- HTML — basic tags
- CSS — selectors, colours
- Django — project/app setup, URL design, function-based views
Django projects typically process data in some way, such as tailoring information to a user. We may want to be able to serve these tailored webpages, but webpages developed with plain HTML do not support dynamic changes.
Django Template Language (DTL) can be used to dynamically generate HTML pages, and other text-based formats such as XML and CSV. This article will introduce basic DTL syntax through generating a simple HTML webpage. As a running example, suppose we have the following static page for our WcDonald's Restaurant website:
{% raw %}
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>WcDonald's</title>
</head>
<body>
<h3>Menu</h3>
<ul>
<li>Chicken Wuggets $10.99</li>
<li>Big Wac $7.99</li>
<li>Morld Famous Fries $4.99</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>
{% endraw %}
What if we want to change the menu items? Or change the visibility of items on sale, which also change periodically? We can do so by creating a Django template. But first, we must introduce some setup and basic syntax.
First, assuming we have setup our Django project, create a folder called templates inside the app folder. This is where Django looks for templates by default. Inside, we create HTML templates by using the .html extension. The resulting folder structure may resemble the following:
project/
└── app/
└── templates/
└── index.html
└── ...
Context is a dictionary of dynamic data that is passed to a template upon rendering. Later we will see a concrete example on how to do this in a function-based view.
Django templates for webpages involve both static HTML tags, and DTL-specific syntax including variables, tags, and filters.
Variable Substitution is done by wrapping the variable name (passed in from the context) with double curly braces:
{% raw %}
<li>{{ menu_item }}</li>
{% endraw %}
So this would render as a list item whose text is the value of menu_item. If this variable doesn't exist in the given context, then its value is None by default, and it would simply render an empty string. However, this can be configured.
We can also pass in lists/dictionaries. Using a . performs a lookup by index/attribute:
{% raw %}
<li>{{ menu_items.0.name }}</li>
{% endraw %}
Assuming menu_items is a list of dictionaries, this would display the first dictionary's name value.
DTL's built-in tags conveniently allow for conditional statements, loops, loading static files, and more. Tags are characterized by the % symbol inside curly braces.
The syntax and boolean operators for conditionals inside the tags are similar to Python, except it must end with an {% raw %}{% endif %}{% endraw %} tag.:
{% raw %}
{% if menu_item.is_special %}
<li class="special">{{ menu_item.name}}</li>
{% else %}
<li class="regular">{{ menu_item.name}}</li>
{% endif %}
{% endraw %}
We can loop through lists, dictionaries, and its nested variants with the familiar Python syntax. Like conditionals, it must end with an {% raw %}{% endfor %}{% endraw %} tag:
{% raw %}
{% for menu_item in menu_items %}
{% if menu_item.is_special %}
<li class="special">{{ menu_item.name }} {{ menu_item.price }}</li>
{% else %}
<li class="regular">{{ menu_item.name }} {{ menu_item.price }}</li>
{% endif %}
{% endfor %}
{% endraw %}
First, we can create a directory called static in the app's directory. Inside static, it is typical to create a subdirectory with the same name as the app, in which you can have further subdirectories for file types such as images, .css, and .js files:
app/
└── static/
└── app/
└── css/
└── styles.css
└── js/
└── img/
└── ...
└── ...
With the above setup, we do not have to configure settings.py. However, you may want a static folder in other locations, such as the root directory. In this case, you must configure settings.py accordingly.
Now, in the template we must load the static files with the {% raw %}{% load static %}{% endraw %} tag, and include a specific file using the {% raw %}{% static %}{% endraw %} tag. With the above file structure, we can simply include the .css file as follows:
{% raw %}
{% load static %}
<link rel="stylesheet" href="{% static 'app/css/styles.css' %}">
{% endraw %}
Note that the {% raw %}{% load static %}{% endraw %} tag must be used before any {% raw %}{% static %}{% endraw %} tag, so it is generally placed near the top of the template.
Vaguely, DTL filters transform variables in some way. This may include getting a variable's length, formatting a datetime object, converting a string to a title, and more. They are characterized by the pipe | operator.
The following puts the length of list in a paragraph:
{% raw %}
<p>{{ list | length }}</p>
{% endraw %}
Revisiting our initial goal, we want to make WcDonald's webpage more configurable and dynamic. First, we create a template menu.html inside the app's templates folder. We want to allow changes to menu items, and control whether or not they are a special item.
In our body, we can use a loop to display an abritrary number of menu items with conditionals to decide whether they are a special or not. Additionally, to change the visibility of special items, we can include our .css files in the head:
{% raw %}
{% load static %}
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>WcDonald's</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="{% static 'menu/css/menu.css' %}">
</head>
<body>
<h3>Menu</h3>
<ul>
{% for menu_item in menu_items %}
{% if menu_item.is_special %}
<li class="special">{{ menu_item.name }} {{ menu_item.price }}</li>
{% else %}
<li class="regular">{{ menu_item.name }} {{ menu_item.price }}</li>
{% endif %}
{% endfor %}
</ul>
</body>
</html>
{% endraw %}
If the item is a special, then we can control its class and style it accordingly using the appropriate selector.
Next, we need to pass in the context through a view. The context will determine the menu items and special items. We can create a simple function-based view to serve our menu webpage. Inside this view, we must define our context dictionary and pass it into the menu.html template to render, using Django's built-in method:
from django.shortcuts import render
def view_menu(request):
template_name = 'menu.html'
# Create context to pass into template
menu_items = [
{
'name': 'Chicken Wuggets',
'price': '$10.99',
'is_special': False
},
{
'name': 'Big Wac',
'price': '$7.99',
'is_special': False
},
{
'name': 'Morld Famous Fries',
'price': '$4.99',
'is_special': False
}
]
context = {
'menu_items': menu_items
}
return render(request, template_name, context)
This acheives the same webpage as before, but now we can change menu items at will and change the visiblity and inclusion of special items.
Instead of passing in hard-coded context in the above example, a more powerful and practical example would have the context determined from processing the models.
Django templates are used in industry because they are convenient, reusable, and flexible. According to the official Django Developers Survey in 2021, 79% of Django developers use the Django Template Engine.
It is important to note they are rendered on the server side, which may lead to performance issues and poor user experience. However, combining them with JavaScript (AJAX, React, etc.) can be an effective way to mitigate this issue.