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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/strict.dtd">
<html><head><title>RuleML Schemas</title><style type="text/css">
h1 { font-size: 32pt; font-weight: bold }
h2 { font-size: 16pt; font-weight: bold }
ul { line-height: 120% }
ol { line-height: 120% }
p { line-height: 100% }
</style></head><body background="hintergrund.gif" bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
<center>
<big>
<table bgcolor="#CCCCFF" border="1" cellpadding="5"><tr><td><b><pre>
--></pre></b></td></tr></table>
<table bgcolor="#FFCCCC" border="1" cellpadding="5"><tr><td>R u l e M L</td></tr></table>
<table bgcolor="#CCCCFF" border="1" cellpadding="5"><tr><td><b><pre>
<--</pre></b></td></tr></table>
</big>
<br> <br>
<h1>RuleML Schemas</h1>
<h2><a href="http://www.cs.unb.ca/~boley/">Harold Boley</a>, <a href="http://ebusiness.mit.edu/bgrosof/">Benjamin Grosof</a>, <a href="http://www.dfki.uni-kl.de/~sintek/">Michael Sintek</a>, <a href="http://home.comcast.net/~stabet/">Said Tabet</a>, <a href="http://tmitwww.tm.tue.nl/staff/gwagner/">Gerd Wagner</a></h2>
<h2>Earlier Work: <a href="http://www.ruleml.org/indtd0.8.html">DTD Version 0.8</a></h2>
<h2>Version History, 2001-09-25: <a href="http://www.ruleml.org/inxsd0.8.html">Version 0.8</a></h2>
<h2>All Schemas: <a href="http://www.ruleml.org/xsd/0.8/">XSD Directory</a></h2>
<h2>Some Examples: <a href="http://www.ruleml.org/exa/0.8/">Examples Directory</a></h2>
</center>
<br> <br> <br>
<p>
This is a preliminary XML Schema draft for RuleML 0.8.
It partially reflects and partially refines the earlier DTD for RuleML 0.8.
</p>
<h2>Sections</h2><ul><li><a href="#Changes">Changes</a><li><a href="#Issues">Issues</a><li><a href="#Appendix 1">Appendix 1: Schema for a Datalog subset of RuleML</a><li><a href="#Appendix 2">Appendix 2: Example RuleML document: a rulebase own.ruleml</a><li><a href="#Appendix 3">Appendix 3: Instructions/Trace on Validating the example against the Schema</a></ul><h2><a name="Changes">Changes</a></h2>
<p>
The newly started Schema Version 0.8 differs from the earlier DTD Version 0.8
in the more precise definition method. Of the many ways of using XML Schemas,
we picked one that partially reflects the earlier DTD and partially refines it.
We see some further places where the added expressive power of XML Schemas could help RuleML 0.8,
in particular, XML Schema datatypes.
</p>
<p>
The DTD files of RuleML 0.8 will be complemented, step by step, by
more precise, XMLized, albeit quite a bit longer, XSD (Schema) files.
We start here with the 'monolith' version of Datalog RuleML,
which does not require any DTD refinement
(<a href="#Appendix 1">Appendix 1</a>).
This allows RuleML 0.8 users to put the DTD and Schema
side by side, thus getting familiar with the new
XML description method.
</p>
<h2><a name="Issues">Issues</a></h2>
<p>
There are some open issues, in particular regarding XML Schema's extension mechanism.
In reply to our request, <a href="http://www.research.ibm.com/people/s/bschloss/">Bob Schloss</a> proposed
<a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/xmlschema-dev/2001Oct/0108.html">How to derive a type (in an extended schema using <redefine>) effectively augmenting <choice> or <all> particles</a>.
Issues of an XML Schema for RuleML 0.8 were also discussed at an invited talk (<a href="http://www.dfki.uni-kl.de/~boley/ruleml-mht-talk">ruleml-mht-talk</a>) and paper (<a href="http://www.dfki.uni-kl.de/~boley/ruleml-mht.ps">ruleml-mht.ps</a>,
<a href="http://www.dfki.uni-kl.de/~boley/ruleml-mht.pdf">ruleml-mht.pdf</a>) on
<a href="http://www.ifcomputer.com/inap/inap2001/program/home_en.html">The Rule Markup Language: RDF-XML Data Model, XML Schema Hierarchy, and XSL Transformations</a> at the
14th International Conference of Applications of Prolog,
<a href="http://www.ifcomputer.com/inap/inap2001/">INAP2001</a>,
in Tokyo, Japan, in October 2001.
</p>
<h2><a name="Appendix 1">Appendix 1: Schema for a Datalog subset of RuleML</a></h2>
<table bgcolor="#CCCCFF" border="1" cellpadding="5"><tr><td><b><pre>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!-- An XML Schema for a Datalog RuleML Sublanguage: Monolith Version -->
<!-- Last Modification: 2001-09-25 -->
<xsd:schema xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
<!-- Top-level element Declaration -->
<!-- 'rulebase' root element uses 'imp' rules and 'fact' assertions as top-level elements -->
<xsd:element name="rulebase">
<xsd:complexType>
<xsd:choice minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded">
<xsd:element name="imp" type="impType"/>
<xsd:element name="fact" type="factType"/>
</xsd:choice>
</xsd:complexType>
</xsd:element>
<!-- complexType Definitions -->
<!-- 'imp' rules are usable as general implications on the top-level -->
<!-- 'imp' element uses a conclusion role _head followed by a premise role _body, or equivalently -->
<!-- (since roles constitute unordered elements), uses a premise role _body followed by a conclusion role _head -->
<!-- "<imp>_head _body</imp>" stands for "_head is implied by _body", i.e., "_head is true is implied by _body is true", or equivalently, -->
<!-- "<imp>_body _head</imp>" stands for "_body implies _head", i.e., "_body is true implies _head is true" -->
<xsd:complexType name="impType">
<xsd:all>
<xsd:element name="_head" type="_headType"
minOccurs="1" maxOccurs="1"/>
<xsd:element name="_body" type="_bodyType"
minOccurs="1" maxOccurs="1"/>
</xsd:all>
</xsd:complexType>
<!-- 'fact' assertions are usable as degenerate rules on the top-level -->
<!-- 'fact' element uses just a conclusion role _head -->
<!-- "<fact>_head</fact>" stands for "_head is implied by true", i.e., "_head is true" -->
<xsd:complexType name="factType">
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="_head" type="_headType"/>
</xsd:sequence>
</xsd:complexType>
<!-- _head role is usable within 'imp' rules and 'fact' assertions -->
<!-- _body role is usable within 'imp' rules -->
<!-- _head uses an atomic formula -->
<!-- _body uses an atomic formula or an 'and' -->
<xsd:complexType name="_headType">
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="atom" type="atomType"/>
</xsd:sequence>
</xsd:complexType>
<xsd:complexType name="_bodyType">
<xsd:choice>
<xsd:element name="atom" type="atomType"/>
<xsd:element name="and" type="andType"/>
</xsd:choice>
</xsd:complexType>
<!-- an 'and' is usable within _body's -->
<!-- 'and' uses zero or more atomic formulas -->
<!-- "<and>atom</and>" is equivalent to "atom"-->
<!-- "<and></and>" is equivalent to "true"-->
<xsd:complexType name="andType">
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="atom" type="atomType" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
</xsd:sequence>
</xsd:complexType>
<!-- atomic formulas are usable within _head's, _body's, and 'and's -->
<!-- atom element uses an: -->
<!-- _opr ("operator of relations") role followed by a sequence of zero or more arguments, or similarly -->
<!-- (since roles constitute unordered elements, and the zero-argument case must not cause ambiguity), -->
<!-- a sequence of one or more arguments followed by an _opr role -->
<!-- the arguments may be ind(ividual)s or var(iable)s -->
<!-- Since xsd:all groups don't permit complex content, the following is not permitted ...
<xsd:complexType name="atomType">
<xsd:all>
<xsd:element name="_opr" type="_oprType"
minOccurs="1" maxOccurs="1"/>
<xsd:sequence minOccurs="1" maxOccurs="1">
<xsd:choice minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded">
<xsd:element name="ind" type="indType"/>
<xsd:element name="var" type="varType"/>
</xsd:choice>
</xsd:sequence>
</xsd:all>
</xsd:complexType>
... hence must be circumscribed via xsd:choice, like in DTDs: -->
<xsd:complexType name="atomType">
<xsd:choice>
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="_opr" type="_oprType"/>
<xsd:choice minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded">
<xsd:element name="ind" type="indType"/>
<xsd:element name="var" type="varType"/>
</xsd:choice>
</xsd:sequence>
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:choice maxOccurs="unbounded">
<xsd:element name="ind" type="indType"/>
<xsd:element name="var" type="varType"/>
</xsd:choice>
<xsd:element name="_opr" type="_oprType"/>
</xsd:sequence>
</xsd:choice>
</xsd:complexType>
<!-- _opr is usable within atoms -->
<!-- _opr uses rel(ation) symbol -->
<xsd:complexType name="_oprType">
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="rel" type="relType"/>
</xsd:sequence>
</xsd:complexType>
<!-- simpleType Definitions -->
<!-- there is one kind of fixed argument -->
<!-- individual constant, as in predicate logic -->
<xsd:simpleType name="indType">
<xsd:restriction base="xsd:string">
</xsd:restriction>
</xsd:simpleType>
<!-- there is one kind of variable argument -->
<!-- logical variable, as in logic programming -->
<xsd:simpleType name="varType">
<xsd:restriction base="xsd:string">
</xsd:restriction>
</xsd:simpleType>
<!-- there are only fixed (first-order) relations -->
<!-- relation or predicate symbol -->
<xsd:simpleType name="relType">
<xsd:restriction base="xsd:string">
</xsd:restriction>
</xsd:simpleType>
</xsd:schema></pre></b></td></tr></table>
<h2><a name="Appendix 2">Appendix 2: Example RuleML document: a rulebase own.ruleml</a></h2>
<table bgcolor="#FFCCCC" border="1" cellpadding="5"><tr><td><b><pre>
<!DOCTYPE rulebase SYSTEM "http://www.ruleml.org/dtd/0.8/ruleml-datalog-monolith.dtd">
<!-- XML file refers both to DTD (above) and to equivalent Schema (below) -->
<rulebase xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="http://www.ruleml.org/xsd/0.8/ruleml-datalog-monolith.xsd"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
. . .</pre></b></td></tr></table>
<p>
For the full file see <a href="http://www.ruleml.org/exa/0.8/own.ruleml">own.ruleml</a>
(<a href="http://www.ruleml.org/exa/0.8/own.ruleml.txt">own.ruleml.txt</a>).
</p>
<table bgcolor="#FFCCCC" border="1" cellpadding="5"><tr><td><b><pre>. . .
</rulebase> </pre></b></td></tr></table>
<h2><a name="Appendix 3">Appendix 3: Instructions/Trace on Validating the example against the Schema</a></h2>
<table bgcolor="#EEFFEE" border="1" cellpadding="5"><tr><td><b><pre>
Validating a RuleML 0.8 Sample Document: own.ruleml
> Go to</pre></b>
<a href="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/webdata/xsv">http://www.w3.org/2000/09/webdata/xsv</a>
<b><pre>
> Paste in at
Address(es):
http://www.ruleml.org/exa/0.8/own.ruleml
> Select fallbacks for browsers ... (e.g.):
text/html (styled server-side: suits Netscape, older IE)
> Hit the 'Get Results' button
> You should essentially get:
* The schema(s) used for schema-validation had no errors
* No schema-validity problems were found in the target
</pre></b></td></tr></table>
For the full XSV output see <a href="http://www.ruleml.org/xsv-out.html">xsv-out.html</a>.
<br>
<p>
Site Contact:
<a href="http://www.cs.unb.ca/~boley/">Harold Boley</a>.
Page Version: 2001-10-30
<br><br><br>
<a name="Practice-Preach"></a><small>"Practice what you preach": XML source of this homepage at <a href="http://www.dfki.uni-kl.de/~boley/xslt/inxsd0.8.xml">inxsd0.8.xml</a> (<a href="http://www.dfki.uni-kl.de/~boley/xslt/inxsd0.8.xml.txt">inxsd0.8.xml.txt</a>);
<br>
transformed to HTML via the adaptation of <a href="http://www.dfki.uni-kl.de/~sintek/">Michael Sintek</a>'s SliML <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xslt">XSLT</a> stylesheet at <a href="http://www.dfki.uni-kl.de/~boley/xslt/homepage.xsl">homepage.xsl</a> (View | Page Source)
</small>
</p>
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