15-Reshaping and Pivoting.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Reshaping & Pivoting in Pandas"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import pandas as pd\n",
    "import numpy as np"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "      <th colspan=\"2\" halign=\"left\">comp</th>\n",
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       "      <td>3</td>\n",
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       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
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       "      <td>7</td>\n",
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       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>12</td>\n",
       "      <td>13</td>\n",
       "      <td>14</td>\n",
       "      <td>15</td>\n",
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      "text/plain": [
       "     num      comp     \n",
       "    math stat math stat\n",
       "a 1    0    1    2    3\n",
       "  2    4    5    6    7\n",
       "b 1    8    9   10   11\n",
       "  2   12   13   14   15"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 2,
     "metadata": {},
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   ],
   "source": [
    "data=pd.DataFrame(\n",
    "    np.arange(16).reshape(4,4),\n",
    "    index=[list(\"aabb\"),[1,2]*2],\n",
    "    columns=[[\"num\",\"num\",\n",
    "              \"comp\",\"comp\"],\n",
    "             [\"math\",\"stat\"]*2])\n",
    "data"
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       "      <th>math</th>\n",
       "      <th>stat</th>\n",
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       "      <th>class</th>\n",
       "      <th>exam</th>\n",
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      "text/plain": [
       "field       num      comp     \n",
       "lesson     math stat math stat\n",
       "class exam                    \n",
       "a     1       0    1    2    3\n",
       "      2       4    5    6    7\n",
       "b     1       8    9   10   11\n",
       "      2      12   13   14   15"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data.index.names=[\"class\",\"exam\"]\n",
    "data.columns.names=[\"field\",\"lesson\"]\n",
    "data"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
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   "source": [
    "long=data.stack()"
   ]
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      "text/plain": [
       "field              comp  num\n",
       "class exam lesson           \n",
       "a     1    math       2    0\n",
       "           stat       3    1\n",
       "      2    math       6    4\n",
       "           stat       7    5\n",
       "b     1    math      10    8\n",
       "           stat      11    9\n",
       "      2    math      14   12\n",
       "           stat      15   13"
      ]
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    "long"
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       "field      comp       num     \n",
       "lesson     math stat math stat\n",
       "class exam                    \n",
       "a     1       2    3    0    1\n",
       "      2       6    7    4    5\n",
       "b     1      10   11    8    9\n",
       "      2      14   15   12   13"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
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    "long.unstack()"
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       "field              comp  num\n",
       "class exam lesson           \n",
       "a     1    math       2    0\n",
       "           stat       3    1\n",
       "      2    math       6    4\n",
       "           stat       7    5\n",
       "b     1    math      10    8\n",
       "           stat      11    9\n",
       "      2    math      14   12\n",
       "           stat      15   13"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
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    "data.stack()"
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       "lesson            math  stat\n",
       "class exam field            \n",
       "a     1    comp      2     3\n",
       "           num       0     1\n",
       "      2    comp      6     7\n",
       "           num       4     5\n",
       "b     1    comp     10    11\n",
       "           num       8     9\n",
       "      2    comp     14    15\n",
       "           num      12    13"
      ]
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     "execution_count": 8,
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    "data.stack(0)"
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       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>class</th>\n",
       "      <th>exam</th>\n",
       "      <th>field</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\">a</th>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">1</th>\n",
       "      <th>comp</th>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>num</th>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">2</th>\n",
       "      <th>comp</th>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "      <td>7</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>num</th>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\">b</th>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">1</th>\n",
       "      <th>comp</th>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "      <td>11</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>num</th>\n",
       "      <td>8</td>\n",
       "      <td>9</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">2</th>\n",
       "      <th>comp</th>\n",
       "      <td>14</td>\n",
       "      <td>15</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>num</th>\n",
       "      <td>12</td>\n",
       "      <td>13</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "lesson            math  stat\n",
       "class exam field            \n",
       "a     1    comp      2     3\n",
       "           num       0     1\n",
       "      2    comp      6     7\n",
       "           num       4     5\n",
       "b     1    comp     10    11\n",
       "           num       8     9\n",
       "      2    comp     14    15\n",
       "           num      12    13"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data.stack(\"field\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "s1=pd.Series(\n",
    "    np.arange(4),index=list(\"abcd\"))\n",
    "s2=pd.Series(\n",
    "    np.arange(6,9),index=list(\"cde\"))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "a    0\n",
      "b    1\n",
      "c    2\n",
      "d    3\n",
      "dtype: int32\n",
      "c    6\n",
      "d    7\n",
      "e    8\n",
      "dtype: int32\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(s1)\n",
    "print(s2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "bir  a    0\n",
       "     b    1\n",
       "     c    2\n",
       "     d    3\n",
       "iki  c    6\n",
       "     d    7\n",
       "     e    8\n",
       "dtype: int32"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data2=pd.concat([s1,s2],keys=[\"bir\",\"iki\"])\n",
    "data2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>a</th>\n",
       "      <th>b</th>\n",
       "      <th>c</th>\n",
       "      <th>d</th>\n",
       "      <th>e</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>bir</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>iki</th>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "       a    b    c    d    e\n",
       "bir  0.0  1.0  2.0  3.0  NaN\n",
       "iki  NaN  NaN  6.0  7.0  8.0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data2.unstack()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "bir  a    0.0\n",
       "     b    1.0\n",
       "     c    2.0\n",
       "     d    3.0\n",
       "     e    NaN\n",
       "iki  a    NaN\n",
       "     b    NaN\n",
       "     c    6.0\n",
       "     d    7.0\n",
       "     e    8.0\n",
       "dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 14,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data2.unstack().stack(dropna=False)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "bir  a    0.0\n",
       "     b    1.0\n",
       "     c    2.0\n",
       "     d    3.0\n",
       "     e    NaN\n",
       "iki  a    NaN\n",
       "     b    NaN\n",
       "     c    6.0\n",
       "     d    7.0\n",
       "     e    8.0\n",
       "dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 15,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data2.unstack().stack(dropna=False)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Pivoting “Long” to “Wide” Format"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "stock=pd.DataFrame(\n",
    "    {\"fruit\": [\"apple\", \"plum\",\"grape\"]*2,\n",
    "     \"color\": [\"purple\",\"yellow\"]*3,\n",
    "     \"piece\":[3,4,5,6,1,2]})"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>fruit</th>\n",
       "      <th>color</th>\n",
       "      <th>piece</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>apple</td>\n",
       "      <td>purple</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>plum</td>\n",
       "      <td>yellow</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>grape</td>\n",
       "      <td>purple</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>apple</td>\n",
       "      <td>yellow</td>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>plum</td>\n",
       "      <td>purple</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>5</th>\n",
       "      <td>grape</td>\n",
       "      <td>yellow</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   fruit   color  piece\n",
       "0  apple  purple      3\n",
       "1   plum  yellow      4\n",
       "2  grape  purple      5\n",
       "3  apple  yellow      6\n",
       "4   plum  purple      1\n",
       "5  grape  yellow      2"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 17,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "stock"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th>color</th>\n",
       "      <th>purple</th>\n",
       "      <th>yellow</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>fruit</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>apple</th>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>grape</th>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>plum</th>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "color  purple  yellow\n",
       "fruit                \n",
       "apple       3       6\n",
       "grape       5       2\n",
       "plum        1       4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 18,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "stock.pivot(\"fruit\", \"color\", \"piece\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "stock[\"value\"]=np.random.randn(len(stock))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>fruit</th>\n",
       "      <th>color</th>\n",
       "      <th>piece</th>\n",
       "      <th>value</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>apple</td>\n",
       "      <td>purple</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.038716</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>plum</td>\n",
       "      <td>yellow</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.069972</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>grape</td>\n",
       "      <td>purple</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>-1.116665</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>apple</td>\n",
       "      <td>yellow</td>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.374715</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>plum</td>\n",
       "      <td>purple</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.023233</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>5</th>\n",
       "      <td>grape</td>\n",
       "      <td>yellow</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.608953</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   fruit   color  piece     value\n",
       "0  apple  purple      3 -0.038716\n",
       "1   plum  yellow      4 -0.069972\n",
       "2  grape  purple      5 -1.116665\n",
       "3  apple  yellow      6  0.374715\n",
       "4   plum  purple      1 -0.023233\n",
       "5  grape  yellow      2  0.608953"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 20,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "stock"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
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       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
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       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead tr th {\n",
       "        text-align: left;\n",
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       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead tr:last-of-type th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
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       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th colspan=\"2\" halign=\"left\">piece</th>\n",
       "      <th colspan=\"2\" halign=\"left\">value</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>color</th>\n",
       "      <th>purple</th>\n",
       "      <th>yellow</th>\n",
       "      <th>purple</th>\n",
       "      <th>yellow</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>fruit</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>apple</th>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.038716</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.374715</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>grape</th>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>-1.116665</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.608953</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>plum</th>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.023233</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.069972</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "       piece            value          \n",
       "color purple yellow    purple    yellow\n",
       "fruit                                  \n",
       "apple      3      6 -0.038716  0.374715\n",
       "grape      5      2 -1.116665  0.608953\n",
       "plum       1      4 -0.023233 -0.069972"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 21,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "p=stock.pivot(\"fruit\",\"color\")\n",
    "p"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th>color</th>\n",
       "      <th>purple</th>\n",
       "      <th>yellow</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>fruit</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>apple</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.038716</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.374715</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>grape</th>\n",
       "      <td>-1.116665</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.608953</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>plum</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.023233</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.069972</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "color    purple    yellow\n",
       "fruit                    \n",
       "apple -0.038716  0.374715\n",
       "grape -1.116665  0.608953\n",
       "plum  -0.023233 -0.069972"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 22,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "p[\"value\"]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Pivoting “Wide” to “Long” Format"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>lesson</th>\n",
       "      <th>Sam</th>\n",
       "      <th>Kim</th>\n",
       "      <th>Tom</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>math</td>\n",
       "      <td>50</td>\n",
       "      <td>80</td>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>stat</td>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>70</td>\n",
       "      <td>70</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>bio</td>\n",
       "      <td>70</td>\n",
       "      <td>90</td>\n",
       "      <td>85</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  lesson  Sam  Kim  Tom\n",
       "0   math   50   80   60\n",
       "1   stat   60   70   70\n",
       "2    bio   70   90   85"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 23,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data=pd.DataFrame(\n",
    "    {\"lesson\":[\"math\",\"stat\",\"bio\"],\n",
    "     \"Sam\":[50,60,70],\n",
    "     \"Kim\":[80,70,90],\n",
    "     \"Tom\":[60,70,85]})\n",
    "data"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "group=pd.melt(data,[\"lesson\"])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>lesson</th>\n",
       "      <th>variable</th>\n",
       "      <th>value</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>math</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sam</td>\n",
       "      <td>50</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>stat</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sam</td>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>bio</td>\n",
       "      <td>Sam</td>\n",
       "      <td>70</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>math</td>\n",
       "      <td>Kim</td>\n",
       "      <td>80</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>stat</td>\n",
       "      <td>Kim</td>\n",
       "      <td>70</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>5</th>\n",
       "      <td>bio</td>\n",
       "      <td>Kim</td>\n",
       "      <td>90</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>6</th>\n",
       "      <td>math</td>\n",
       "      <td>Tom</td>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>7</th>\n",
       "      <td>stat</td>\n",
       "      <td>Tom</td>\n",
       "      <td>70</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>8</th>\n",
       "      <td>bio</td>\n",
       "      <td>Tom</td>\n",
       "      <td>85</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  lesson variable  value\n",
       "0   math      Sam     50\n",
       "1   stat      Sam     60\n",
       "2    bio      Sam     70\n",
       "3   math      Kim     80\n",
       "4   stat      Kim     70\n",
       "5    bio      Kim     90\n",
       "6   math      Tom     60\n",
       "7   stat      Tom     70\n",
       "8    bio      Tom     85"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 25,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "group"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th>variable</th>\n",
       "      <th>Kim</th>\n",
       "      <th>Sam</th>\n",
       "      <th>Tom</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>lesson</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>bio</th>\n",
       "      <td>90</td>\n",
       "      <td>70</td>\n",
       "      <td>85</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>math</th>\n",
       "      <td>80</td>\n",
       "      <td>50</td>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>stat</th>\n",
       "      <td>70</td>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>70</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "variable  Kim  Sam  Tom\n",
       "lesson                 \n",
       "bio        90   70   85\n",
       "math       80   50   60\n",
       "stat       70   60   70"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 26,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data=group.pivot(\n",
    "    \"lesson\",\"variable\",\"value\")\n",
    "data"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
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       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th>variable</th>\n",
       "      <th>lesson</th>\n",
       "      <th>Kim</th>\n",
       "      <th>Sam</th>\n",
       "      <th>Tom</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>bio</td>\n",
       "      <td>90</td>\n",
       "      <td>70</td>\n",
       "      <td>85</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>math</td>\n",
       "      <td>80</td>\n",
       "      <td>50</td>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>stat</td>\n",
       "      <td>70</td>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>70</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "variable lesson  Kim  Sam  Tom\n",
       "0           bio   90   70   85\n",
       "1          math   80   50   60\n",
       "2          stat   70   60   70"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 27,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data.reset_index()"
   ]
  }
 ],
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