javaFxTutorialPart4.md

JavaFX Tutorial 4 – FXML

While we have produced a fully functional prototype, there are a few major problems with our application.

1. The process of visually enhancing the GUI is long and painful:

   • Does the TextField need to be 330px or 325px wide?
   • How much padding is enough padding to look good?

   Every small change requires us to rebuild and run the application.

2. Components are heavily dependent on each other: Why does Main need to know that DialogBox needs a Label? What happens if we change the Label to a custom ColoredLabel in the future?

   We need to minimize the amount of information each control needs to know about another. Otherwise, making changes in the future will break existing features.

3. The code is untidy and long: Why is all the code in one place?

   The Main class attempts to do it all. Code for visual tweaks, listeners and even utility methods are all in one file. This makes it difficult to find and make changes to existing code.

FXML is a XML-based language that allows us to define our user interface. Properties of JavaFX objects can be defined in the FXML file. For example:

 <TextField fx:id="userInput" layoutY="558.0" onAction="#handleUserInput" prefHeight="41.0" prefWidth="324.0" AnchorPane.bottomAnchor="1.0" />

The FXML snippet define a TextField similar to the one that we programmatically defined previous in Tutorial 2. Notice how concise FXML is compared to the plain Java version.

Let's return to Duke and convert it to use FXML instead.

Rebuilding the Scene using FXML

Scene Builder is a tool developed by Oracle and currently maintained by Gluon. It is a What-You-See-Is-What-You-Get GUI creation tool. Download the appropriate version for your OS and install it.

Create the following files in src/main/resources/view:

MainWindow.fxml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<?import javafx.scene.control.Button?>
<?import javafx.scene.control.ScrollPane?>
<?import javafx.scene.control.TextField?>
<?import javafx.scene.layout.AnchorPane?>
<?import javafx.scene.layout.VBox?>

<AnchorPane maxHeight="-Infinity" maxWidth="-Infinity" minHeight="-Infinity" minWidth="-Infinity" prefHeight="600.0" prefWidth="400.0" xmlns="http://javafx.com/javafx/8.0.171" xmlns:fx="http://javafx.com/fxml/1" fx:controller="MainWindow">
  <children>
    <TextField fx:id="userInput" layoutY="558.0" onAction="#handleUserInput" prefHeight="41.0" prefWidth="324.0" AnchorPane.bottomAnchor="1.0" />
    <Button fx:id="sendButton" layoutX="324.0" layoutY="558.0" mnemonicParsing="false" onAction="#handleUserInput" prefHeight="41.0" prefWidth="76.0" text="Send" />
    <ScrollPane fx:id="scrollPane" hbarPolicy="NEVER" hvalue="1.0" prefHeight="557.0" prefWidth="400.0" vvalue="1.0">
      <content>
        <VBox fx:id="dialogContainer" prefHeight="552.0" prefWidth="388.0" />
      </content>
    </ScrollPane>
  </children>
</AnchorPane>

DialogBox.fxml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<?import javafx.geometry.Insets?>
<?import javafx.scene.control.Label?>
<?import javafx.scene.image.ImageView?>
<?import javafx.scene.layout.HBox?>

<fx:root alignment="TOP_RIGHT" maxHeight="1.7976931348623157E308" maxWidth="1.7976931348623157E308" prefWidth="400.0" type="javafx.scene.layout.HBox" xmlns="http://javafx.com/javafx/8.0.171" xmlns:fx="http://javafx.com/fxml/1">
  <children>
    <Label fx:id="dialog" text="Label" wrapText="true" />
    <ImageView fx:id="displayPicture" fitHeight="99.0" fitWidth="99.0" pickOnBounds="true" preserveRatio="true" />
  </children>
  <padding>
    <Insets bottom="15.0" left="5.0" right="5.0" top="15.0" />
  </padding>
</fx:root>

1. Let’s explore the provided FXML files in Scene Builder.

   Running the tool brings up the main screen. Select Open Project > src/main/resources/view/MainWindow.fxml. Inspect each control and its properties.

   

2. On the right accordion pane, you can modify the properties of the control that you have selected. Try changing the various settings and see what they do!

3. On the left accordion, you can see that we have set the controller class to MainWindow. We will get to that later.

   

4. Let’s repeat the process for DialogBox. The main difference here is that DialogBox checks Use fx:root construct and does not define a controller class.

   

Using Controllers

As part of the effort to separate the code handling Duke's logic and UI, let's refactor the UI-related code to its own class. We call these UI classes controllers.

Let's implement the MainWindow controller class that we specified in MainWindow.fxml.

MainWindow.java

import javafx.fxml.FXML;
import javafx.scene.control.Button;
import javafx.scene.control.ScrollPane;
import javafx.scene.control.TextField;
import javafx.scene.image.Image;
import javafx.scene.layout.AnchorPane;
import javafx.scene.layout.VBox;
/**
 * Controller for MainWindow. Provides the layout for the other controls.
 */
public class MainWindow extends AnchorPane {
    @FXML
    private ScrollPane scrollPane;
    @FXML
    private VBox dialogContainer;
    @FXML
    private TextField userInput;
    @FXML
    private Button sendButton;

    private Duke duke;

    private Image userImage = new Image(this.getClass().getResourceAsStream("/images/DaUser.png"));
    private Image dukeImage = new Image(this.getClass().getResourceAsStream("/images/DaDuke.png"));

    @FXML
    public void initialize() {
        scrollPane.vvalueProperty().bind(dialogContainer.heightProperty());
    }

    public void setDuke(Duke d) {
        duke = d;
    }

    /**
     * Creates two dialog boxes, one echoing user input and the other containing Duke's reply and then appends them to
     * the dialog container. Clears the user input after processing.
     */
    @FXML
    private void handleUserInput() {
        String input = userInput.getText();
        String response = duke.getResponse(input);
        dialogContainer.getChildren().addAll(
                DialogBox.getUserDialog(input, userImage),
                DialogBox.getDukeDialog(response, dukeImage)
        );
        userInput.clear();
    }
}

The @FXML annotation marks a private or protected member and makes it accessible to FXML despite its modifier. Without the annotation, we will have to make everything public and expose our UI to unwanted changes.

The FXMLLoader will map the a control with a fx:id defined in FXML to a variable with the same name in its controller. Notice how in MainWindow, we can invoke TextField#clear() on userInput and access its content just as we did in the previous example. Similarly, methods like private methods like handleUserInput can be used in FXML when annotated by @FXML.

Using FXML in our application

Let's create a new Main class as the bridge between the existing logic in Duke and the UI in MainWindow.

Main.java

@Override
import java.io.IOException;

import javafx.application.Application;
import javafx.fxml.FXMLLoader;
import javafx.scene.Scene;
import javafx.scene.layout.AnchorPane;
import javafx.stage.Stage;

/**
 * A GUI for Duke using FXML.
 */
public class Main extends Application {

    private Duke duke = new Duke();

    @Override
    public void start(Stage stage) {
        try {
            FXMLLoader fxmlLoader = new FXMLLoader(Main.class.getResource("/view/MainWindow.fxml"));
            AnchorPane ap = fxmlLoader.load();
            Scene scene = new Scene(ap);
            stage.setScene(scene);
            fxmlLoader.<MainWindow>getController().setDuke(duke);
            stage.show();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

Again, we can interact with the AnchorPane defined in the FXML as we would have if we created the AnchorPane ourselves.

For our custom DialogBox, we did not define a controller so let's create a controller for it.

DialogBox.java

import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Collections;

import javafx.collections.FXCollections;
import javafx.collections.ObservableList;
import javafx.fxml.FXML;
import javafx.fxml.FXMLLoader;
import javafx.geometry.Pos;
import javafx.scene.Node;
import javafx.scene.control.Label;
import javafx.scene.image.Image;
import javafx.scene.image.ImageView;
import javafx.scene.layout.HBox;

/**
 * An example of a custom control using FXML.
 * This control represents a dialog box consisting of an ImageView to represent the speaker's face and a label
 * containing text from the speaker.
 */
public class DialogBox extends HBox {
    @FXML
    private Label dialog;
    @FXML
    private ImageView displayPicture;

    private DialogBox(String text, Image img) {
        try {
            FXMLLoader fxmlLoader = new FXMLLoader(MainWindow.class.getResource("/view/DialogBox.fxml"));
            fxmlLoader.setController(this);
            fxmlLoader.setRoot(this);
            fxmlLoader.load();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

        dialog.setText(text);
        displayPicture.setImage(img);
    }

    /**
     * Flips the dialog box such that the ImageView is on the left and text on the right.
     */
    private void flip() {
        ObservableList<Node> tmp = FXCollections.observableArrayList(this.getChildren());
        Collections.reverse(tmp);
        getChildren().setAll(tmp);
        setAlignment(Pos.TOP_LEFT);
    }

    public static DialogBox getUserDialog(String text, Image img) {
        return new DialogBox(text, img);
    }

    public static DialogBox getDukeDialog(String text, Image img) {
        var db = new DialogBox(text, img);
        db.flip();
        return db;
    }
}

When we create a new instance of DialogBox, we set both the controller and root Node to DialogBox. From this point onwards we can interact with DialogBox as we have in the previous tutorials.

The last change that we have to make is to point our Launcher class in the right direction: In Launcher.java

//...    
Application.launch(Main.class, args);
//...

Exercises

1. Convert MainWindow to use the fx:root construct.
2. Extend MainWindow to have a Stage as a root Node.
3. Customize the appearance of the application further with CSS.

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Authors:

• Initial Version: Jeffry Lum