diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 6ea048eea..394572eb8 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -649,6 +649,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "thiserror",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "clvm-traits-fuzz"
+version = "0.0.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "clvm-traits",
+ "clvmr",
+ "libfuzzer-sys",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "clvm-utils"
 version = "0.10.0"
diff --git a/crates/clvm-traits/fuzz/.gitignore b/crates/clvm-traits/fuzz/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1a45eee77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/clvm-traits/fuzz/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+target
+corpus
+artifacts
+coverage
diff --git a/crates/clvm-traits/fuzz/Cargo.toml b/crates/clvm-traits/fuzz/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a94af67c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/clvm-traits/fuzz/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+[package]
+name = "clvm-traits-fuzz"
+version = "0.0.0"
+publish = false
+edition = "2021"
+
+[package.metadata]
+cargo-fuzz = true
+
+[dependencies]
+libfuzzer-sys = { workspace = true }
+clvmr = { workspace = true }
+clvm-traits = { workspace = true }
+
+[[bin]]
+name = "int_encoding"
+path = "fuzz_targets/int_encoding.rs"
+test = false
+doc = false
+bench = false
diff --git a/crates/clvm-traits/fuzz/fuzz_targets/int_encoding.rs b/crates/clvm-traits/fuzz/fuzz_targets/int_encoding.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5e8e981ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/clvm-traits/fuzz/fuzz_targets/int_encoding.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+#![no_main]
+
+use clvm_traits::{decode_number, encode_number};
+use clvmr::Allocator;
+use libfuzzer_sys::{arbitrary::Unstructured, fuzz_target};
+
+fuzz_target!(|data: &[u8]| {
+    let mut unstructured = Unstructured::new(data);
+
+    macro_rules! impl_num {
+        ( $num_type:ty, $signed:expr ) => {
+            let num: $num_type = unstructured.arbitrary().unwrap();
+            let mut allocator = Allocator::new();
+            let ptr = allocator.new_number(num.into()).unwrap();
+            let atom = allocator.atom(ptr);
+            let expected = atom.as_ref();
+
+            #[allow(unused_comparisons)]
+            let encoded = encode_number(&num.to_be_bytes(), num < 0);
+            assert_eq!(expected, encoded);
+
+            let expected = num.to_be_bytes();
+            let decoded = decode_number(&encoded, $signed).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(expected, decoded);
+        };
+    }
+
+    impl_num!(u8, false);
+    impl_num!(i8, true);
+    impl_num!(u16, false);
+    impl_num!(i16, true);
+    impl_num!(u32, false);
+    impl_num!(i32, true);
+    impl_num!(u64, false);
+    impl_num!(i64, true);
+    impl_num!(u128, false);
+    impl_num!(i128, true);
+    impl_num!(usize, false);
+    impl_num!(isize, true);
+});
diff --git a/crates/clvm-traits/src/clvm_decoder.rs b/crates/clvm-traits/src/clvm_decoder.rs
index e66ce176a..490fe1a5a 100644
--- a/crates/clvm-traits/src/clvm_decoder.rs
+++ b/crates/clvm-traits/src/clvm_decoder.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 use clvmr::{allocator::SExp, Allocator, Atom, NodePtr};
+use num_bigint::BigInt;
 
 use crate::{
     destructure_list, destructure_quote, match_list, match_quote, FromClvm, FromClvmError,
@@ -11,6 +12,11 @@ pub trait ClvmDecoder: Sized {
     fn decode_atom(&self, node: &Self::Node) -> Result<Atom<'_>, FromClvmError>;
     fn decode_pair(&self, node: &Self::Node) -> Result<(Self::Node, Self::Node), FromClvmError>;
 
+    fn decode_bigint(&self, node: &Self::Node) -> Result<BigInt, FromClvmError> {
+        let atom = self.decode_atom(node)?;
+        Ok(BigInt::from_signed_bytes_be(atom.as_ref()))
+    }
+
     fn decode_curried_arg(
         &self,
         node: &Self::Node,
@@ -49,6 +55,14 @@ impl ClvmDecoder for Allocator {
             Err(FromClvmError::ExpectedPair)
         }
     }
+
+    fn decode_bigint(&self, node: &Self::Node) -> Result<BigInt, FromClvmError> {
+        if let SExp::Atom = self.sexp(*node) {
+            Ok(self.number(*node))
+        } else {
+            Err(FromClvmError::ExpectedAtom)
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl FromClvm<Allocator> for NodePtr {
diff --git a/crates/clvm-traits/src/from_clvm.rs b/crates/clvm-traits/src/from_clvm.rs
index d5a8d2a3e..897ffe8e9 100644
--- a/crates/clvm-traits/src/from_clvm.rs
+++ b/crates/clvm-traits/src/from_clvm.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 use std::{rc::Rc, sync::Arc};
 
-use num_bigint::{BigInt, Sign};
+use num_bigint::BigInt;
 
-use crate::{ClvmDecoder, FromClvmError};
+use crate::{decode_number, ClvmDecoder, FromClvmError};
 
 pub trait FromClvm<D>: Sized
 where
@@ -12,50 +12,45 @@ where
 }
 
 macro_rules! clvm_primitive {
-    ($primitive:ty) => {
+    ($primitive:ty, $signed:expr) => {
         impl<N, D: ClvmDecoder<Node = N>> FromClvm<D> for $primitive {
             fn from_clvm(decoder: &D, node: N) -> Result<Self, FromClvmError> {
                 const LEN: usize = std::mem::size_of::<$primitive>();
 
-                let bytes = decoder.decode_atom(&node)?;
-                let number = BigInt::from_signed_bytes_be(bytes.as_ref());
-                let (sign, mut vec) = number.to_bytes_be();
-
-                if vec.len() < std::mem::size_of::<$primitive>() {
-                    let mut zeros = vec![0; LEN - vec.len()];
-                    zeros.extend(vec);
-                    vec = zeros;
-                }
+                let atom = decoder.decode_atom(&node)?;
+                let slice = atom.as_ref();
 
-                let value = <$primitive>::from_be_bytes(vec.as_slice().try_into().or(Err(
-                    FromClvmError::WrongAtomLength {
+                let Some(bytes) = decode_number(slice, $signed) else {
+                    return Err(FromClvmError::WrongAtomLength {
                         expected: LEN,
-                        found: bytes.as_ref().len(),
-                    },
-                ))?);
-
-                Ok(if sign == Sign::Minus {
-                    value.wrapping_neg()
-                } else {
-                    value
-                })
+                        found: slice.len(),
+                    });
+                };
+
+                Ok(<$primitive>::from_be_bytes(bytes))
             }
         }
     };
 }
 
-clvm_primitive!(u8);
-clvm_primitive!(i8);
-clvm_primitive!(u16);
-clvm_primitive!(i16);
-clvm_primitive!(u32);
-clvm_primitive!(i32);
-clvm_primitive!(u64);
-clvm_primitive!(i64);
-clvm_primitive!(u128);
-clvm_primitive!(i128);
-clvm_primitive!(usize);
-clvm_primitive!(isize);
+clvm_primitive!(u8, false);
+clvm_primitive!(i8, true);
+clvm_primitive!(u16, false);
+clvm_primitive!(i16, true);
+clvm_primitive!(u32, false);
+clvm_primitive!(i32, true);
+clvm_primitive!(u64, false);
+clvm_primitive!(i64, true);
+clvm_primitive!(u128, false);
+clvm_primitive!(i128, true);
+clvm_primitive!(usize, false);
+clvm_primitive!(isize, true);
+
+impl<N, D: ClvmDecoder<Node = N>> FromClvm<D> for BigInt {
+    fn from_clvm(decoder: &D, node: N) -> Result<Self, FromClvmError> {
+        decoder.decode_bigint(&node)
+    }
+}
 
 impl<N, D: ClvmDecoder<Node = N>> FromClvm<D> for bool {
     fn from_clvm(decoder: &D, node: N) -> Result<Self, FromClvmError> {
diff --git a/crates/clvm-traits/src/int_encoding.rs b/crates/clvm-traits/src/int_encoding.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..03fb3d8aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/clvm-traits/src/int_encoding.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+pub fn encode_number(slice: &[u8], negative: bool) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut start = 0;
+    let pad_byte = if negative { 0xFF } else { 0x00 };
+
+    // Skip leading pad bytes
+    while start < slice.len() && slice[start] == pad_byte {
+        start += 1;
+    }
+
+    let needs_padding = if negative {
+        start == slice.len() || (slice[start] & 0x80) == 0
+    } else {
+        start < slice.len() && (slice[start] & 0x80) != 0
+    };
+
+    let mut result = Vec::with_capacity(if needs_padding {
+        slice.len() - start + 1
+    } else {
+        slice.len() - start
+    });
+
+    if needs_padding {
+        result.push(pad_byte);
+    }
+
+    result.extend_from_slice(&slice[start..]);
+    result
+}
+
+pub fn decode_number<const LEN: usize>(mut slice: &[u8], signed: bool) -> Option<[u8; LEN]> {
+    let negative = signed && !slice.is_empty() && slice[0] & 0x80 != 0;
+    let padding_byte = if negative { 0xFF } else { 0x00 };
+
+    if slice.len() > LEN && slice[0] == padding_byte {
+        slice = &slice[slice.len() - LEN..];
+    }
+
+    if slice.len() > LEN {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    assert!(slice.len() <= LEN);
+
+    let mut result = [padding_byte; LEN];
+    let start = LEN - slice.len();
+
+    result[start..].copy_from_slice(slice);
+
+    Some(result)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    use clvmr::Allocator;
+
+    macro_rules! test_roundtrip {
+        ( $num:expr, $signed:expr ) => {
+            let mut allocator = Allocator::new();
+            let ptr = allocator.new_number($num.into()).unwrap();
+            let atom = allocator.atom(ptr);
+            let expected = atom.as_ref();
+
+            #[allow(unused_comparisons)]
+            let encoded = encode_number(&$num.to_be_bytes(), $num < 0);
+            assert_eq!(expected, encoded);
+
+            let expected = $num.to_be_bytes();
+            let decoded = decode_number(&encoded, $signed).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(expected, decoded);
+        };
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_signed_encoding() {
+        test_roundtrip!(0i32, true);
+        test_roundtrip!(1i32, true);
+        test_roundtrip!(2i32, true);
+        test_roundtrip!(3i32, true);
+        test_roundtrip!(255i32, true);
+        test_roundtrip!(4716i32, true);
+        test_roundtrip!(-255i32, true);
+        test_roundtrip!(-10i32, true);
+        test_roundtrip!(i32::MIN, true);
+        test_roundtrip!(i32::MAX, true);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_unsigned_encoding() {
+        test_roundtrip!(0u32, false);
+        test_roundtrip!(1u32, false);
+        test_roundtrip!(2u32, false);
+        test_roundtrip!(3u32, false);
+        test_roundtrip!(255u32, false);
+        test_roundtrip!(u32::MAX, false);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/clvm-traits/src/lib.rs b/crates/clvm-traits/src/lib.rs
index 408cd0267..823a3762b 100644
--- a/crates/clvm-traits/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/clvm-traits/src/lib.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ mod clvm_decoder;
 mod clvm_encoder;
 mod error;
 mod from_clvm;
+mod int_encoding;
 mod macros;
 mod match_byte;
 mod to_clvm;
@@ -22,6 +23,7 @@ pub use clvm_decoder::*;
 pub use clvm_encoder::*;
 pub use error::*;
 pub use from_clvm::*;
+pub use int_encoding::*;
 pub use match_byte::*;
 pub use to_clvm::*;
 pub use wrappers::*;
diff --git a/crates/clvm-traits/src/to_clvm.rs b/crates/clvm-traits/src/to_clvm.rs
index 963d20f2c..c2672b0f0 100644
--- a/crates/clvm-traits/src/to_clvm.rs
+++ b/crates/clvm-traits/src/to_clvm.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::{rc::Rc, sync::Arc};
 use clvmr::Atom;
 use num_bigint::BigInt;
 
-use crate::{ClvmEncoder, ToClvmError};
+use crate::{encode_number, ClvmEncoder, ToClvmError};
 
 pub trait ToClvm<E>
 where
@@ -16,7 +16,9 @@ macro_rules! clvm_primitive {
     ($primitive:ty) => {
         impl<N, E: ClvmEncoder<Node = N>> ToClvm<E> for $primitive {
             fn to_clvm(&self, encoder: &mut E) -> Result<N, ToClvmError> {
-                encoder.encode_bigint(BigInt::from(*self))
+                let bytes = self.to_be_bytes();
+                #[allow(unused_comparisons)]
+                encoder.encode_atom(Atom::Borrowed(&encode_number(&bytes, *self < 0)))
             }
         }
     };
@@ -35,6 +37,12 @@ clvm_primitive!(i128);
 clvm_primitive!(usize);
 clvm_primitive!(isize);
 
+impl<N, E: ClvmEncoder<Node = N>> ToClvm<E> for BigInt {
+    fn to_clvm(&self, encoder: &mut E) -> Result<<E as ClvmEncoder>::Node, ToClvmError> {
+        encoder.encode_bigint(self.clone())
+    }
+}
+
 impl<N, E: ClvmEncoder<Node = N>> ToClvm<E> for bool {
     fn to_clvm(&self, encoder: &mut E) -> Result<N, ToClvmError> {
         i32::from(*self).to_clvm(encoder)