| layout | title | ref | category | rating | description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
post |
IBAction / IBOutlet / IBOutletCollection |
UIKit |
7.9 |
In programming, what often begins as a necessary instruction eventually becomes a vestigial cue for humans. For developers just starting with Cocoa & Cocoa Touch, the IBAction, IBOutlet, and IBOutletCollection macros are particularly bewildering examples of this phenomenon |
In programming, what often begins as a necessary instruction eventually becomes a vestigial cue for humans. In the case of Objective-C, #pragma directives, method type encodings, and all but the most essential storage classes have been rendered essentially meaningless, as the compiler becomes increasingly sophisticated. Discarded and disregarded during the compilation phase, they nonetheless remain useful to the development process as a whole, insofar as what they can tell other developers about the code itself.
For developers just starting with Cocoa & Cocoa Touch, the IBAction, IBOutlet, and IBOutletCollection macros are particularly bewildering examples of this phenomenon. With their raison d'être obscured by decades of change, confusion by anyone without sufficient context is completely understandable.
As we'll learn in this week's article, though having outgrown their technical necessity, they remain a vibrant tradition in the culture of Objective-C development.
Unlike other two-letter prefixes, IB does not refer to a system framework, but rather Interface Builder.
Interface Builder can trace its roots to the halcyon days of Objective-C, when it and Project Builder comprised the NeXTSTEP developer tools (circa 1988). Before it was subsumed into Xcode 4, Interface Builder remained remarkably unchanged from its 1.0 release. An iOS developer today would feel right at home on a NeXTSTEP workstation, control-dragging views into outlets.
Back when they were separate applications, it was a challenge to keep the object graph represented in a .nib document in Interface Builder synchronized with its corresponding .h & .m files in Project Builder (what would eventually become Xcode). IBOutlet and IBAction were used as keywords, to denote what parts of the code should be visible to Interface Builder.
IBAction and IBOutlet are, themselves, computationally meaningless, as their macro definitions (in UINibDeclarations.h) demonstrate:
#define IBAction void
#define IBOutlet
Well actually, there's more than meets the eye. Scrying the Clang source code, we see that they're actually defined by attribute-backed attributes:
#define IBOutlet __attribute__((iboutlet))
#define IBAction __attribute__((ibaction))
As early as 2004 (and perhaps earlier), IBAction was no longer necessary for a method to be noticed by Interface Builder. Any method with the signature -(void){name}:(id)sender would be visible in the outlets pane.
Nevertheless, many developers find it useful to still use the IBAction return type in method declarations to denote that a particular method is connected to by an action. Even projects not using Storyboards / XIBs may choose to employ IBAction to call out target / action methods.
Thanks to strong, and often compiler-enforced conventions, naming is especially important in Objective-C, so the question of how to name IBAction methods is one not taken lightly. Though there is some disagreement, the preferred convention is as follows:
- Return type of
IBAction. - Method name of an active verb, describing the specific action performed. Method names like
didTapButton:ordidPerformAction:sound more like things adelegatemight be sent. - Required
senderparameter of typeid. All target / action methods will pass thesenderof the action (usually the responder) to methods that take a parameter. If omitted in the method signature, things will still work. - Optional event parameter of type
UIEvent *, namedwithEvent:(iOS only). In UIKit, a secondUIEvent *parameter, corresponding to the touch, motion, or remote control event triggering the responder, will be passed to target / action methods accepting this second parameter. The convention is to usewithEvent:in the method signature, to match theUIResponderAPIs.
For example:
// YES
- (IBAction)refresh:(id)sender;
- (IBAction)toggleVisibility:(id)sender
withEvent:(UIEvent *)event;
// NO
- (IBAction)peformSomeAction;
- (IBAction)didTapButton:(id)sender;
Unlike IBAction, IBOutlet is still required for hooking up properties in code with objects in a Storyboard or XIB.
An IBOutlet connection is usually established between a view or control and its managing view controller (this is often done in addition to any IBActions that a view controller might be targeted to perform by a responder). However, an IBOutlet can also be used to expose a top-level property, like another controller or a property that could then be accessed by a referencing view controller.
As with anything in modern Objective-C, properties are preferred to direct ivar access. The same is true of IBOutlets:
// YES
@interface GallantViewController : UIViewController
@property (nonatomic, weak) IBOutlet UISwitch *switch;
@end
// NO
@interface GoofusViewController : UIViewController {
IBOutlet UISwitch *_switch
}
@end
Since properties are the conventional way to expose and access members of a class, both externally and internally, they are preferred in this case as well, if only for consistency.
One unfortunate consequence (if you want to call it that) of ARC is the ambiguity of when a IBOutlet @property should be declared as weak or strong. The ambiguity arises from the fact that most outlets have no discernible behavioral differences between weak or strong—it just works.
…except when it doesn't… and things crash, or the compiler warns about weak or strong use.
So what should one do? Always declare IBOutlet properties as weak, except when they need to be strong, as explained by Apple in their Resource Programming Guide section on Nib Files:
Outlets should be changed to
strongwhen the outlet should be considered to own the referenced object:
- This is often the case with File’s Owner—top level objects in a nib file are frequently considered to be owned by the
File’s Owner.- You may in some situations need an object from a nib file to exist outside of its original container. For example, you might have an outlet for a view that can be temporarily removed from its initial view hierarchy and must therefore be maintained independently.
The reason why most IBOutlet views can get away with weak ownership is that they are already owned within their respective view hierarchy, by their superview. This chain of ownership eventually works its way up to the view owned by the view controller itself. Spurious use of strong ownership on a view outlet has the potential to create a retain cycle.
IBOutlet's obscure step-cousin-in-law-once-removed is IBOutletCollection. Introduced in iOS 4, this pseudo-keyword allows collections of IBOutlets to be defined in Interface Builder, by dragging connections to its collection members.
IBOutletCollection is #define'd in UINibDeclarations.h as:
#define IBOutletCollection(ClassName)
…which is defined in a much more satisfying way, again, in the Clang source code:
#define IBOutletCollection(ClassName) __attribute__((iboutletcollection(ClassName)))
Unlike IBAction or IBOutlet, IBOutletCollection takes a class name as an argument, which is, incidentally, as close to Apple-sanctioned generics as one gets in Objective-C.
As a top-level object, an IBOutletCollection @property should be declared strong, with an NSArray * type:
@property (nonatomic, strong) IBOutletCollection(UIButton) NSArray *buttons;
There are two rather curious things to note about an IBOutletCollection array:
- Its order is not necessarily guaranteed. The order of an outlet collection appears to be roughly the order in which their connections are established in Interface Builder. However, there are numerous reports of that order changing across versions of Xcode, or as a natural consequence of version control. Nonetheless, having code rely on a fixed order is strongly discouraged.
- No matter what type is declared for the property, an
IBOutletCollectionis always anNSArray. In fact, any type can be declared:NSSet *,id <NSFastEnumeration>—heck, evenUIColor *(depending on your error flags)! No matter what you put, anIBOutletCollectionwill always be stored as anNSArray, so you might as well have that type match up in your declaration to avoid compiler warnings.
With the advent of Objective-C object literals, IBOutletCollection has fallen slightly out of favor—at least for the common use case of convenience accessors, as in:
for (UILabel *label in labels) {
label.font = [UIFont systemFontOfSize:14];
}
Since declaring a collection of outlets is now as easy as comma-delimiting them within @[], it may make just as much sense to do that as create a distinct collection.
Where IBOutletCollection really shines is how it allows you to define a unique collection of outlets under a shared identifier. Another advantage over a code-defined NSArray literal is that a collection can contain outlets that themselves are not connected to File's Owner.
The next time you're managing a significant or variable number of outlets in an iOS view, take a look at IBOutletCollection.
IBAction, IBOutlet, and IBOutletCollection play important roles in development, on both the compiler level and human level. As Objective-C continues to rapidly evolve as a platform, it is likely that they may someday be as completely vestigial as the wings of flightless birds or eyes of cavefish.
For now, though, it's important to understand what they are, and how to use them, if you plan on creating apps in any capacity.