDF</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://tools.unna.org/errors/">Newton OS Error Database</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>A searchable database of Newton OS error codes gleaned from the NTK for Windows v1.6.1 help file, NIE 2.0 API documentation, and Lantern DDK documentation.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: Various, <a href="http://www.chuma.org">Victor Rehorst</a></li>
<li>Format: HTML</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt><a href="https://manuals.info.apple.com/MANUALS/1000/MA1510/en_US/NewtonProgrammerGuide20.PDF">Newton Programmer’s Guide</a> (for Newton 2.0)</dt>
<dd>
<p>Official documentation for the Newton OS 2.0 application programming interfaces, providing an overview and conceptual information. See the <em>Newton Programmer’s Reference</em> for detailed reference documentation of data structures, functions, constants, and error codes.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://www.apple.com/">Apple Computer, Inc.</a></li>
<li>Format: PDF</li>
<li>Mirror: <a href="http://newted.org/download/manuals/NewtonProgrammerGuide20.pdf">Newted</a>, <a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/apple/documentation/developer/ProgrammersGuideOS2.0.pdf">UNNA</a></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/apple/documentation/developer/ProgrammersGuideOS2.1Addenum.pdf">Newton Programmer’s Guide: 2.1 OS Addendum</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Official documentation covering additions and changes in the Newton OS 2.1 application programming interfaces.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://www.apple.com/">Apple Computer, Inc.</a></li>
<li>Format: PDF</li>
<li>Mirror: <a href="http://newted.org/download/manuals/NewtonProgrammerGuide21Add.pdf">Newted</a></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt><a href="https://manuals.info.apple.com/MANUALS/1000/MA1509/en_US/NewtonProgrammerRef20.PDF">Newton Programmer’s Reference</a> (for Newton 2.0)</dt>
<dd>
<p>Official documentation of the Newton OS 2.0 protos, methods, functions, data structures, and error codes. A companion to the <em>Newton Programmer’s Guide</em>.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://www.apple.com/">Apple Computer, Inc.</a></li>
<li>Format: PDF</li>
<li>Mirror: <a href="http://newted.org/download/manuals/NewtonProgrammerRef20.pdf">Newted</a>, <a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/apple/documentation/developer/ProgrammersReferenceOS2.0.pdf">UNNA</a></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/development/documentation/NSBytecode/bytecode.html">NewtonScript ByteCode</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Documentation of the NewtonScript bytecode as compiled through observation.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: Matthew Faupel</li>
<li>Format: HTML</li>
<li>Mirror: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000304014401/http://archive.dstc.edu.au/AU/staff/david-arnold/newton/bytecode.html">Internet Archive</a></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://ll.jus.or.jp/2008/slides/6/gnue.pdf">NewtonScriptに見る: もうひとつのプロトタイプ指向</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>An overview of the NewtonScript language presented at the 2008 <a href="http://ll.jus.or.jp/">Lightweight Language</a> conference in Toyko, Japan.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://so-kukan.com/gnue/">Makoto Nukui</a></li>
<li>Date: 2008-08-30</li>
<li>Format: <a href="http://ll.jus.or.jp/2008/slides/6/gnue.pdf">PDF</a>, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mDdfTbJmgUQ">Video</a></li>
<li>Mirror: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150308173716/http://ll.jus.or.jp/2008/slides/6/gnue.pdf">Internet Archive</a></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt><a href="https://manuals.info.apple.com/MANUALS/1000/MA1508/en_US/NewtonScriptProgramLanguage.PDF">The NewtonScript Programming Language</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Official introduction & reference material for the NewtonScript language under Newton OS 2.x. You’ll probably want to start here.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://www.apple.com/">Apple Computer, Inc.</a>, Various
<li>Format: PDF</li>
<li>Mirror: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150124193723/http://manuals.info.apple.com/MANUALS/1000/MA1508/en_US/NewtonScriptProgramLanguage.PDF">Internet Archive</a>, <a href="http://www.newted.org/download/manuals/NewtonScriptProgramLanguage.pdf">Newted</a>, <a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/apple/documentation/developer/NewtonScriptProgLanguage.pdf">UNNA</a></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070706152255/http://www.k-inet.com/~brown/ftp/newton/Documents/NewtonScript.pdf">プログラミング言語 NewtonScript</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>An <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970712004703/http://www.k-inet.com/~brown/plns.html">unofficial Japanese translation</a> of Apple’s NewtonScript Programming Language reference.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: Masahiro Saito
<li>Format: PDF</li>
<li>Mirror: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150308173326/http://www.k-inet.com/brown/ftp/newton/Documents/NewtonScript.pdf">Internet Archive</a>, <a href="http://www.newted.org/download/manuals/NewtonScriptProgramLang_J.pdf">Newted</a></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://www.unna.org/view.php?/apple/documentation/developer/NewtonTechnologyJournal">Newton Technology Journal</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Apple’s Newton-specific technical journal, published six times per year from 1995-1997. The content is 70% development and 30% marketing.</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/apple/documentation/developer/NewtonTechnologyJournal/NTJ_1_01.pdf">Volume I, Number 1</a> (PDF; February 1995)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/apple/documentation/developer/NewtonTechnologyJournal/NTJ_1_02.pdf">Volume I, Number 2</a> (PDF; April 1995)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/apple/documentation/developer/NewtonTechnologyJournal/NTJ_1_03.pdf">Volume I, Number 3</a> (PDF; June 1995)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/apple/documentation/developer/NewtonTechnologyJournal/NTJ_1_04.pdf">Volume I, Number 4</a> (PDF; August 1995)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/apple/documentation/developer/NewtonTechnologyJournal/NTJ_1_05.pdf">Volume I, Number 5</a> (PDF; November 1995)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/apple/documentation/developer/NewtonTechnologyJournal/NTJ_2_01.pdf">Volume II, Number 1</a> (PDF; February 1996)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/apple/documentation/developer/NewtonTechnologyJournal/NTJ_2_02.pdf">Volume II, Number 2</a> (PDF; April 1996; translations: <a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/apple/documentation/developer/NewtonTechnologyJournal/NTJ2.02-Japanese_Apr96.pdf">Japanese</a>)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/apple/documentation/developer/NewtonTechnologyJournal/NTJ_2_03.pdf">Volume II, Number 3</a> (PDF; June 1996; translations: <a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/apple/documentation/developer/NewtonTechnologyJournal/NTJ2.03-Japanese_Jun96.pdf">Japanese</a>)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/apple/documentation/developer/NewtonTechnologyJournal/NTJ_2_04.pdf">Volume II, Number 4</a> (PDF; August 1996)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/apple/documentation/developer/NewtonTechnologyJournal/NTJ_2_05.pdf">Volume II, Number 5</a> (PDF; October 1996)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/apple/documentation/developer/NewtonTechnologyJournal/NTJ_3_01.pdf">Volume III, Number 1</a> (PDF; January 1997)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/apple/documentation/developer/NewtonTechnologyJournal/NTJ_3_02.pdf">Volume III, Number 2</a> (PDF; March 1997)</li>
</ul>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://www.apple.com/">Apple Computer, Inc.</a>, Various</li>
<li>Format: PDF</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040809072819/http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Code/5100/newton/ntkfrmat.pdf">Newton Toolkit 1.6.x File Formats</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Official documentation of file formats used by <a href="#ntk">NTK</a> 1.6.x for Windows and Macintosh, specifically Project files, Layout files, and native code module files.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://www.apple.com/">Apple Computer, Inc.</a></li>
<li>Format: PDF</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://matejhorvat.si/en/ns/ntktips.htm">Newton Toolkit Tips and Tricks</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Tips & tricks for <a href="#ntk">NTK</a>, esp. the Windows version.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://matejhorvat.si/en/">Matej Horvat</a></li>
<li>Format: HTML</li>
<li>Mirror: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190415082717/http://matejhorvat.si/en/ns/ntktips.htm">Internet Archive</a></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/apple/documentation/developer/UserInterfaceGuidelinesOS2.0.pdf">Newton User Interface Guidelines</a> (for Newton 2.0)</dt>
<dd>
<p>Official documentation of Newton OS 2.0 user interface and how to optimize software for it, including the whys and hows.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://www.apple.com/">Apple Computer, Inc.</a></li>
<li>Format: Book, PDF</li>
<li>Mirror: <a href="http://www.newted.org/download/manuals/Newton20UIGuide.pdf">Newted</a></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://communicrossings.com/html/newton/newtscape/docs/nssyn.htm">Newt’s Cape: NewtonScript Syntax</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>This document covers issues related to embedding NewtonScript syntax in HTML and embedding HTML in NewtonScript.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://communicrossings.com/">Steve Weyer</a>, Greg Simon</li>
<li>Format: HTML</li>
<li>Mirror: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061010141541/http://home.comcast.net/~saweyer/newton/newtscape/docs/nssyn.htm">Internet Archive</a></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Programming-Newton-Software-Development-Newtonscript/dp/0124848001">Programming for the Newton: Software Development with NewtonScript</a></dt>
<dd>
<p></p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: Julie McKeehan, Neil Rhodes</li>
<li>Format: Book</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980204043353/http://www.newton-inc.com/dev/techinfo/ProgNewtUsingMac/ProgNewt-1.html">Programming for the Newton Using Macintosh</a></dt>
<dd>
<p></p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: Julie McKeehan, Neil Rhodes</li>
<li>Format: Book, HTML</li>
<li>Mirror: <a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/development/documentation/ProgNewtUsingMac.zip">UNNA</a></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980204043359/http://www.newton-inc.com/dev/techinfo/ProgNewtUsingWin/ProgNewtWin-1.html">Programming for the Newton Using Windows</a></dt>
<dd>
<p></p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: Julie McKeehan, Neil Rhodes</li>
<li>Format: Book</li>
<li>Mirror: <a href="http://www.unna.org/view.php?/development/documentation/ProgNewtUsingWin/">UNNA</a></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://waltersmith.us/newton/SELF%20and%20the%20Origins%20of%20NewtonScript.pdf">SELF and the Origins of NewtonScript</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>An introduction to the paper <em>Self: The Power of Simplicity</em>, by Ungar and Smith, which describes the aspects of NewtonScript which were inspired by the SELF programming language.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://waltersmith.us/">Walter Smith</a></li>
<li>Format: PDF</li>
<li>Mirror: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150308181143/http://waltersmith.us/newton/SELF%20and%20the%20Origins%20of%20NewtonScript.pdf">Internet Archive</a></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150308181253/http://www.canicula.com/newton/prog/soups.htm">Soups on the Newton</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>An overview on creating and interacting with soups using NewtonScript.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://canicula.com/wp/">Ian Robinson</a></li>
<li>Format: HTML</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041010175535/www.cc.gatech.edu/~schoedl/projects/NewtonScript/">The NewtonScript Programming Language</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>An overview of NewtonScript language, illustrating the differences between object oriented programming paradigms and relating how some NewtonScript features have their own particular programatic flavor.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: Arno Schödl</li>
<li>Format: HTML</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/apple/documentation/developer/UserInterfaceKeyboardOS2.1.pdf">User Interface Guidelines for Newton OS 2.1 Keyboard Enhancements</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>A supplement to <em>Newton User Interface Guidelines</em> which specifically covers the keyboard enhancements in Newton OS 2.1.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://www.apple.com/">Apple Computer, Inc.</a></li>
<li>Format: PDF</li>
<li>Mirror: <a href="http://www.newted.org/download/manuals/NewtonKeyboardUIGuide.pdf">Newted</a></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://waltersmith.us/newton/OOPSLA95.pdf">Using a Prototype-based Language for User Interface: The Newton Project’s Experience</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>An explanation of how the Newton OS user interface was implemented using a prototype-based language (NewtonScript) and the advantages it has over class-based languages.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://waltersmith.us/">Walter Smith</a></li>
<li>Format: PDF</li>
<li>Mirror: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150308181357/http://waltersmith.us/newton/OOPSLA95.pdf">Internet Archive</a></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://milne.co.nr/newton/newtonasm.html">Writing Assembly for Your Newton</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Primarily discusses writing, linking, and packaging assembly code for Newton OS, but also covers communicating between assembly code and NewtonScript code.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://milne.co.nr/">Roger Milne</a></li>
<li>Format: HTML</li>
<li>Mirror: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120521121236/http://roger.trideja.com/newton/newtonasm.html">Internet Archive</a></li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
<!-- END DOCUMENTATION -->
<!-- BEGIN SAMPLE CODE -->
<h2 id="samples">Sample Code</h2>
<dl>
<dt><a href="https://github.com/jake-b/Newton-Internal-Serial-Enabler">Internal Serial Enabler</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Sample <a href="#ntk">NTK</a> & MPW project for Newton OS 2.1 to control the internal serial port, incl. toggling channels and GPIO.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://www.allaboutjake.com/">Jake Bordens</a></li>
<li>Platform: Mac OS</li>
<li>License: Open Source</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980204042859/http://www.newton-inc.com/dev/samples.htm#newtonde">Newton 2.x OS Sample Code</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Official sample Mac OS & Windows <a href="#ntk">NTK</a> projects for Newton OS 2.x.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://www.apple.com/">Apple Computer, Inc.</a></li>
<li>Platform: Mac OS, Windows</li>
<li>Mirror: <a href="http://www.unna.org/view.php?/apple/development/Examples/SampleCodeMac">UNNA (Mac OS)</a>, <a href="http://www.unna.org/view.php?/apple/development/Examples/SampleCodeWin">UNNA (Windows)</a></li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
<!-- END SAMPLE CODE -->
<!-- BEGIN FURTHER READING -->
<h2 id="read">Further Reading</h2>
<dl>
<dt><a href="http://lispm.de/lisp-based-newton-os">Talking with Mikel Evins about the Lisp-based Newton OS</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>In 2004, Rainer Joswig spoke with Mikel Evins, a former member of Apple’s Newton group, about an early development version of Newton OS written in Lisp.</p>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="http://lispm.de/">Rainer Joswig</a></li>
<li>Format: HTML</li>
<li>Mirror: <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20161218004607/http://lispm.de/lisp-based-newton-os">Internet Archive</a></li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20170603010500/http://www.dadhacker.com/blog/">Dad Hacker</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Reminiscing about early Newton development, programming, and NewtonScript with Landon Dyer, a member of the original Newton team.</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190701130114/http://www.dadhacker.com/blog/?p=2233">Patching the Newton</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130610023703/http://www.dadhacker.com/blog/?p=1061">Good Stuff</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190812161847/http://www.dadhacker.com/blog/?p=948">Newton Storage History</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130610041724/http://www.dadhacker.com/blog/?p=300">Flash Memories</a></li>
</ul>
<p>Also available as audio files from <a href="https://macfolkloreradio.com/">Mac Folklore Radio</a>.</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://macfolkloreradio.com/2020/06/25/landon-dyer-newton-storage-history.html">Patching the Newton</a></li>
<li><a href="https://macfolkloreradio.com/2022/11/04/landon-dyer-newton-flash-memories.html">Flash Memories</a></li>
</ul>
<ul class="metadata">
<li>Author: <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/landon-dyer-6449611">Landon Dyer</a></li>
<li>Format: HTML</li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
<!-- END FURTHER READING -->
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<p>This work is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License</a><br>
Contribute to this project on <a href="https://github.com/NewtonScript/newtonscript.github.com">GitHub</a> or follow us on <a href="https://twitter.com/newtonscript">Twitter</a></p>
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