chapter15.tex

% -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
\documentclass{book}

\input{preamble}
\setcounter{chapter}{14}

\begin{document}

%\chapter{Baseline Distances}\label{baseline}
\chapter{基线距离}\label{baseline}

%%\hbox{}\vfil\vfil\hbox{}
%Lines of text are in most cases not of equal height or depth.
%Therefore \TeX\ adds interline glue to keep baselines at a uniform
%distance from one another. 
%This chapter treats the computation of such
%interline glue.
%\hbox{}\vfil\vfil\hbox{}
文本行的高度和深度多半不会是相等的。
因此 \TeX\ 添加行间粘连，以保证各行基线有一致的距离。
这一章处理行间粘连的计算。

%\label{cschap:baselineskip}\label{cschap:lineskiplimit}\label{cschap:lineskip}\label{cschap:prevdepth}\label{cschap:nointerlineskip}\label{cschap:offinterlineskip}\label{cschap:openup}
%\begin{inventory}
\label{cschap:baselineskip}\label{cschap:lineskiplimit}\label{cschap:lineskip}\label{cschap:prevdepth}\label{cschap:nointerlineskip}\label{cschap:offinterlineskip}\label{cschap:openup}
\begin{inventory}

%\item [\cs{baselineskip}] 
%      The `ideal' baseline distance between neighbouring 
%      boxes on a vertical list. Plain \TeX\ default:~\n{12pt}.
\item [\cs{baselineskip}] 
      竖直列中相邻盒子基线距离的`理想值'。Plain \TeX\ 默认为 \n{12pt}。

%\item [\cs{lineskiplimit}] 
%      Distance to be maintained between the bottom and top of 
%      neighbouring boxes on a vertical list.
%      Plain \TeX\ default:~\n{0pt}.
\item [\cs{lineskiplimit}] 
      竖直列中相邻盒子的底部和顶部需要保持的距离。
      Plain \TeX\ 默认为 \n{0pt}。

%\item [\cs{lineskip}]  
%      Glue added if the distance between bottom
%      and top of neighbouring boxes 
%      is less than \cs{lineskiplimit}.
%      Plain \TeX\ default:~\n{1pt}.
\item [\cs{lineskip}]  
      在相邻盒子的底部和顶部的距离小于 \cs{lineskiplimit} 时添加的粘连。
      Plain \TeX\ 默认为 \n{1pt}。

%\item [\cs{prevdepth}]  
%      Depth of the last box added to a vertical list as it is 
%      perceived by \TeX.
\item [\cs{prevdepth}]  
      上一个被 \TeX\ 添加到竖直列的盒子的深度。

%\item [\cs{nointerlineskip}]
%      Macro to prevent interline glue insertion once.
\item [\cs{nointerlineskip}]
      用于阻止一次行间粘连插入的宏。

%\item [\cs{offinterlineskip}]
%      Macro to prevent interline glue globally
%      henceforth.
\item [\cs{offinterlineskip}]
      用于全局地阻止此后所有行间粘连的宏。

%\item [\cs{openup}]
%      Increase \cs{baselineskip}, \cs{lineskip}, 
%      and \cs{lineskiplimit} by specified amount.
\item [\cs{openup}]
      给 \cs{baselineskip}、\cs{lineskip} 和 
      \cs{lineskiplimit} 增加指定的量。

%\end{inventory}
\end{inventory}


%\section{Interline glue}
\section{行间粘连}

%\input figs17
%%\message{fig17 missing}
\input figs17
%\message{fig17 missing}

%\TeX\ tries to keep a certain distance between the reference
%points of boxes that are added to a vertical list
%by inserting \indextermbus{interline}{glue}.
%In particular it tries to keep a constant \indextermsub{baseline}{distance}
%between lines of ordinary text: the \csidx{baselineskip}. Actually,
%the \cs{baselineskip} is  a \gr{glue}, so line distances can
%stretch or shrink. However, the natural sizes,
%as well as the stretch and the shrink, are the same
%between all lines.
通过插入\indextermbus{行间}{粘连}，
\TeX\ 试图让竖直列的盒子的基准点保持一定的距离。
特别地，它试图让普通文本的各行保持恒定的\indextermsub{基线}{距离}。
实际上，\cs{baselineskip} 是一个\gr{glue}，因此行距是可以伸缩的。
然而，它的自然尺寸以及伸长量和收缩量，在各行之间是一致的。

%When boxes, whether they are lines of a paragraph or explicit boxes,
%are appended to a vertical list, glue 
%is added usually so that the depth of the preceding box
%and the height of the current one add up to the \cs{baselineskip}.
%This has the effect of keeping the reference points 
%of subsequent lines at regular intervals.
当添加盒子——不管是段落文本行还是显式盒子——到竖直列时，
\TeX\ 通常会添加粘连，使得它与前面盒子深度和当前盒子高度之和等于
\cs{baselineskip}。这样能让各行的基准点保持相同的距离。

%%\eject
%\eject

%\begin{quotation}
%  \figone
%\end{quotation}
%%\begin{disp}\leavevmode\hbox{}\nl\figone\end{disp}
\begin{quotation}
  \figone
\end{quotation}
%\begin{disp}\leavevmode\hbox{}\nl\figone\end{disp}

%However, this process can bring the bottom and top of two
%subsequent boxes to be less than \cs{lineskiplimit} apart:
%\begin{quotation}
%  \figtwo
%\end{quotation}
%%\begin{disp}\leavevmode\figtwo\end{disp}
然而，这样做可能导致相邻盒子的底部和顶部的距离小于 \cs{lineskiplimit}：
\begin{quotation}
  \figtwo
\end{quotation}
%\begin{disp}\leavevmode\figtwo\end{disp}

%In that case, \cs{lineskip} glue is added:
%\begin{quotation}
%  \figthree
%\end{quotation}
%%\begin{disp}\leavevmode\figthree\end{disp}
%Note that this will usually increase the distance
%between the baselines of the boxes to more than the
%\cs{baselineskip}.
碰到这种情形时，\TeX\ 改为添加 \cs{lineskip} 粘连：
\begin{quotation}
  \figthree
\end{quotation}
%\begin{disp}\leavevmode\figthree\end{disp}
注意这通常会导致盒子的基线距离超过 \cs{baselineskip}。

%The exact process is this:
%\begin{itemize}
%\item if \cs{prevdepth} is \n{-1000pt} or less,
%no glue is added, otherwise
%\item \TeX\ calculates the distance between the bottom of the previous box
%and the top of the current one as the natural width of the
%\cs{baselineskip} minus \cs{prev\-depth} (the
%depth of the last box) and minus the height of the current box;
%\item if this distance is at least \csidx{lineskiplimit}, 
%glue is added with the calculated distance as natural size,
%and with the stretch and shrink of the \cs{baselineskip},
%\item otherwise \csidx{lineskip} glue is added.
%\item \csidx{prevdepth} is set to the depth of the
%current item.
%\end{itemize}
确切的处理过程如下：
\begin{itemize}
\item 如果 \cs{prevdepth} 小于或等于 \n{-1000pt}，不会添加任何粘连，否则
\item \TeX\ 计算出上一个盒子底部和当前盒子顶部的距离：
它用 \cs{baselineskip} 减去 \cs{prev\-depth}（上一个盒子的深度）再减去当前盒子的高度；
\item 如果这个距离小于 \csidx{lineskiplimit}，\TeX\ 添加一个粘连，
这个粘连的自然尺寸等于该距离，伸长量和收缩量等于 \cs{baselineskip} 的伸长量和收缩量。
\item 否则，\TeX\ 改为添加 \csidx{lineskip} 粘连。
\item \TeX\ 将 \csidx{prevdepth} 设为当前项目的深度。
\end{itemize}

%There are two exceptional  situations:
%no interline glue is added before and after a rule,
%and the \cs{prevdepth} is not updated by an \cs{unvbox}
%or \cs{unvcopy} command. After a rule interline glue
%is prevented by a value of \n{-1000pt} of the \cs{prevdepth}.
这里有两个例外情形：在标尺前后不添加行间粘连，
而 \cs{unvbox} 或 \cs{unvcopy} 命令不改变 \cs{prevdepth} 值。
在标线之后行间粘连是由于 \cs{prevdepth} 等于 \n{-1000pt} 而被阻止。

%The above process is carried out, irrespective of what extra
%glue may have been inserted in between the boxes.
%Thus a skip in between boxes in vertical mode will not
%affect the distance calculated from the baseline distances,
%and therefore also not the amount of baselineskip glue.
%The same holds for glue added with \cs{vadjust} inside
%a paragraph.
上面的处理过程不考虑盒子间另外插入的粘连。
因此竖直模式中添加的盒子间距不会影响从基线距离算出的结果，
从而不影响行间粘连的大小。
这个规则也适用于在段落中用 \cs{vadjust} 添加的粘连。

%\begin{example}
%\begin{verbatim}
%\baselineskip=10pt \lineskiplimit=2pt \lineskip=2pt
%\setbox0=\vbox{\hbox{\vrule depth4pt}
%               \hbox{\vrule height 3pt}}
%\showbox0
%\end{verbatim}
%gives
%\begin{verbatim}
%\box0=
%\vbox(10.0+0.0)x0.4
%.\hbox(0.0+4.0)x0.4
%..\rule(*+4.0)x0.4
%.\glue(\baselineskip) 3.0
%.\hbox(3.0+0.0)x0.4
%..\rule(3.0+*)x0
%\end{verbatim}
%Bringing the boxes to within  \cs{lineskiplimit}
%of each other, that is
%\begin{verbatim}
%\setbox0\vbox{\hbox{\vrule depth4pt}
%              \hbox{\vrule height 5pt}}
%\showbox0
%\end{verbatim}
%gives
%\begin{verbatim}
%\box0=
%\vbox(11.0+0.0)x0.4
%.\hbox(0.0+4.0)x0.4
%..\rule(*+4.0)x0.4
%.\glue(\lineskip) 2.0
%.\hbox(5.0+0.0)x0.4
%..\rule(5.0+*)x0.4
%\end{verbatim}
%where \cs{lineskip} glue has been inserted
%instead of the usual \cs{baselineskip} glue.
%\end{example}
\begin{example}
\begin{verbatim}
\baselineskip=10pt \lineskiplimit=2pt \lineskip=2pt
\setbox0=\vbox{\hbox{\vrule depth4pt}
               \hbox{\vrule height 3pt}}
\showbox0
\end{verbatim}
将给出
\begin{verbatim}
\box0=
\vbox(10.0+0.0)x0.4
.\hbox(0.0+4.0)x0.4
..\rule(*+4.0)x0.4
.\glue(\baselineskip) 3.0
.\hbox(3.0+0.0)x0.4
..\rule(3.0+*)x0
\end{verbatim}
将盒子的距离减少到 \cs{lineskiplimit} 以内，即
\begin{verbatim}
\setbox0\vbox{\hbox{\vrule depth4pt}
              \hbox{\vrule height 5pt}}
\showbox0
\end{verbatim}
将给出
\begin{verbatim}
\box0=
\vbox(11.0+0.0)x0.4
.\hbox(0.0+4.0)x0.4
..\rule(*+4.0)x0.4
.\glue(\lineskip) 2.0
.\hbox(5.0+0.0)x0.4
..\rule(5.0+*)x0.4
\end{verbatim}
其中插入的是 \cs{lineskip} 粘连，而不是通常的 \cs{baselineskip} 粘连。
\end{example}

%The plain \TeX\ default values are
%\begin{verbatim}
%\lineskiplimit=0pt lineskip=1pt
%\end{verbatim}
%so, when boxes start to touch each other, they are
%moved one point apart.
Plain \TeX\ 中的默认值为
\begin{verbatim}
\lineskiplimit=0pt lineskip=1pt
\end{verbatim}
因此，当两个盒子开始碰到时，它们被拉开一个点的距离。

%\section{The perceived depth of boxes}
\section{盒子深度}

%The decision process for interline glue uses \csidx{prevdepth}
%as the perceived depth of the preceding box on the vertical
%list. The \cs{prevdepth} parameter can be used only in
%vertical mode.
在确定行间粘连时，\csidx{prevdepth} 代表竖直列中前一个盒子的深度。
\cs{prevdepth} 参数只能在竖直模式中使用。

%The \cs{prevdepth} is set to the depth of boxes added to the
%vertical list, but it is not affected by \cs{unvbox}
%or \cs{unvcopy}. After an \cs{hrule} it is set to
%\n{-1000pt} to prevent interline glue before the next box.
\cs{prevdepth} 被设定为添加到竖直列的盒子的深度，
但它不受 \cs{unvbox} 或 \cs{unvcopy} 影响。
在 \cs{hrule} 之后它被设为 \n{-1000pt} 以阻止在下个盒子前生成行间粘连。

%At the beginning of a vertical list \cs{prevdepth}
%is set to \n{-1000pt}, except in an \cs{halign}
%and \cs{noalign} code contained therein, where it
%is carried over from the surrounding list.
%At the end of the alignment the value of \cs{prevdepth}
%set by the last alignment row is carried to the outer list.
在竖直列的开头，\cs{prevdepth} 被设为 \n{-1000pt}，
除非在 \cs{halign} 和 \cs{noalign} 中，
此时使用的是外层列表的 \cs{prevdepth} 值。
在阵列的结尾，阵列末尾行设定的 \cs{prevdepth} 的值被送到外层列表中。

%In order to prevent interline glue just once, all that
%is needed is to alter the \cs{prevdepth}.
%\cstoidx nointerlineskip\par
%\begin{verbatim}
%\def\nointerlineskip{\prevdepth=-1000pt}
%\end{verbatim}
为阻止一次行间粘连，只需要修改 \cs{prevdepth}。
\cstoidx nointerlineskip\par
\begin{verbatim}
\def\nointerlineskip{\prevdepth=-1000pt}
\end{verbatim}

%The \csidx{offinterlineskip} macro is much more drastic:
%it prevents {\sl all\/} interline glue from the moment
%of its call onwards, or, if it is used inside a paragraph,
%from the start of that paragraph.
%Its definition is
%\begin{verbatim}
%\baselineskip=-1000pt \lineskip=0pt 
%\lineskiplimit\maxdimen
%\end{verbatim}
%where the second line is the essential one: it
%causes \TeX\ to add \cs{lineskip} glue (which is zero)
%always. 
%Settings for \cs{baselineskip} do not matter any more then.
\csidx{offinterlineskip} 宏要彻底得多：
它使得{\sl 所有\/}行间粘连都为零，从调用它的时刻算起，
或者，倘若在段落中间使用它，从段落开头处算起。
它的定义为
\begin{verbatim}
\baselineskip=-1000pt \lineskip=0pt 
\lineskiplimit\maxdimen
\end{verbatim}
其中第二行是关键之处：它使得 \TeX\ 添加的 \cs{lineskip} 粘连始终等于零。
这样 \cs{baselineskip} 的设置将不再重要。

%The \cs{offinterlineskip} macro has an important application
%in alignments (see Chapter~\ref{align}).
\cs{offinterlineskip} 宏在阵列中能派上用场（见第~\ref{align}~章）。

%By setting
%\begin{verbatim}
%\lineskiplimit=-\maxdimen
%\end{verbatim}
%you can force \TeX\  to apply the \cs{baselineskip}
%always, regardless of whether this would bring boxes too close
%together or, indeed, if this would make them overlap.
通过设置
\begin{verbatim}
\lineskiplimit=-\maxdimen
\end{verbatim}
你可以强制 \TeX\ 始终使用 \cs{baselineskip}，
而不管是否将导致盒子靠得太近，或者导致它们重叠。


%%\point Terminology
%\section{Terminology}
%\point Terminology
\section{术语}

%In hot metal typesetting, all letters of a particular font
%were on a `body' of the same
%size. Thus every line of type had the same height and depth, and
%the resulting distance between the baselines would be some suitable
%value for that type. If for some reason this distance should
%be larger (see~\cite{White:line} for a discussion of this),
%strips of lead would be inserted. The extra distance was
%called the `leading' (pronounced `ledding').
在铅字排版时代，一个字体的所有字母都印在相同大小的`字身'上。
因此排版的每行都有相同的高度和深度，从而基线的距离将有合适的大小。
若由于某原因需要增加此距离（见~\cite{White:line}~对此问题的讨论），
则需要插入一个铅条（strips of lead）。
这个额外的距离就称为`leading'（发音同`ledding'）。

%With phototypesetting, when the baseline distance was sometimes
%called the `film transport', this terminology blurred, and the
%term `leading' was also used for the baseline distance. Some of this
%confusion is also present in \TeX: the parameter \cs{baselineskip}
%specifies the baseline distance, but in the trace output
%(see the examples above) the glue inserted to make the 
%baseline distance equal to \cs{baselineskip} is called
%\cs{baselineskip}.
在照相排版时代，基线距离有时候被称为`film transport'，
而`leading'这个术语变得模糊，有时也被用于表示基线距离。这种混乱同样出现在 \TeX\ 中：
参数 \cs{baselineskip} 指定基线距离，但是在追踪输出中（见上面的例子），
为保证基线距离等于\cs{baselineskip}而插入的粘连也被称为 \cs{baselineskip}。

%%\point Additional remarks
%\section{Additional remarks}
%\point Additional remarks
\section{补充说明}

%In general, for documents longer than one page it is desirable
%to have the same baseline distance throughout. However,
%for one-page documents you may add stretchability to the
%baselineskip, for instance if the text has to be flush bottom.
一般地，对于超过一页的文档，自始至终保持相同的基线距离比较合适。
然而，对于单页文档，你可以添加伸长度到 \cs{baselineskip}，
这样可以让文本在底部对齐。

%Increasing the distance between just one pair of lines
%can be done with \cs{vadjust}. The argument of this
%command is vertical material that\vadjust{\kern2pt}
%will be inserted in the
%vertical list right after the line where this command was given.
%The second line of this paragraph, for instance, 
%contains the command \verb-\vadjust{\kern2pt}-.
若仅仅想增加某两行的距离，你可以使用 \cs{vadjust} 命令。
这个命令的参量是竖直素材，\vadjust{\kern2pt}%
它们将被插入到竖直列并放在这个命令所在的行之后。
比如这个段落的第二行就包含命令 \verb-\vadjust{\kern2pt}-。

%The amount of leading cannot be changed in the middle of
%a paragraph, because the value for \cs{baselineskip}
%that is used is the one that
%is current when the paragraph is finally broken and
%added to the main vertical list. The same holds
%for the \cs{lineskip} and \cs{lineskiplimit}.
行间距的大小可以在段落中间修改，
这是因为在分段为行并添加到主竖直列时才会用到 \cs{baselineskip} 的当前值。
\cs{lineskip} 和 \cs{lineskiplimit} 类似。

%The plain \TeX\ macro \csidx{openup}
%increases the \cs{baselineskip}, \cs{lineskip}, and
%\cs{lineskiplimit} by the amount of the argument
%to the macro. In effect, this increases line distances
%by this amount regardless of whether they are governed
%by \cs{baselineskip} or \cs{lineskip}.
Plain \TeX\ 宏 \csidx{openup} 给 \cs{baselineskip}、\cs{lineskip}
和 \cs{lineskiplimit} 增加宏参量所指定的大小。
其效果是给行间距增加所指定的大小，无论它是由 \cs{baselineskip}
还是由 \cs{lineskip} 给出。


%\endofchapter
%%%%% end of input file [baseline]
\endofchapter
%%%% end of input file [baseline]

\end{document}