diff --git a/src/ziplineio/response.py b/src/ziplineio/response.py
index 073080e..8f04829 100644
--- a/src/ziplineio/response.py
+++ b/src/ziplineio/response.py
@@ -80,54 +80,42 @@ def format_body(body: bytes | str | dict) -> bytes:
 def format_response(
     response: bytes | dict | str | Response | Exception, default_headers: dict[str, str]
 ) -> RawResponse:
+    # Helper to merge and deduplicate headers
+
+    # Format different response types
     if isinstance(response, bytes):
-        raw_response = {
-            "headers": [
-                (b"content-type", b"text/plain"),
-            ],
-            "status": 200,
-            "body": response,
-        }
+        headers = [(b"content-type", b"text/plain")]
+        body = response
+        status = 200
+
     elif isinstance(response, str):
-        raw_response = {
-            "headers": [
-                (b"content-type", b"text/plain"),
-            ],
-            "status": 200,
-            "body": bytes(response, "utf-8"),
-        }
+        headers = [(b"content-type", b"text/plain")]
+        body = response.encode("utf-8")
+        status = 200
+
     elif isinstance(response, dict):
-        raw_response = {
-            "headers": [
-                (b"content-type", b"application/json"),
-            ],
-            "status": 200,
-            "body": bytes(json.dumps(response), "utf-8"),
-        }
+        headers = [(b"content-type", b"application/json")]
+        body = json.dumps(response).encode("utf-8")
+        status = 200
+
     elif isinstance(response, Response):
-        raw_response = {
-            "headers": format_headers(response.get_headers()),
-            "status": response.status,
-            "body": format_body(response.body),
-        }
+        headers = format_headers(response.get_headers())
+        body = format_body(response.body)
+        status = response.status
+
     elif isinstance(response, BaseHttpException):
-        raw_response = {
-            "headers": [
-                (b"content-type", b"application/json"),
-            ],
-            "status": response.status_code,
-            "body": format_body(response.message),
-        }
+        headers = [(b"content-type", b"application/json")]
+        body = format_body(response.message)
+        status = response.status_code
+
     elif isinstance(response, Exception):
-        raw_response = {
-            "headers": [
-                (b"content-type", b"text/plain"),
-            ],
-            "status": 500,
-            "body": b"Internal server error: " + bytes(str(response), "utf-8"),
-        }
+        headers = [(b"content-type", b"text/plain")]
+        body = f"Internal server error: {str(response)}".encode("utf-8")
+        status = 500
+
     else:
         raise ValueError("Invalid response type")
 
-    raw_response["headers"].extend(format_headers(default_headers))
-    return raw_response
+    default_headers = format_headers(default_headers)
+
+    return {"headers": default_headers + headers, "status": status, "body": body}
diff --git a/src/ziplineio/utils.py b/src/ziplineio/utils.py
index edc9a2b..27ebf85 100644
--- a/src/ziplineio/utils.py
+++ b/src/ziplineio/utils.py
@@ -11,14 +11,6 @@
 from ziplineio.models import ASGIScope
 
 
-def get_func_params(func: Handler):
-    return inspect.signature(func).parameters
-
-
-def get_class_params(cls):
-    return inspect.signature(cls.__init__).parameters
-
-
 """
 Only pass the kwargs that are required by the handler function.
 """
diff --git a/test/test_e2e.py b/test/test_e2e.py
index 24115f5..4f2381f 100644
--- a/test/test_e2e.py
+++ b/test/test_e2e.py
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ async def check_server():
                             return True
                     except httpx.RequestError:
                         pass
-                    await asyncio.sleep(0.2)  # Short sleep between retries
+                    await asyncio.sleep(0.1)  # Short sleep between retries
 
         try:
             await asyncio.wait_for(check_server(), timeout=timeout)
diff --git a/test/test_response.py b/test/test_response.py
index 9214a11..5bfd3c1 100644
--- a/test/test_response.py
+++ b/test/test_response.py
@@ -1,8 +1,14 @@
 import unittest
 
 from ziplineio.app import App
+from ziplineio.exception import BaseHttpException
 from ziplineio.request import Request
-from ziplineio.response import StaticFileResponse
+from ziplineio.response import (
+    Response,
+    StaticFileResponse,
+    format_body,
+    format_response,
+)
 
 
 class TestResponse(unittest.IsolatedAsyncioTestCase):
@@ -23,3 +29,81 @@ async def test_static_file(self):
         self.assertEqual(r.status, 200)
         self.assertEqual(r.get_headers()["Content-Type"], "text/css")
         self.assertTrue(b"background-color: #f0f0f0;" in r.body)
+
+
+class TestFormatBody(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_format_body_dict(self):
+        body = format_body({"message": "Hello, world!"})
+        self.assertEqual(body, b'{"message": "Hello, world!"}')
+
+    def test_format_body_bytes(self):
+        body = format_body(b"Hello, world!")
+        self.assertEqual(body, b"Hello, world!")
+
+    def test_format_body_str(self):
+        body = format_body("Hello, world!")
+        self.assertEqual(body, b"Hello, world!")
+
+
+class TestFormatResponse(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_format_bytes(self):
+        response = b"Hello, world!"
+        headers = {}
+        formatted = format_response(response, headers)
+
+        self.assertEqual(formatted["status"], 200)
+        self.assertEqual(formatted["headers"], [(b"content-type", b"text/plain")])
+        self.assertEqual(formatted["body"], response)
+
+    def test_format_str(self):
+        response = "Hello, world!"
+        headers = {}
+        formatted = format_response(response, headers)
+
+        self.assertEqual(formatted["status"], 200)
+        self.assertEqual(formatted["headers"], [(b"content-type", b"text/plain")])
+        self.assertEqual(formatted["body"], b"Hello, world!")
+
+    def test_format_dict(self):
+        response = {"message": "Hello, world!"}
+        headers = {}
+        formatted = format_response(response, headers)
+
+        self.assertEqual(formatted["status"], 200)
+        self.assertEqual(formatted["headers"], [(b"content-type", b"application/json")])
+        self.assertEqual(formatted["body"], b'{"message": "Hello, world!"}')
+
+    def test_format_response_object(self):
+        response = Response(200, {"Content-Type": "CUSTOM-TYPE"}, "Hello, world!")
+
+        formatted = format_response(response, {})
+        self.assertEqual(formatted["status"], 200)
+        self.assertEqual(formatted["headers"], [(b"Content-Type", b"CUSTOM-TYPE")])
+        self.assertEqual(formatted["body"], b"Hello, world!")
+
+    def test_format_exception(self):
+        response = Exception("Hello, world!")
+        headers = {}
+        formatted = format_response(response, headers)
+
+        self.assertEqual(formatted["status"], 500)
+        self.assertEqual(formatted["headers"], [(b"content-type", b"text/plain")])
+        self.assertEqual(formatted["body"], b"Internal server error: Hello, world!")
+
+    def test_format_http_exception(self):
+        response = BaseHttpException("Hello, world!", 444)
+        headers = {}
+        formatted = format_response(response, headers)
+
+        self.assertEqual(formatted["status"], 444)
+        self.assertEqual(formatted["headers"], [(b"content-type", b"application/json")])
+        self.assertEqual(formatted["body"], b"Hello, world!")
+
+    def test_format_bytes_with_headers(self):
+        response = b"Hello, world!"
+        headers = {}
+        formatted = format_response(response, headers)
+
+        self.assertEqual(formatted["status"], 200)
+        self.assertEqual(formatted["headers"], [(b"content-type", b"text/plain")])
+        self.assertEqual(formatted["body"], response)
diff --git a/test/test_utils.py b/test/test_utils.py
index 8561adc..d784d51 100644
--- a/test/test_utils.py
+++ b/test/test_utils.py
@@ -17,3 +17,19 @@ def test_match_url_pattern(self):
 
         # Assertions
         self.assertEqual(parsed, {"id": "123"})
+
+    def test_parse_scope(self):
+        scope = {
+            "query_string": b"",
+            "path": "/user/12",
+            "headers": [(b"host", b"localhost")],
+            "method": "GET",
+        }
+        parsed = utils.parse_scope(scope)
+
+        # Assertions
+        self.assertEqual(parsed.method, "GET")
+        self.assertEqual(parsed.path, "/user/12")
+        self.assertEqual(parsed.query_params, {})
+        self.assertEqual(parsed.path_params, {})
+        self.assertEqual(parsed.headers, {"host": "localhost"})