README.md

👋 Welcome to Software Development for MLOps 101!!

Welcome to the beginning of your journey to becoming an ML Operations (MLOps) Engineer! 🎉 Follow these steps to get your development environment teed up! After you've finished this set-up, feel free to go through the associated Whodunit?! 🕵️‍♀️

📚 Quick Review

We will be using some terminal commands, so let's make sure you know what they are and what they do!

Command	Stands For	Description
ls	long listing	lists all files and directories in the present working directory
ls -a	long listing all	lists hidden files as well
cd {dirname}	change directory	to change to a particular directory
cd ~	change directory home	navigate to HOME directory
cd ..	change directory up	move one level up
cat {filename}	concatenate	displays the file content
sudo	superuser	allows regular users to run programs with the security privileges of the superuser or root
mv {filename} {newfilename}	move	renames the file to new filename
clear	clear	clears the terminal screen
mkdir {dirname}	make directory	create new directory in present working directory or at specified path
rm {filename}	remove	remove file with given filename
touch {filename}.{ext}	touch	create new empty file
rmdir {dirname}	remove directory	deletes a directory
ssh {username}@{ip-address} or {hostname}	secure shell	login into a remote Linux machine using SSH

🛠️ Tools We'll Be Using

We will also be using a few tools such as git, conda, and pip.

Git

Git is a free and open source distributed version control system designed to handle everything from small to very large projects. These are the commands we will be using with git:

git clone -> clone a remote repository to your local computer

git add -> add files to a commit

git commit -m {message} -> commit changes with a message

git push -> push commit to remote repository

Conda & Pip

Conda is an open-source, cross-platform, language-agnostic package manager and environment management system. We will use pip within conda environments to manage our package installations. pip is Python's package management system. conda comes with Anaconda. And Anaconda is a convenient way to set up your Python programming environment since it comes with an enviornment management tool (conda) and comes with extra packages that are commonly used in data science and ML.

Some commands we will use in this lesson when it comes to conda and pip:

conda create --name mlops-course python=3.8 pip -> This creates a virtual environment. A virtual environment is a Python environment such that the Python interpreter, libraries, amnd scripts installed into it are isolated from those installed on other environments and any libraries installed on the system. So basically, this allows you to keep all your project's code/dependencies/libraries separated from other projects. You are specifically saying to create said environment with the name mlops-course, use python version 3.8, and use pip as your package manager. The command conda invokes the underlying logic to actually make the virtual environment and manages said environments for you.

conda activate mlops-course -> This activates the virtual environment you made with the above command for your current terminal session.

pip install numpy pandas matplotlib jupyter -> This installs the four packages mentioned - numpy, pandas, jupyter and matplotlib. numpy is used for scientific computing, pandas is used for data analysis, and matplotlib is used for data graphics. jupyter is discussed later in this tutorial in depth! pip is the Python package manager and you are telling it to install the listed packages to your environment.

🚀 Let's Get Started!

Let's start off by setting up our environment! Review the environment setup instructions for the local environment that you'll be using in this course.

Windows

• Install Windows Subsystem for Linux using Powershell

wsl --install

• Install Windows Terminal (You can even make it your [default!](https://devblogs.microsoft.com/commandline/ windows-terminal-as-your-default-command-line-experience/))

• Install Ubuntu

• Make sure you've install the correct version with the command wsl -l -v

(If you find yourself getting stuck on the WSL2 install, here is a link to video instructions)

Give it a test drive!

Continue by installing the following tools using Windows Terminal to setup your environment. When prompted, make sure to add conda to init.

Tool	Purpose	Command
🐍 Anaconda	Python & ML Toolkits	wget https://repo.anaconda.com/archive/Anaconda3-2021.11-Linux-x86_64.sh bash Anaconda3-2021.11-Linux-x86_64.sh source ~/.bashrc
Git	Version Control	sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade sudo apt install git-all
📝 VS Code	Development Environment	Download

Linux (Debian/Ubuntu)

Open terminal using Ctrl+Shift+T. Enter the following commands in terminal to setup your environment. When prompted, make sure to add conda to init.

Tool	Purpose	Command
🐍 Anaconda	Python & ML Toolkits	wget https://repo.anaconda.com/archive/Anaconda3-2021.11-Linux-x86_64.sh bash Anaconda3-2021.11-Linux-x86_64.sh source ~/.bashrc
Git	Version Control	sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade sudo apt install git-all
📝 VS Code	Development Environment	Download

macOS Intel

To get started, we need to download the MacOS package manager, Homebrew 🍺, so that we can download the tools we'll be using in the course. If you don't already have Homebrew installed, run the following commands:

1. Open terminal using ⌘+Space and type terminal.

2. Install Homebrew using the command below, following the command prompts:

   /bin/bash -c "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/HEAD/install.sh)"

3. Update Homebrew (This may take a few minutes)

   git -C /usr/local/Homebrew/Library/Taps/homebrew/homebrew-core fetch --unshallow

   git -C /usr/local/Homebrew/Library/Taps/homebrew/homebrew-cask fetch

4. Install the wget command to continue following along brew install wget

Enter the following commands in terminal to setup your environment. When prompted, make sure to add conda to init.

Tool	Purpose	Command
🐍 Anaconda	Python & ML Toolkits	wget https://repo.anaconda.com/archive/Anaconda3-2021.11-MacOSX-x86_64.sh bash Anaconda3-2021.11-MacOSX-x86_64.sh source ~/.bashrc
Git	Version Control	brew install git
📝 VS Code	Development Environment	Download

macOS ARM

To leverage the Mx chip from Python, you must use a special Python distribution called Miniforge. Open terminal using ⌘+Space and type terminal. Enter the following commands in terminal to setup your environment.

Miniforge can be installed using Homebrew or from the source. We suggest trying Homebrew option first.

Option 1 Homebrew

To get started, we need to download the MacOS package manager, Homebrew 🍺, so that we can download the tools we'll be using in the course. If you don't already have Homebrew installed, run the following commands:

1. Open terminal using ⌘+Space and type terminal.

2. Install Homebrew using the command below, following the command prompts:

   /bin/bash -c "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/HEAD/install.sh)"

3. Update Homebrew (This may take a few minutes)

   git -C /usr/local/Homebrew/Library/Taps/homebrew/homebrew-core fetch --unshallow

   git -C /usr/local/Homebrew/Library/Taps/homebrew/homebrew-cask fetch

4. Install the wget command to continue following along brew install wget

5. Install the xcode-select command-line utilities by typing the following command in the terminal

   xcode-select --install

After running the commands from the table, when prompted, initiate your conda base environment by running conda init.

Tool	Purpose	Command
🐍 Miniforge	Python & ML Toolkits	brew install miniforge
Git	Version Control	sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade sudo apt install git-all
📝 VS Code	Development Environment	Download

Let's configure our VS Code environment!

Install the IntelliCode Extension

IntelliCode is an AI-powered code completion extension to boost coding productivity. 😎

1. Click the Extensions tab in the navigation panel on the left side of VS Code.

2. Type "IntelliCode" in the search bar.

3. Click install on the Microsoft IntelliCode Extension

Install the Python and Jupyter Notebook Extensions

1. Click the Extensions tab on the left side of the window.

2. Type "Python" in the search bar.

3. Click Install on both the Python Extension and on the Microsoft Jupyter Notebook Extension

Set the Python Interpreter

1. Open VS Code and click on New File...

2. Open the Command Pallette (Mac: Shift⌘+P , Windows: Ctrl+Shift+P)

3. Type "Python" in the search bar.

4. Click on New Python File

5. Open the Command Pallette again. Can you remember the shortcut? If not, see #2 above again.

6. Type "Python Interpreter".

7. Click on Python: Select Interpreter

8. Select the Conda environment that you installed earlier.

9. Now you're ready to start coding!

Let's Make Sure That GitHub is Ready to Roll!

If you don't already have one, make an account on Github!

Github SSH Setup

Secure Shell Protocol (SSH) provides a secure communication channel of an unsecured network. Let's set it up!

1. Generate a Private/Public SSH Key Pair.

ssh-keygen -o -t rsa -C "your email address for github"

2. Save file pair. Default location ~/.ssh/id_rsa is fine!

3. At the prompt, type in a secure passphrase.

4. Copy the contents of the public key that we will share with GitHub.

   • Mac: pbcopy < ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub

   • Windows (WSL): clip.exe < ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub

   • Linux: xclip -sel c < ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub

5. Go to your GitHub account and go to Settings.

6. Under Access, click on the SSH and GPG keys tab on the left.

7. Click on the New SSH Key button.

8. Name the key, and paste the public key that you copied. Click the Add SSH Key button

Viewing the Repositories

Login and click on the top right user icon, then go to repositories.

Creating a New Repository

When viewing the respository page, click on New and proceed to create your repo.

---

Filling Respository Details

Create the repository by inputting the following:

• Repo name
• Repo description
• Make repo public
• Add a README
• Add .gitignore (Python template)
• Add license (choose MIT)

Then click Create Repository.

Clone Your Repo

1. Open your terminal and navigate to a place where you would like to make a directory to hold all your files for this class using the command cd.

cd {directory name}

2. Once there, make a top level directory using mkdir.

mkdir {directory name}

3. cd into it and make another directory called code.

cd {directory name}

mkdir code

4. cd into it and run your git clone {your repo url} command.

cd code

git clone {your repo url}

Adding The FourthBrain Whodunit? Content to Your Repo

1. cd into your repo and check your remote git.

cd {your repo name}

git remote -v

At this point, you should just have access to your own repo with an origin branch with both fetch and push options.

2. Let's setup our global configuration:

git config --global user.email "your email address"

git config --global user.name "your name"

3. Let's add a local branch for development.

git checkout -b LocalDev

You can change anything here in this branch!

git add .

Commit the changes with the branch addition.

git commit -m "Adding a LocalDev branch."

4. Let's push our local changes to our remote repo.

git checkout main

git merge LocalDev

git push origin main

5. Add the Whodunit (WD) repo as an extra remote repo:

git remote add WD [email protected]:FourthBrain/whodunit.git

Let's check our remote repos:

git remote -v

At this point, you should have access to both your own repo and FourthBrain and should see something like this:

WD    [email protected]:FourthBrain/whodunit.git (fetch)
WD    [email protected]:FourthBrain/whodunit.git (push)
origin [email protected]:rafatisina/TestRepo.git (fetch)
origin [email protected]:rafatisina/TestRepo.git (push)

Let's update our local repos:

git fetch --all

Make a new branch for the Whodunit material (WDBranch).

git checkout --track -b WDBranch WD/main

You should see something like this:

Branch 'WDBranch' set up to track remote branch 'main' from 'WD'.

You can visually check whether you are in that branch:

git log --all --graph

Now let's push our updated local repo to our remote repo!

git checkout main

git merge WDBranch --allow-unrelated-histories

If there are any conflicts you'll need to resolve them.

git add .

git commit -m "message-here"

git push origin main

From now on... after each release follow these steps to update your repo with new content:

git fetch --all
git checkout WDBranch
git merge --ff-only @{u}
git add .
git commit -m "branch is updated"
git checkout main
git merge WDBranch --allow-unrelated-histories

You will be asked to add a comment about why this change is necessary --> add a message.

git push origin main

Bringing it all together with Jupyter Notebooks

Activating Your Conda Environment

1. Now, let's activate the environment we set-up earlier with the command conda activate mlops-course. If you were successful, you could see (mlops-course) preceeding your terminal commands.

Adding a Feature Branch

Let's add a feature branch to our local repo. Earlier, we showed you how to add a feature branch and content to your repo via the Terminal. This time we are going to show you how to do it using the VS Code GUI.

1. Click on the main branch in the lower left side of the screen

2. You will then see a drop-down menu with some branch-level option commands. Select the Create a new branch option.

3. You will be prompted to enter the name for the branch. Let's give our branch an informative name feature-hello-world. The feature pre-fix is a common Git convention and let's our collaborators know what the purpose of the branch and the name of the feature.

4. Now that we have a feature branch to work on, let's add some code to it!

Hello World! - Part 1

1. Next we will review some terminal commands and make some additions to our repo. Do these in your terminal where your current working directory is your repo.

• Check your current working directory: pwd

• Create a new file: touch hello_world.py

• Create new directory: mkdir app

• Move file to directory: mv hello_world.py app/hello_world.py

• Check that the move command worked: cd app and then ls, you should see your hello_world.py file

• Lastly, lets clear our terminal screen: clear

2. Click on the Explorer tab.

3. Click on your hello_world.py file and type the following into the file:

print("hello world! let's do some ml ops!")

4. Save. And now go to the integrated terminal by clicking CTRL + ~. In the terminal run your first program of the class by doing cd app -> python hello_world.py. Congrats, we are off to a great start!

Hello World! - Part 2 - Notebook Edition

1. Create a new file under app by clicking on the Add file button and let's name this file hello_world.ipynb. The .ipynb extension is a notebook extension which will allow you to interact with your code via a notebook in VS Code, instead of a vanilla Python file. You might need to select your kernel in the top right of the notebook file, if so, choose the one we created previously.

2. In the first cell of hello_world.ipynb lets do our imports.

   import pandas as pd
   import numpy as np
   import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
   

3. Run the cell by either clicking the play button or by doing CTRL + ENTER.

4. Create a new cell and in that put the following code:

   np.random.seed(0)
   
   values = np.random.randn(100) # array of normally distributed random numbers
   s = pd.Series(values) # generate a pandas series
   s.plot(kind='hist', title='Normally distributed random values') # hist computes distribution
   plt.show()   
   

5. Run the cell and you should see your histogram plot! Well done.

6. Now let's commit our code to our remote repository. This can be done one of two ways - either through the terminal or through VS Code's GUI. I'll explain both ways and you can choose which you'll use.

• Click Source Control on the left icon bar.

• Add a message to your commit by typing in the message field.

• Click the check mark button under changes to add your files to this commit. If you haven't saved your changes, you will be prompted to Save All and Commit. Click Save All and Commit.

  OPTIONAL: Manually staging individual files

  1. You can manually stage files by pressing the `+` button.

  

• Click the elipsis in Source Control ribbon and click Push. You may also be prompted to Sync Changes. This will do Pull and Push, which will fetch new changes to the code and push your updates as well.

• You can then put in a pull request in GitHub to merge into the branch that you pulled from, in this case the main branch. In real life, you would then review the code changes with another developer/team lead/supervisor and address any potential code conflicts.

🕵️ Whodunit?

Now let's practice what you have learned by playing the Whodunit? game!

That's it for now! And so it begins.... :)