ARCHITECTURE.md

Scarb Architecture

This document describes the high-level architecture of Scarb. If you want to familiarize yourself with the code base, you are just in the right place!

Some parts are not implemented, yet already documented in present tense, to outline what is expected to be developed.

Bird's Eye View

flowchart TD
    scarb([scarb CLI])
    scarb---BUILTIN_CMDS
    scarb---EXT_CMDS
    subgraph BUILTIN_CMDS ["Built-in commands"]
        direction LR
        BLD[scarb build]
        CLN[scarb clean]
        FMT[scarb fmt]
        RUN[scarb run]
        NEW[scarb init/new]
        UPD[scarb add/rm/update]
        MET[scarb metadata]
        CMD[scarb commands]
        MAN[scarb manifest-path]
    end
    subgraph EXT_CMDS ["External subcommands system"]
        direction LR
        CAIRO_LS["Cairo Language Server"]
        SNFORGE["scarb test\n(can redirect to either snforge,\ncairo-test or other runner)"]
    end

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Scarb is a command-line application which works as an entrypoint for working with Cairo projects.

The command line interface is just a thin wrapper over functionality provided by the scarb Rust crate. This crate consist of primarily two modules:

1. core - contains all data structures representing project model and workspace state. Use these only for read operations. See the Core data model section for more information.
2. ops (operations) - contains functions for performing all kinds of mutations of the project. If you are looking for a function to resolve packages, build the project or modify Scarb.toml - this is the place to look at.

Package management

Core data model

classDiagram
    class PackageId {
        + String name
        + Version
        + SourceId
    }
    class SourceId {
        +SourceKind
        +Url
    }
    class Config~'c~ {
        - manifest path
        - app exe path
        - app dirs, like config, cache, PATH, etc.
        - target directory handle
        - ui
        - logging configuration 
        - cairo plugins 
        - current profile
        - global locks
        - tokio runtime
    }
    class CodegenRepository {
        - compilers
    }
    class CairoPluginRepository {
        - compiler macro plugins
    }
    class StarknetContractCompiler {
    }
    class LibCompiler {
    }
    class Workspace~'c~ {
        + members() Iter~Package~
    }
    class Package {
        + PackageId
        + Manifest
    }
    class Manifest {
        + Summary
        + Vec~Target~
        + compiler config
        + profile definitions
        + scripts
        + not important metadata
    }
    class TomlManifest {
       Serialization of Scarb.toml
    }
    class Summary {
        + PackageID
        + Vec~ManifestDependency~
        + metadata important for version solving
    }
    class ManifestDependency {
        + String name
        + VersionReq
        + SourceId
    }
    class Target {
        + TargetKind
        + String name
        + BTreeMap<String, *> params
    }
    class CompilationUnit {
        Contains all information
        needed to compile a Target
    }
    class Resolve {
        Version solver output,
        dependency graph.
    }
    class WorkspaceResolve {
        + Resolve resolve
        + Vec~Package~ packages
    }

    Workspace~'c~ *-- Config~'c~
    Workspace~'c~ o-- * Package
    Config~'c~ *-- CodegenRepository
    Config~'c~ *-- CairoPluginRepository
    Package -- Manifest
    Manifest -- Summary
    Manifest o-- * Target
    Summary o-- * ManifestDependency
    %% Package .. PackageId
    %% ManifestDependency .. SourceId
    PackageId -- SourceId
    Manifest ..> TomlManifest : is created from
    WorkspaceResolve *-- Resolve
    WorkspaceResolve *-- Package
    CompilationUnit ..> WorkspaceResolve : is created from
    CompilationUnit ..> Target : is created from
    CodegenRepository *-- StarknetContractCompiler 
    CodegenRepository *-- LibCompiler 

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Sources and the internal registry

classDiagram
    direction BT
    class Source {
       <<Trait>>
       + query(&ManifestDependency) Vec~Summary~
       + download(PackageId) Package
    }
    class PathSource
    class GitSource
    class StandardLibSource
    class RegistrySource {
        <<Future>>
    }

    PathSource ..|> Source
    GitSource ..|> Source
    StandardLibSource ..|> Source
    RegistrySource ..|> Source

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A source is an object that finds and downloads remote packages based on names and versions. The interface of sources is contained within the Source trait. There are various Source implementation for different methods of downloading packages:

1. PathSource simply provides an ability to operate on packages from local file system.
2. GitSource downloads packages from Git repositories.
3. RegistrySource downloads packages from package registries.
4. And more...

CURRENTLY ONLY PATH AND GIT SOURCES ARE IMPLEMENTED.

The Registry object gathers all Source objects in a single mapping, and provides a unified interface for querying any package, no matter of its source.

Version solver

Version solving consists in efficiently finding a set of packages and versions that satisfy all the constraints of a given project dependencies.

THIS IS NOT IMPLEMENTED YET.

Scarb uses PubGrub algorithm for version resolution. It is known for having both good performance and providing human-understandable explanations of failures. Algorithm implementation is provided by the pubgrub crate, thanks to which this project does not have to maintain custom solver implementation.

The solver implementation does not cache queries it creates, so logically it would have to talk a lot with the Registry object, asking relatively for same queries or downloads. In order to prevent this, the solver operates on the RegistryCache object, which manages caching and parallelism internally.

Lockfile

THIS IS NOT IMPLEMENTED YET.

  TODO(mkaput): Write this section.

Scarb Compiler

The scarb build command compiles all compilation units found in a workspace and produces outputs in the target directory. The Cairo compiler is used as a crate, which means that it is compiled into the Scarb binary itself and thus, Scarb is tightly bound to specific Cairo version. The entire compilation process is contained within the ops::compile op.

Cairo core

Because Cairo compiler is built-in, an important problem is how to install Cairo's standard library, core, on users' machines.

The core is treated as a regular package, that is injected to all packages as a dependency under the hood. This package has a special source ID, called std, which maps to the StandardLibSource implementation. A side effect of this approach is that core can be specified in [dependencies] and it is included in the lockfile.

core library is downloaded from Cairo Git repository in build.rs and is embedded into Scarb binary. StandardLibSource extracts it to cache directory. All these operations are lazy, if there is already core archive in /target/, build.rs will not attempt to re-download it, and if core has been extracted to cache, it will not be overwritten.

Targets

Compilation targets are defined in the Package manifest. Each target corresponds to source files which can be compiled into a package, and the way how the package is compiled. Packages can have a built-in library target, and/or more externally defined targets. When building a package, each target of this package will use exactly the same set of dependencies during compilation. By default, if the manifest does not list any targets, Scarb will assume the library target with its default parameters.

Each compilation target consists of target kind, source path and parameters table. When building a project, compilation targets are used to construct compilation units.

CodegenRepository

Currently referred to as CompilerRepository within the implementation.

To compile Cairo code while building a project into appropriate output targets, Scarb relies on Cairo compiler crate. Each compilation target requires the Cairo compiler to be appropriately configured before building the project.
Scarb defines preconfigured Cairo compiler instances as structs implementing the Compiler trait. You can see StarknetContractCompiler as an example of such implementation.

The CompilerRepository is used to manage the variety of preconfigured Cairo compilers available to Scarb. Each compiler is identified by the target kind that uses it for compilation. At any time, there can be only one compiler registered for a specific compilation target kind. When building a project, Scarb retrieves appropriate compiler implementation from CodegenRepository by target kind. The compiler will later be used to compile the project into the target output.

Compilation units

Please see scarb documentation for more information.

CairoPluginRepository

Thanks to the Cairo compiler architecture, the compilation process can be altered in certain ways by use of the MacroPlugin interface. Within Scarb, this functionality is exposed to users as Cairo plugins.
Cairo plugin is a special Scarb package that defines a cairo-plugin target and provides additional interface for instantiating compiler Semantic plugins. The Cairo plugins can be used in Scarb to expand the capabilities of the Cairo compiler, empowering users to implement extensions that would only be possible in the compiler codebase before.

Within Scarb, Cairo plugins are managed through CairoPluginRepository, residing in Scarb configuration object. The plugin repository stores references to all Cairo plugins that are available during the compilation process. Plugins appropriate to be used for building a specific package are applied to the compiler database before the compilation. When using Scarb as a library, Cairo plugins can be defined with configuration builder. If not specified otherwise, Scarb comes with predefined StarkNet Cairo plugin, that can be used for StarkNet contracts compilation. In the future, Scarb will also provide a way to define Cairo plugins as package dependencies.

The mechanism for requiring Cairo plugins as package dependencies or compiling them in Scarb runtime is not implemented yet.

Please see the RFC document for more information.

RootDatabase management within the compiler

Cairo compiler relies on the RootDatabase for management of the compilation state. When compiling a single compilation unit, Scarb creates and configures the database, and passes it to the Cairo compiler. The compilation of each unit uses a separate database instance, which is then dropped after the compilation is finished. The database is initialized with Cairo project configuration, obtained from the Scarb compilation unit, conditional compilation parameters (see scarb documentation for more information) and active Cairo plugins.

Profiles implementation

Profiles provide a way to alter the compiler settings from the Scarb manifest file. Please see the scarb documentation for general information about profile use cases and syntax.

Overrides imposed by profile definition are applied towards the appropriate settings while converting TomlManifest (serialization of Scarb manifest file) into the Manifest object.
First, profile definition is read from manifest file, including appropriate profile inheritance attributes. The full definition of current profile is obtained by merging the parent profile definition with overrides from manifest. Then, the definition is used to override appropriate setting, e.g. Cairo compiler configuration by merging appropriate profile definition sections onto the default configuration.

The merging mentioned above is implemented as a merger of two plain toml::Value objects.